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Wang YN, Cai TG, Li Y, Dai WC, Lin D, Zheng JT, Wang YF, Zhu D. Warming exacerbates the effects of pesticides on the soil collembolan gut microbiome and antibiotic resistome. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2025; 492:138294. [PMID: 40245716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.138294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2025] [Revised: 03/27/2025] [Accepted: 04/13/2025] [Indexed: 04/19/2025]
Abstract
In the context of global climate warming, studies have yet to fully clarify how pollutants affect the gut microbiome and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in nontarget soil fauna. This study investigates the interactive effects of pesticide exposure (imidacloprid) and elevated temperature on the gut bacterial community and ARGs in the model soil collembolan Folsomia candida. Our results demonstrate warming exacerbates the toxicity of imidacloprid in collembolans. While exposure to both warming and pesticide significantly altered the gut microbial composition of F. candida, impairing microbial metabolic diversity and potential host defense mechanisms, it also increased collembolan mortality. This combined exposure significantly enhanced the abundance and diversity of ARGs in the collembolan gut. A notable correlation between ARGs and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) underscores the potential risk of ARG transmission. Co-occurrence network analysis identified 52 bacterial genera as potential ARG hosts. Additionally, pure-culture exposure experiments with the isolated bacterium Serratia liquefaciens revealed the adaptability of ARG hosts to pesticide and warming stress plays an important role in driving the observed increase in ARGs. In conclusion, this study highlights the synergistic effects of climate warming and pesticide contamination on nontarget soil organisms, emphasizing the potential long-term risks to soil ecosystem health and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tian-Gui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Li
- National Observation and Research Station of Coastal Ecological Environments in Macao, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Faculty of Innovation Engineering, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR 999078, China
| | - Wen-Cai Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Da Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jin-Ting Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; College of JunCao Science and Ecology (College of Carbon Neutrality), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China.
| | - Dong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Regional and Urban Ecology, Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
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Das P, Kashyap S, Sharma I, Ray SK, Agarwala N. Exploration of endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria of invasive plant Xanthium strumarium L. reveals their potential in plant growth promotion and bacterial wilt suppression. Braz J Microbiol 2025; 56:611-633. [PMID: 39878828 PMCID: PMC11885218 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01599-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 12/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2025] Open
Abstract
Plant-associated microbiome plays important role in maintaining overall health of the host plant. Xanthium strumarium displaying resilience to various environmental fluctuations may harbor some bacterial isolates which can help this plant to grow worldwide. The present study aims to isolate endophytic and rhizospheric bacteria from X. strumarium and assess their plant growth-promoting and Ralstonia solanacearum antagonism activity. From a total of 148 isolated bacteria, 7 endophytic and 2 rhizospheric bacterial isolates were found to endow with significant in vitro plant growth promotion activities. The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of the 7 endophytic isolates has revealed these bacteria belonging to 5 genera viz. Curtobacterium, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Microbacterium and Paracoccus whereas, the two rhizospheric isolates were identified as species of Ralstonia pickettii and Priestia megaterium. Maximum growth promotion was observed using the strains Pseudomonas fluorescens XSS6 and Microbacterium hydrothermale XSS20 in the assay conducted on tomato plants. In the in planta inhibition assay of R. solanacearum carried out in tomato seedlings using root bacterization method, Pseudomonas fluorescens XSS6 and Panotea vagans XSS3 showed antagonistic activity with biocontrol efficacy of 94.83% and 83.96%, respectively. GC-MS analysis detected several known antimicrobial compounds in the extract of the culture supernatant of Pseudomonas fluorescens XSS6 and Panotea vagans XSS3 strains, which may contribute to the inhibition of R. solanacearum by these strains. The results of our study indicated that the bacteria associated with X. strumarium exhibit multiple plant-beneficial effects. These bacteria have the potential to be developed as effective biofertilizers and biological control agents, promoting sustainable agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Das
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Sampurna Kashyap
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Indrani Sharma
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India
| | - Suvendra Kumar Ray
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, 784028, Assam, India
| | - Niraj Agarwala
- Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Gopinath Bordoloi Nagar, Jalukbari, Guwahati, 781014, Assam, India.
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3
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Padilla-Martínez II, Cruz A, García-Báez EV. 2-Guanidinobenzimidazole as Ligand in Supramolecular, Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry. Int J Mol Sci 2025; 26:1063. [PMID: 39940830 PMCID: PMC11817364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms26031063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2024] [Revised: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 01/22/2025] [Indexed: 02/16/2025] Open
Abstract
The benzimidazole core (BI) plays a central role in biologically active molecules. The BI nucleus is widely used as a building block to generate a variety of bioactive heterocyclic compounds to be used as antihelmintics, antiprotozoal, antimalarials, anti-inflammatories, antivirals, antimicrobials, antiparasitics, and antimycobacterials. A versatile BI derivative is the 2-guanidinobenzimidazole (2GBI), which, together with its derivatives, is a very interesting poly-functional planar molecule having a delocalised 10 π electrons system conjugated with the guanidine group. The 2GBI molecule has five nitrogen atoms containing five labile N-H bonds, which interact with the out-ward-facing channel entrance, forming a labile complex with the biological receptor sites. In this work, 2GBI and their derivatives were analyzed as ligands to form host-guest, coordination and organometallic complexes. Synthesis methodology, metal geometries, hydrogen bonding (HB) interactions, and the biological activities of the complexes were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alejandro Cruz
- Laboratorio de Química Supramolecular y Nanociencias, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional-UPIBI, Av. Acueducto s/n, Barrio la Laguna Ticomán, Ciudad de México 07340, Mexico; (I.I.P.-M.); (E.V.G.-B.)
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Sharma I, Sharma S, Sharma V, Singh AK, Sharma A, Kumar A, Singh J, Sharma A. PGPR-Enabled bioremediation of pesticide and heavy metal-contaminated soil: A review of recent advances and emerging challenges. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142678. [PMID: 38908452 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The excessive usage of agrochemicals, including pesticides, along with various reckless human actions, has ensued discriminating prevalence of pesticides and heavy metals (HMs) in crop plants and the environment. The enhanced exposure to these chemicals is a menace to living organisms. The pesticides may get bioaccumulated in the food chain, thereby leading to several deteriorative changes in the ecosystem health and a rise in the cases of some serious human ailments including cancer. Further, both HMs and pesticides cause some major metabolic disturbances in plants, which include oxidative burst, osmotic alterations and reduced levels of photosynthesis, leading to a decline in plant productivity. Moreover, the synergistic interaction between pesticides and HMs has a more serious impact on human and ecosystem health. Various attempts have been made to explore eco-friendly and environmentally sustainable methods of improving plant health under HMs and/or pesticide stress. Among these methods, the employment of PGPR can be a suitable and effective strategy for managing these contaminants and providing a long-term remedy. Although, the application of PGPR alone can alleviate HM-induced phytotoxicities; however, several recent reports advocate using PGPR with other micro- and macro-organisms, biochar, chelating agents, organic acids, plant growth regulators, etc., to further improve their stress ameliorative potential. Further, some PGPR are also capable of assisting in the degradation of pesticides or their sequestration, reducing their harmful effects on plants and the environment. This present review attempts to present the current status of our understanding of PGPR's potential in the remediation of pesticides and HMs-contaminated soil for the researchers working in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, University Institute of Sciences, Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144030, India
| | - Shivika Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Singh
- Department of Agriculture Sciences, University Institute of Sciences, Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144030, India
| | - Aksh Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, University Institute of Sciences, Sant Baba Bhag Singh University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144030, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Joginder Singh
- Department of Botany, Nagaland University, Hqrs. Lumami, Zunheboto, Nagaland, 798627, India.
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, DAV University, Jalandhar, Punjab, 144012, India.
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Sodhozai AR, Bibi S, Rabia M, Jadoon M, Akhtar H, Ali N. From growth inhibition to ultrastructural changes: Toxicological assessment of lambda cyhalothrin and fosetyl aluminium against Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118958. [PMID: 38640987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
In modern agricultural practices, agrochemicals and pesticides play an important role in protecting the crops from pests and elevating agricultural productivity. This strategic utilization is essential to meet global food demand due to the relentless growth of the world's population. However, the indiscriminate application of these substances may result in environmental hazards and directly affect the soil microorganisms and crop production. Considering this, an in vitro study was carried out to evaluate the pesticides' effects i.e. lambda cyhalothrin (insecticide) and fosetyl aluminum (fungicide) at lower, recommended, and higher doses on growth behavior, enzymatic profile, total soluble protein production, and lipid peroxidation of bacterial specimens (Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis). The experimental findings demonstrated a concentration-dependent decrease in growth of both tested bacteria, when exposed to fosetyl aluminium concentrations exceeding the recommended dose. This decline was statistically significant (p < 0.000). However, lambda cyhalothrin at three times of recommended dose induces 10% increase in growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and 76.8% decrease in growth of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) respectively as compared to control. These results showed the stimulatory effect of lambda cyhalothrin on P. aeruginosa and inhibitory effect on B. subtilis. Pesticides induced notable alterations in biomarker enzymatic assays and other parameters related to oxidative stress among bacterial strains, resulting in increased oxidative stress and membrane permeability. Generally, the maximum toxicity of both (P. aeruginosa and B. subtilis) was shown by fosetyl aluminium, at three times of recommended dose. Fosetyl aluminium induced morphological changes like cellular cracking, reduced viability, aberrant margins and more damage in both bacterial strains as compared to lambda cyhalothrin when observed under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Conclusively the, present study provide an insights into a mechanistic approach of pyrethroid insecticide and phosphonite fungicide induced cellular toxicity towards bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Rabbani Sodhozai
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Safia Bibi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Mahwish Rabia
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Muneeba Jadoon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Hafsah Akhtar
- Department of Microbiology, Comsat University Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Naeem Ali
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
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Gomes A, Narciso R, Regalado L, Pinheiro MC, Barros F, Sario S, Santos C, Mendes RJ. Disclosing the native blueberry rhizosphere community in Portugal-an integrated metagenomic and isolation approach. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15525. [PMID: 37397024 PMCID: PMC10312161 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgorund The production of red fruits, such as blueberry, has been threatened by several stressors from severe periods of drought, nutrient scarcity, phytopathogens, and costs with fertilization programs with adverse consequences. Thus, there is an urgent need to increase this crop's resilience whilst promoting sustainable agriculture. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) constitute not only a solution to tackle water and nutrient deficits in soils, but also as a control against phytopathogens and as green compounds for agricultural practices. Methods In this study, a metagenomic approach of the local fungal and bacterial community of the rhizosphere of Vaccinium corymbosum plants was performed. At the same time, both epiphytic and endophytic microorganisms were isolated in order to disclose putative beneficial native organisms. Results Results showed a high relative abundance of Archaeorhizomyces and Serendipita genera in the ITS sequencing, and Bradyrhizobium genus in the 16S sequencing. Diversity analysis disclosed that the fungal community presented a higher inter-sample variability than the bacterial community, and beta-diversity analysis further corroborated this result. Trichoderma spp., Bacillus spp., and Mucor moelleri were isolated from the V. corymbosum plants. Discussion This work revealed a native microbial community capable of establishing mycorrhizal relationships, and with beneficial physiological traits for blueberry production. It was also possible to isolate several naturally-occurring microorganisms that are known to have plant growth-promoting activity and confer tolerance to hydric stress, a serious climate change threat. Future studies should be performed with these isolates to disclose their efficiency in conferring the needed resilience for this and several crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anicia Gomes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Narciso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Laura Regalado
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Margarida Cardeano Pinheiro
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Filipa Barros
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Sario
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Conceição Santos
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rafael J. Mendes
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Arslan E, Haslak ZP, Monard G, Dogan I, Aviyente V. Quantum Mechanical Prediction of Dissociation Constants for Thiazol-2-imine Derivatives. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:2992-3004. [PMID: 37126823 PMCID: PMC10207282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As weak acids or bases, in solution, drug molecules are in either their ionized or nonionized states. A high degree of ionization is essential for good water solubility of a drug molecule and is required for drug-receptor interactions, whereas the nonionized form improves a drug's lipophilicity, allowing the ligand to cross the cell membrane. The penetration of a drug ligand through cell membranes is mainly governed by the pKa of the drug molecule and the membrane environment. In this study, with the aim of predicting the acetonitrile pKa's (pKa(MeCN)) of eight drug-like thiazol-2-imine derivatives, we propose a very accurate and computationally affordable protocol by using several quantum mechanical approaches. Benchmark studies were conducted on a set of training molecules, which were selected from the literature with known pKa(water) and pKa(MeCN). Highly well-correlated pKa values were obtained when the calculations were performed with the isodesmic method at the M062X/6-31G** level of theory in conjunction with SMD solvation model for nitrogen-containing heterocycles. Finally, experimentally unknown pKa(MeCN) values of eight thiazol-2-imine structures, which were previously synthesized by some of us, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evrim Arslan
- Department
of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Pinar Haslak
- Department
of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- Université
de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51687 Reims, France
| | - Gérald Monard
- Université
de Lorraine, CNRS, LPCT, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Ilknur Dogan
- Department
of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Viktorya Aviyente
- Department
of Chemistry, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
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Zhang H, Song J, Zheng Z, Li T, Shi N, Han Y, Zhang L, Yu Y, Fang H. Fungicide exposure accelerated horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes via plasmid-mediated conjugation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119789. [PMID: 36863279 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Co-pollution of soil with pesticide residues and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is increasing due to the substantial usage of pesticides and organic fertilizers in greenhouse-based agricultural production. Non-antibiotic stresses, including those from agricultural fungicides, are potential co-selectors for the horizontal transfer of ARGs, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Intragenus and intergenus conjugative transfer systems of the antibiotic resistant plasmid RP4 were established to examine conjugative transfer frequency under stress from four widely used fungicides: triadimefon, chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, and carbendazim. The mechanisms were elucidated at the cellular and molecular levels using transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, RT-qPCR, and RNA-seq techniques. The conjugative transfer frequency of plasmid RP4 between Escherichia coli strains increased with the rising exposure concentrations of chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, and carbendazim, but was suppressed between E. coli and Pseudomonas putida by a high fungicide concentration (10 µg/mL). Triadimefon did not significantly affect conjugative transfer frequency. Exploration of the underlying mechanisms revealed that: (i) chlorothalonil exposure mainly promoted generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, stimulated the SOS response, and increased cell membrane permeability, while (ii) azoxystrobin and carbendazim primarily enhanced expression of conjugation-related genes on the plasmid. These findings reveal the fungicide-triggered mechanisms associated with plasmid conjugation and highlight the potential role of non-bactericidal pesticides on the dissemination of ARGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houpu Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China; College of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Agri-food Safety of Anhui Province, Hefei 230036, PR. China
| | - Jiajin Song
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China
| | - Zhiruo Zheng
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China
| | - Tongxin Li
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China
| | - Nan Shi
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine CA 92697, United States
| | - Yuling Han
- Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Luqing Zhang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR. China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR. China
| | - Hua Fang
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR. China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR. China.
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