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Li L, Wang L, Yang S, Zhang Y, Gao Y, Ji Q, Fu L, Wei Q, Sun F, Qu S. Tigecycline-resistance mechanisms and biological characteristics of drug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium strains in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2024; 288:109927. [PMID: 38043448 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2023.109927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased drug resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to tetracycline caused by the unreasonable overuse of tigecycline has attracted extensive attention to reveal potential mechanisms. Here, we identified a tigecycline-resistant strain called TR16, derived from Salmonella Typhimurium ATCC13311 (AT), and examined its biological characteristics. Compared with AT, the TR16 strain showed significantly higher resistance to amoxicillin but lower resistance to gentamicin. Although the growth curves of TR16 and AT were similar, TR16 showed a significantly increased capacity for biofilm formation and a notably decreased motility compared to AT. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were implemented to evaluate the genetic difference between AT and TR16. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) analysis was also conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and screened out two genetic mutations (lptD and rpsJ). The acrB gene of TR16 was knocked out through CRISPR/Cas9 system to further elucidate underlying mechanisms of tigecycline resistance in Salmonella Typhimurium. The up-regulation of acrB in TR16 was verified by RNA-seq and RT-qPCR, and the lack of acrB resulted in a 16-fold reduction in tigecycline resistance in TR16. Collectively, these results implied that AcrB efflux pump plays a key role in the tigecycline resistance of Salmonella, shedding light on the potential of AcrB efflux pump as a novel target for the discovery and development of new antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China; Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Longbo Wang
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Shuo Yang
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Qianyu Ji
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Linran Fu
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Qiling Wei
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China; Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
| | - Shaoqi Qu
- Animal-Derived Food Safety Innovation Team, Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China; Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
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2
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Akshay SD, Deekshit VK, Mohan Raj J, Maiti B. Outer Membrane Proteins and Efflux Pumps Mediated Multi-Drug Resistance in Salmonella: Rising Threat to Antimicrobial Therapy. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:2072-2092. [PMID: 37910638 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Despite colossal achievements in antibiotic therapy in recent decades, drug-resistant pathogens have remained a leading cause of death and economic loss globally. One such WHO-critical group pathogen is Salmonella. The extensive and inappropriate treatments for Salmonella infections have led from multi-drug resistance (MDR) to extensive drug resistance (XDR). The synergy between efflux-mediated systems and outer membrane proteins (OMPs) may favor MDR in Salmonella. Differential expression of the efflux system and OMPs (influx) and positional mutations are the factors that can be correlated to the development of drug resistance. Insights into the mechanism of influx and efflux of antibiotics can aid in developing a structurally stable molecule that can be proficient at escaping from the resistance loops in Salmonella. Understanding the strategic responsibilities and developing policies to address the surge of drug resistance at the national, regional, and global levels are the needs of the hour. In this Review, we attempt to aggregate all the available research findings and delineate the resistance mechanisms by dissecting the involvement of OMPs and efflux systems. Integrating major OMPs and the efflux system's differential expression and positional mutation in Salmonella may provide insight into developing strategic therapies for one health application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadanand Dangari Akshay
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Vijaya Kumar Deekshit
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbial Genomics, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Juliet Mohan Raj
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Infectious Diseases & Microbial Genomics, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
| | - Biswajit Maiti
- Nitte (Deemed to be University), Nitte University Centre for Science Education and Research, Department of Bio & Nano Technology, Paneer Campus, Deralakatte, Mangalore-575018, India
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3
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Ding Y, Hao J, Xiao W, Ye C, Xiao X, Jian C, Tang M, Li G, Liu J, Zeng Z. Role of efflux pumps, their inhibitors, and regulators in colistin resistance. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1207441. [PMID: 37601369 PMCID: PMC10436536 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1207441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Colistin is highly promising against multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant bacteria clinically. Bacteria are resistant to colistin mainly through mcr and chromosome-mediated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis-related locus variation. However, the current understanding cannot fully explain the resistance mechanism in mcr-negative colistin-resistant strains. Significantly, the contribution of efflux pumps to colistin resistance remains to be clarified. This review aims to discuss the contribution of efflux pumps and their related transcriptional regulators to colistin resistance in various bacteria and the reversal effect of efflux pump inhibitors on colistin resistance. Previous studies suggested a complex regulatory relationship between the efflux pumps and their transcriptional regulators and LPS synthesis, transport, and modification. Carbonyl cyanide 3-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP), 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine (NMP), and Phe-Arg-β-naphthylamide (PAβN) all achieved the reversal of colistin resistance, highlighting the role of efflux pumps in colistin resistance and their potential for adjuvant development. The contribution of the efflux pumps to colistin resistance might also be related to specific genetic backgrounds. They can participate in colistin tolerance and heterogeneous resistance to affect the treatment efficacy of colistin. These findings help understand the development of resistance in mcr-negative colistin-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jinbo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zhangrui Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
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4
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Trampari E, Prischi F, Vargiu AV, Abi-Assaf J, Bavro VN, Webber MA. Functionally distinct mutations within AcrB underpin antibiotic resistance in different lifestyles. NPJ ANTIMICROBIALS AND RESISTANCE 2023; 1:2. [PMID: 38686215 PMCID: PMC11057200 DOI: 10.1038/s44259-023-00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a pressing healthcare challenge and is mediated by various mechanisms, including the active export of drugs via multidrug efflux systems, which prevent drug accumulation within the cell. Here, we studied how Salmonella evolved resistance to two key antibiotics, cefotaxime and azithromycin, when grown planktonically or as a biofilm. Resistance to both drugs emerged in both conditions and was associated with different substitutions within the efflux-associated transporter, AcrB. Azithromycin exposure selected for an R717L substitution, while cefotaxime for Q176K. Additional mutations in ramR or envZ accumulated concurrently with the R717L or Q176K substitutions respectively, resulting in clinical resistance to the selective antibiotics and cross-resistance to other drugs. Structural, genetic, and phenotypic analysis showed the two AcrB substitutions confer their benefits in profoundly different ways. R717L reduces steric barriers associated with transit through the substrate channel 2 of AcrB. Q176K increases binding energy for cefotaxime, improving recognition in the distal binding pocket, resulting in increased efflux efficiency. Finally, we show the R717 substitution is present in isolates recovered around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleftheria Trampari
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Filippo Prischi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ UK
| | - Attilio V. Vargiu
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, S. P. 8, km. 0.700, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Justin Abi-Assaf
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ UK
| | - Vassiliy N. Bavro
- School of Life Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, CO4 3SQ UK
| | - Mark A. Webber
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UQ UK
- Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7UA UK
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Comparison of Phenotype and Genotype Virulence and Antimicrobial Factors of Salmonella Typhimurium Isolated from Human Milk. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065135. [PMID: 36982209 PMCID: PMC10048834 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is a common foodborne infection. Many serovars belonging to Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica are present in the gut of various animal species. They can cause infection in human infants via breast milk or cross-contamination with powdered milk. In the present study, Salmonella BO was isolated from human milk in accordance with ISO 6579-1:2017 standards and sequenced using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), followed by serosequencing and genotyping. The results also allowed its pathogenicity to be predicted. The WGS results were compared with the bacterial phenotype. The isolated strain was found to be Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium 4:i:1,2_69M (S. Typhimurium 69M); it showed a very close similarity to S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Bioinformatics sequence analysis detected eleven SPIs (SPI-1, SPI-2, SPI-3, SPI-4, SPI-5, SPI-9, SPI-12, SPI-13, SPI-14, C63PI, CS54_island). Significant changes in gene sequences were noted, causing frameshift mutations in yeiG, rfbP, fumA, yeaL, ybeU (insertion) and lpfD, avrA, ratB, yacH (deletion). The sequences of several proteins were significantly different from those coded in the reference genome; their three-dimensional structure was predicted and compared with reference proteins. Our findings indicate the presence of a number of antimicrobial resistance genes that do not directly imply an antibiotic resistance phenotype.
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SurA-like and Skp-like Proteins as Important Virulence Determinants of the Gram Negative Bacterial Pathogens. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010295. [PMID: 36613738 PMCID: PMC9820271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Gram-negative bacteria, many important virulence factors reach their destination via two-step export systems, and they must traverse the periplasmic space before reaching the outer membrane. Since these proteins must be maintained in a structure competent for transport into or across the membrane, they frequently require the assistance of chaperones. Based on the results obtained for the model bacterium Escherichia coli and related species, it is assumed that in the biogenesis of the outer membrane proteins and the periplasmic transit of secretory proteins, the SurA peptidyl-prolyl isomerase/chaperone plays a leading role, while the Skp chaperone is rather of secondary importance. However, detailed studies carried out on several other Gram-negative pathogens indicate that the importance of individual chaperones in the folding and transport processes depends on the properties of client proteins and is species-specific. Taking into account the importance of SurA functions in bacterial virulence and severity of phenotypes due to surA mutations, this folding factor is considered as a putative therapeutic target to combat microbial infections. In this review, we present recent findings regarding SurA and Skp proteins: their mechanisms of action, involvement in processes related to virulence, and perspectives to use them as therapeutic targets.
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Li L, Qi C, Wei Q, Zhang L, Fu H, Jiang X, Lu F, Sun F. BaeR overexpression enhances the susceptibility of acrB deleted Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to polymyxin. Vet Microbiol 2022; 274:109552. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ben Hur D, Kapach G, Wani NA, Kiper E, Ashkenazi M, Smollan G, Keller N, Efrati O, Shai Y. Antimicrobial Peptides against Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilm from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. J Med Chem 2022; 65:9050-9062. [PMID: 35759644 PMCID: PMC9289885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Lung
infection is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality
in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and is mainly dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Treatment of CF-associated lung
infections is problematic because the drugs are vulnerable to multidrug-resistant
pathogens, many of which are major biofilm producers like P. aeruginosa. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are essential
components in all life forms and exhibit antimicrobial activity. Here
we investigated a series of AMPs (d,l-K6L9), each composed of six lysines and nine leucines but
differing in their sequence composed of l- and d-amino acids. The d,l-K6L9 peptides showed antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities against
P. aeruginosa from CF patients. Furthermore, the
data revealed that the d,l-K6L9 peptides are stable and resistant to degradation by CF sputum proteases
and maintain their activity in a CF sputum environment. Additionally,
the d,l-K6L9 peptides do not
induce bacterial resistance. Overall, these findings should assist
in the future development of alternative treatments against resistant
bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Ben Hur
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Gal Kapach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naiem Ahmad Wani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Edo Kiper
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Moshe Ashkenazi
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and National CF Center, Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Gill Smollan
- Microbiology Laboratories, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ariel University, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Natan Keller
- The Department of Health Management, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel.,Microbiology Laboratories, Edmond and Lili Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ariel University, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel
| | - Ori Efrati
- Pediatric Pulmonary Institute and National CF Center, Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 52621, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yechiel Shai
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Bodoev I, Malakhova M, Bespyatykh J, Bespiatykh D, Arapidi G, Pobeguts O, Zgoda V, Shitikov E, Ilina E. Substitutions in SurA and BamA Lead to Reduced Susceptibility to Broad Range Antibiotics in Gonococci. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1312. [PMID: 34573293 PMCID: PMC8467665 DOI: 10.3390/genes12091312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing concern about the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. To effectively control antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, it is necessary to develop new antimicrobials and to understand the resistance mechanisms to existing antibiotics. In this study, we discovered the unexpected onset of drug resistance in N. gonorrhoeae caused by amino acid substitutions in the periplasmic chaperone SurA and the β-barrel assembly machinery component BamA. Here, we investigated the i19.05 clinical isolate with mutations in corresponding genes along with reduced susceptibility to penicillin, tetracycline, and azithromycin. The mutant strain NG05 (surAmut bamAmut, and penAmut) was obtained using the pan-susceptible n01.08 clinical isolate as a recipient in the transformation procedure. Comparative proteomic analysis of NG05 and n01.08 strains revealed significantly increased levels of other chaperones, Skp and FkpA, and some transport proteins. Efflux pump inhibition experiments demonstrated that the reduction in sensitivity was achieved due to the activity of efflux pumps. We hypothesize that the described mutations in the surA and bamA genes cause the qualitative and quantitative changes of periplasmic chaperones, which in turn alters the function of synthesized cell envelope proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Bodoev
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (J.B.); (D.B.); (G.A.); (O.P.); (E.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Maja Malakhova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (J.B.); (D.B.); (G.A.); (O.P.); (E.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Julia Bespyatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (J.B.); (D.B.); (G.A.); (O.P.); (E.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Dmitry Bespiatykh
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (J.B.); (D.B.); (G.A.); (O.P.); (E.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Georgij Arapidi
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (J.B.); (D.B.); (G.A.); (O.P.); (E.S.); (E.I.)
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, State University, 141701 Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Olga Pobeguts
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (J.B.); (D.B.); (G.A.); (O.P.); (E.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Victor Zgoda
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Egor Shitikov
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (J.B.); (D.B.); (G.A.); (O.P.); (E.S.); (E.I.)
| | - Elena Ilina
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (M.M.); (J.B.); (D.B.); (G.A.); (O.P.); (E.S.); (E.I.)
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Wójcicki M, Świder O, Daniluk KJ, Średnicka P, Akimowicz M, Roszko MŁ, Sokołowska B, Juszczuk-Kubiak E. Transcriptional Regulation of the Multiple Resistance Mechanisms in Salmonella-A Review. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070801. [PMID: 34202800 PMCID: PMC8308502 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics, especially those with a broad spectrum of activity, has resulted in the development of multidrug resistance in many strains of bacteria, including Salmonella. Salmonella is among the most prevalent causes of intoxication due to the consumption of contaminated food and water. Salmonellosis caused by this pathogen is pharmacologically treated using antibiotics such as fluoroquinolones, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin. This foodborne pathogen developed several molecular mechanisms of resistance both on the level of global and local transcription modulators. The increasing rate of antibiotic resistance in Salmonella poses a significant global concern, and an improved understanding of the multidrug resistance mechanisms in Salmonella is essential for choosing the suitable antibiotic for the treatment of infections. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms that control gene expression related to antibiotic resistance of Salmonella strains. We characterized regulators acting as transcription activators and repressors, as well as two-component signal transduction systems. We also discuss the background of the molecular mechanisms of the resistance to metals, regulators of multidrug resistance to antibiotics, global regulators of the LysR family, as well as regulators of histone-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Wójcicki
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.Ś.); (M.A.)
| | - Olga Świder
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (O.Ś.); (M.Ł.R.)
| | - Kamila J. Daniluk
- Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Paulina Średnicka
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.Ś.); (M.A.)
| | - Monika Akimowicz
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.Ś.); (M.A.)
| | - Marek Ł. Roszko
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (O.Ś.); (M.Ł.R.)
| | - Barbara Sokołowska
- Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (K.J.D.); (B.S.)
| | - Edyta Juszczuk-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Engineering, Department of Microbiology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland; (M.W.); (P.Ś.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-22-6063605
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11
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Li L, Li R, Qi C, Gao H, Wei Q, Tan L, Sun F. Mechanisms of polymyxin resistance induced by Salmonella typhimurium in vitro. Vet Microbiol 2021; 257:109063. [PMID: 33932721 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The increase incidence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) Salmonella has become a major global health concern. Polymyxin, an ancient polypeptide antibiotic, has been given renewed attention over recent years, resulting in resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to polymyxin, but its resistance mechanism is not completely clear. Thus, it is important to study its resistance mechanisms. In this study, an in vitro induced polymyxin-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimurium in the laboratory were constructed to investigate the mechanism of resistance of Salmonella to polymyxin. Gradual induction of Salmonella typhimurium ATCC13311 (AT) by concentration increment was used to screen for a highly polymyxin-resistant strain AT-P128. The broth dilution technique was used to compare the sensitivity of the two strains to different antimicrobial drugs. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were then identified by whole genome sequencing, and differences in gene expression between the two strains were compared by transcriptome sequencing and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Finally, for the first time, the CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing system was used to construct gene deletion mutants in Salmonella to knock out the phoP gene of AT-P128. The results showed that strain AT-P128 was significantly more resistant to amoxicillin, ceftiofur, ampicillin, fluphenazine, and chloramphenicol and significantly less resistant to sulfamethoxazole than the parental strain AT. The growth curve results showed no significant change in the growth rate between AT-P128 and AT. Motility and biofilm formation assays showed a significant decrease in AT-P128. Additionally, the WGS results showed that AT-P128 had mutations in 9 genes involving 14 SNPs. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR results showed increased expression of phoPQ. The loss of the phoP gene decreased AT-P128ΔphoP resistance to polymyxin by 32-fold. These results suggested that polymyxin resistance affected the biology, genome components, and gene expression levels of Salmonella and that the PhoPQ two-component system played a key role in polymyxin resistance in Salmonella, providing insights into the diversity and complexity of polymyxin resistance in Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China
| | - Rui Li
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Caili Qi
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Haixia Gao
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Qiling Wei
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Lei Tan
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Feifei Sun
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Lab of Veterinary Pathobiology and Disease Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, PR China.
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