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Du Z, Yang F, Fang J, Yamasaki S, Oya T, Nguluve D, Kumagai H, Cai Y. Silage preparation and sustainable livestock production of natural woody plant. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1253178. [PMID: 37746011 PMCID: PMC10514673 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1253178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
As the global population increases and the economy grows rapidly, the demand for livestock products such as meat, egg and milk continue to increase. The shortage of feed in livestock production is a worldwide problem restricting the development of the animal industry. Natural woody plants are widely distributed and have a huge biomass yield. The fresh leaves and branches of some woody plants are rich in nutrients such as proteins, amino acids, vitamins and minerals and can be used to produce storage feed such as silage for livestock. Therefore, the development and utilization of natural woody plants for clean fermented feed is important for the sustainable production of livestock product. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research progress, current status and development prospects of forageable natural woody plant feed resources. The nutritional composition and uses of natural woody plants, the main factors affecting the fermentation of woody plant silage and the interaction mechanism between microbial co-occurrence network and secondary metabolite are reviewed. Various preparation technologies for clean fermentation of woody plant silage were summarized comprehensively, which provided a sustainable production mode for improving the production efficiency of livestock and producing high-quality livestock product. Therefore, woody plants play an increasingly important role as a potential natural feed resource in alleviating feed shortage and promoting sustainable development of livestock product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhumei Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Crop, Livestock, and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fuyu Yang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiachen Fang
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Seishi Yamasaki
- Crop, Livestock, and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Oya
- Crop, Livestock, and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Damiao Nguluve
- Animal Science Directorate, Agricultural Research Institute of Mozambique, Matola, Mozambique
| | - Hajime Kumagai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yimin Cai
- Crop, Livestock, and Environment Division, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Du Z, Yamasaki S, Oya T, Cai Y. Cellulase-lactic acid bacteria synergy action regulates silage fermentation of woody plant. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:125. [PMID: 37542284 PMCID: PMC10403842 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feed shortage is an important factor limiting livestock production in the world. To effectively utilize natural woody plant resources, we used wilting and microbial additives to prepare an anaerobic fermentation feed of mulberry, and used PacBio single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology to analyse the "enzyme-bacteria synergy" and fermentation mechanism. RESULTS The fresh branches and leaves of mulberry have high levels of moisture and nutrients, and also contain a diverse range of epiphytic microorganisms. After ensiling, the microbial diversity decreased markedly, and the dominant bacteria rapidly shifted from Gram-negative Proteobacteria to Gram-positive Firmicutes. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) emerged as the dominant microbial population, resulting in increased in the proportion of the carbohydrate metabolism and decreased in the proportion of the amino acid and "global and overview map" (GOM) metabolism categories. The combination of cellulase and LAB exhibited a synergistic effect, through which cellulases such as glycanase, pectinase, and carboxymethyl cellulase decomposed cellulose and hemicellulose into sugars. LAB converted these sugars into lactic acid through the glycolytic pathway, thereby improving the microbial community structure, metabolism and fermentation quality of mulberry silage. The GOM, carbohydrate metabolism, and amino acid metabolism were the main microbial metabolic categories during ensiling. The presence of LAB had an important effect on the microbial community and metabolic pathways during silage fermentation. A "co-occurrence microbial network" formed with LAB, effectively inhibiting the growth of harmful microorganisms, and dominating the anaerobic fermentation process. CONCLUSIONS In summary, PacBio SMRT was used to accurately analyse the microbial network information and regulatory mechanism of anaerobic fermentation, which provided a scientific basis for the study of woody silage fermentation theory. This study reveals for the first time the main principle of the enzyme-bacteria synergy in a woody silage fermentation system, which provides technical support for the development and utilization of woody feed resources, and achieves sustainable livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhumei Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Seishi Yamasaki
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Oya
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan
| | - Yimin Cai
- Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8686, Japan.
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Fu Z, Sun L, Wang Z, Liu Y, Hao J, Gao C, Ge G. Effect of different regions on fermentation profiles, microbial communities, and their metabolomic pathways and properties in Italian ryegrass silage. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1076499. [PMID: 36726558 PMCID: PMC9885166 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1076499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Italian ryegrass is less studied in northern China due to high-quality forage grass has not been fully utilized. Full utilization of high-quality forage grass helps to alleviate the shortage of forage grass in winter and spring season and guarantee stable development of livestock production. Consequently, this study was aimed to evaluate the effects of different regions in northern China on the fermentative products, bacterial community compositions, and metabolic pathways and metabolites of Italian ryegrass silage. Methods The Italian ryegrass was harvested from three regions (Ordos-WK; Hohhot-AK; Ulanqab-SYK) and ensiled for 60 days. Single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were used to analyze bacterial communities and metabolites, respectively. Results After 60 d of fermentation, the SYK group had the lowest pH (4.67), the highest lactic acid contents (95.02 g/kg DM) and largest lactic acid bacteria populations (6.66 log10 cfu/g FM) among the treatment groups. In addition, the SYK group had the highest abundance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (63.98%). In SYK group, isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthesis was the significantly enriched (p < 0.05) and high-impact value (0.0225) metabolic pathway. In AK group, tryptophan metabolism the was the significantly enriched (p < 0.001) and high-impact value (0.1387) metabolic pathway. In WK group, citrate cycle (TCA cycle) was the significantly enriched (p < 0.001) and high-impact value (0.1174) metabolic pathway. Further, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum was positively correlated with cinnamic acid, tetranor 12-HETE, D-Mannitol, (2S)-2-amino-4-methylpentanoic acid L-Leucine, guanine, isoleucyl-aspartate and 3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl propanoate, but negatively correlated with isocitrate and D-mannose. Discussion In conclusion, this study can improve our understanding of the ensiling microbiology and metabolomics in different regions to further regulate the fermentation products and promote livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Fu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - ZhiJun Wang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Yichao Liu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Cuiping Gao
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China,*Correspondence: Gentu Ge,
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Fu Z, Sun L, Wang Z, Liu J, Hou M, Lu Q, Hao J, Jia Y, Ge G. Effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolomic properties of Italian ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1054612. [PMID: 36713224 PMCID: PMC9880220 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1054612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate the effects of different growth stages (booting period-SYK; initial flowering-SCK; full flowering-SSK) on the fermentation quality, microbial community, metabolic pathways and metabolomic characteristics of Italian ryegrass silage. Methods Single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were used to analyze bacterial communities and metabolites, respectively. Results After 60 d of fermentation, SYK had the lowest pH and the highest lactic acid content, which were significantly different from the other groups. The bacteria with the highest abundance in SYK, SCK and SSK groups were Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (63.98%), Weissella minor (28.82%) and Levilactobacillus brevis (64.81%), respectively. In addition, among the main differential metabolites in different growth stages, the number of amino acids was the most, and the corresponding metabolic pathways were mainly amino acid metabolic pathways. The biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan was significantly enriched (p<0.01) at booting stage and full flowering stage. Purine metabolism and ABC transporter pathway were significantly enriched at the initial flowering (p<0.001). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum had a negative correlation with xanthine and ganoderic acid F. Weissella minor had a positive correlation with D-Mannose and ganoderic acid F. Levilactobacillus brevis had a positive correlation with xanthine, and Latilactobacillus sakei had a positive correlation with cinnamic acid, D-Mannose, 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid and uridine. Discussion In conclusion, this study reveals the interaction mechanisms between ryegrass raw materials at different growth stages and epiphytic microorganisms during ensiling fermentation, providing new ideas for screening functional lactic acid bacteria, and laying a theoretical foundation for the production of safe and high-quality silage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Fu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Jingyi Liu
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Meiling Hou
- College of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, China,*Correspondence: Gentu Ge, ✉
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Wu C, Sun W, Huang Y, Dai S, Peng C, Zheng Y, Chen C, Hao J. Effects of different additives on the bacterial community and fermentation mode of whole-plant paper mulberry silage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:904193. [PMID: 36160218 PMCID: PMC9493322 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.904193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of inoculation with two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains (Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and Lentilactobacillus buchneri) and the addition of four corn flour proportions (0, 3, 6, and 9%) in different treatments, on the composition and function of the bacterial community in whole-plant paper mulberry silage. The different treatments promoted Lactiplantibacillus, Lentilactobacillus, and Lacticaseibacillus growth, but the microbial species responsible for fermentation differed among the treatments. High species diversity and various Gram-negative bacteria, such as Flavitalea sp., Pantoea agglomerans, Acinetobacter pittii, Turicibacter sanguinis, and Ralstonia pickettii, were found in the uninoculated LAB treatments. A beneficial bacterium, Lactobacillus johnsonii, was discovered for the first time in whole-plant paper mulberry silage. LAB inoculation simplifies the microbial community structure, and beneficial Lactobacillus as a key species aggregates in the inoculated treatment group. However, L. rhamnosus inoculation alone may have limited bacteriostatic activity against in whole-plant paper mulberry silage. Compared with silage lacking corn flour, amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, galactose metabolism, the phosphotransferase system and the pentose phosphate pathway metabolic activity were increased in corn flour-containing silage. Whole-plant paper mulberry can be used as a high-quality silage to provide high-quality feed resources for sustainable ruminant livestock production. Moreover, additive use is necessary for preparing paper mulberry silage.
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Fu Z, Sun L, Hou M, Hao J, Lu Q, Liu T, Ren X, Jia Y, Wang Z, Ge G. Effects of different harvest frequencies on microbial community and metabolomic properties of annual ryegrass silage. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:971449. [PMID: 36110305 PMCID: PMC9468666 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.971449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolome characteristics of ryegrass silage from different harvests (first harvest-AK, second harvest-BK, and third harvest-CK) and analyzed the correlation between fermentative bacteria and metabolites. The bacterial community and metabolomic characteristics were analyzed by single-molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), respectively. After 60 days of ensiling, the pH of BK was significantly lower than those of AK and CK, and its lactic acid content was significantly higher than those of AK and CK. Lactiplantibacillus and Enterococcus genera dominate the microbiota of silage obtained from ryegrass harvested at three different harvests. In addition, the BK group had the highest abundance of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (58.66%), and the CK group had the highest abundance of Enterococcus faecalis (42.88%). The most annotated metabolites among the differential metabolites of different harvests were peptides, and eight amino acids were dominant in the composition of the identified peptides. In the ryegrass silage, arginine, alanine, aspartate, and glutamate biosynthesis had the highest enrichment ratio in the metabolic pathway of KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. Valyl-isoleucine and glutamylvaline were positively correlated with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. D-Pipecolic acid and L-glutamic acid were positively correlated with Levilactobacillus brevis. L-phenylalanyl-L-proline, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(2-methoxybenzoyloxy) oxane-2-carboxylic acid, and shikimic acid were negatively correlated with Levilactobacillus brevis. In conclusion, this study explains the effects of different harvest frequencies on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolites of ryegrass, and improves our understanding of the ensiling mechanisms associated with different ryegrass harvesting frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Fu
- Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Meiling Hou
- College of Life Sciences, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, China
| | - Junfeng Hao
- Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Qiang Lu
- College of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tingyu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Xiuzhen Ren
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - ZhiJun Wang
- Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Hohhot, China
- Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Characterization of Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Banana and Its Application in Silage Fermentation of Defective Banana. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10061185. [PMID: 35744703 PMCID: PMC9227619 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10061185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To effectively utilize banana by-products, we prepared silage with defective bananas using screened lactic acid bacteria (LAB), sucrose, and tannase as additives. Eleven strains of LAB were isolated from the fruits and flowers of defective bananas, all of which were Gram-positive and catalase-negative bacteria that produced lactic acid from glucose. Among these LAB, homofermentative strain CG1 was selected as the most suitable silage additive due to its high lactic acid production and good growth in a low pH environment. Based on its physiological and biochemical properties and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain CG1 was identified as Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Defective bananas contain 74.8−76.3% moisture, 7.2−8.2% crude protein, 5.9−6.5% ether extract, and 25.3−27.8% neutral detergent fibre on a dry matter basis. After 45 d of fermentation, the silage of deficient bananas treated with LAB or sucrose alone improved fermentation quality, with significantly (p < 0.05) lower pH and higher lactic acid contents than the control. The combination of LAB and sucrose had a synergistic effect on the fermentation quality of silage. The tannase-treated silage significantly (p < 0.05) decreased the tannin content, while the combination of tannase and LAB in silage not only decreased (p < 0.05) the tannin content, but also improved the fermentation quality. The study confirmed that defective bananas are rich in nutrients, can prepare good quality silage, and have good potential as a feed source for livestock.
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