Fur functions as an activator of T6SS-mediated bacterial dominance and virulence in Aeromonas hydrophila

Aeromonas dhakensis: A Zoonotic Bacterium of Increasing Importance in Aquaculture

Aeromonas dhakensis is increasingly recognised to be an important pathogen responsible for disease losses in warm-water aquaculture and, similar to several other Aeromonas species, it can infect humans. Knowledge of A. dhakensis is accumulating, but this species remains relatively under-investigated compared to its close relative, Aeromonas hydrophila. The significance of A. dhakensis may have been overlooked in disease events of aquatic animals due to issues with reliable identification. Critical to appreciating the importance of this pathogen is the application of dependable molecular tools that enable accurate identification and discrimination from A. hydrophila and other motile aeromonads. This review aims to synthesise the key literature on A. dhakensis, particularly with relevance to aquaculture, including knowledge of the bacterium derived from disease case studies in aquatic hosts. Identification methods and strain phylogeny are discussed, with accurate detection important for prompt diagnosis and for distinguishing strains with heightened virulence. Increasing evidence suggests that A. dhakensis may be more virulent than A. hydrophila and correct identification is required to determine the zoonotic risks posed, which includes concerns for antibiotic-resistant strains. This review provides an impetus to improve species identification in the future and screen strain collections of presumptive Aeromonas spp. retrospectively to reveal the true prevalence and impact of A. dhakensis in aquaculture, the environment, and healthcare settings.

The nucleoid protein HU positively regulates the expression of type VI secretion systems in Enterobacter cloacae

Enterobacter cloacae is an emerging pathogen isolated in healthcare-associated infections. A major virulence factor of this bacterium is the type VI secretion system (T6SS). The genome of E. cloacae harbors two T6SS gene clusters (T6SS-1 and T6SS-2), and the functional characterization of both systems showed that these two T6SSs are not expressed under the same conditions. Here, we report that the major histone-like protein HU positively regulates the expression of both T6SSs and, therefore, the function that each T6SS exerts in E. cloacae. Single deletions of the genes encoding the HU subunits (hupA and hupB) decreased mRNA levels of both T6SS. In contrast, the hupA hupB double mutant dramatically affected the T6SS expression, diminishing its transcription. The direct binding of HU to the promoter regions of T6SS-1 and T6SS-2 was confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. In addition, single and double mutations in the hup genes affected the ability of inter-bacterial killing, biofilm formation, adherence to epithelial cells, and intestinal colonization, but these phenotypes were restored when such mutants were trans-complemented. Our data broaden our understanding of the regulation of HU-mediated T6SS in these pathogenic bacteria.

IMPORTANCE

T6SS is a nanomachine that functions as a weapon of bacterial destruction crucial for successful colonization in a specific niche. Enterobacter cloacae expresses two T6SSs required for bacterial competition, adherence, biofilm formation, and intestinal colonization. Expression of T6SS genes in pathogenic bacteria is controlled by multiple regulatory systems, including two-component systems, global regulators, and nucleoid proteins. Here, we reported that the HU nucleoid protein directly activates both T6SSs in E. cloacae, affecting the T6SS-related phenotypes. Our data describe HU as a new regulator involved in the transcriptional regulation of T6SS and its impact on E. cloacae pathogenesis.