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Powała K, Żołek T, Brown G, Kutner A. Molecular Interactions of Selective Agonists and Antagonists with the Retinoic Acid Receptor γ. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6568. [PMID: 38928275 PMCID: PMC11203493 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), the major active metabolite of all-trans retinol (vitamin A), is a key hormonal signaling molecule. In the adult organism, ATRA has a widespread influence on processes that are crucial to the growth and differentiation of cells and, in turn, the acquisition of mature cell functions. Therefore, there is considerable potential in the use of retinoids to treat diseases. ATRA binds to the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) which, as activated by ATRA, selectively regulate gene expression. There are three main RAR isoforms, RARα, RARβ, and RARγ. They each have a distinct role, for example, RARα and RARγ regulate myeloid progenitor cell differentiation and hematopoietic stem cell maintenance, respectively. Hence, targeting an isoform is crucial to developing retinoid-based therapeutics. In principle, this is exemplified when ATRA is used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and target RARα within PML-RARα oncogenic fusion protein. ATRA with arsenic trioxide has provided a cure for the once highly fatal leukemia. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies of RARγ have revealed the potential use of agonists and antagonists to treat diseases as diverse as cancer, heterotopic ossification, psoriasis, and acne. During the final drug development there may be a need to design newer compounds with added modifications to improve solubility, pharmacokinetics, or potency. At the same time, it is important to retain isotype specificity and activity. Examination of the molecular interactions between RARγ agonists and the ligand binding domain of RARγ has revealed aspects to ligand binding that are crucial to RARγ selectivity and compound activity and key to designing newer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Powała
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Teresa Żołek
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
| | - Andrzej Kutner
- Department of Drug Chemistry Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
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2
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Brown G. Deregulation of All- Trans Retinoic Acid Signaling and Development in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12089. [PMID: 37569466 PMCID: PMC10419198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells are the root cause of cancer, which, in essence, is a developmental disorder. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) signaling via ligand-activation of the retinoic acid receptors (RARs) plays a crucial role in tissue patterning and development during mammalian embryogenesis. In adults, active RARγ maintains the pool of hematopoietic stem cells, whereas active RARα drives myeloid cell differentiation. Various findings have revealed that ATRA signaling is deregulated in many cancers. The enzymes for ATRA synthesis are downregulated in colorectal, gastric, lung, and oropharyngeal cancers. ATRA levels within breast, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and renal cancer cells were lower than within their normal counterpart cells. The importance is that 0.24 nM ATRA activates RARγ (for stem cell stemness), whereas 100 times more is required to activate RARα (for differentiation). Moreover, RARγ is an oncogene regarding overexpression within colorectal, cholangiocarcinoma, hepatocellular, ovarian, pancreatic, and renal cancer cells. The microRNA (miR) 30a-5p downregulates expression of RARγ, and miR-30a/miR-30a-5p is a tumor suppressor for breast, colorectal, gastric, hepatocellular, lung, oropharyngeal, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and renal cancer. These complementary findings support the view that perturbations to ATRA signaling play a role in driving the abnormal behavior of cancer stem cells. Targeting ATRA synthesis and RARγ has provided promising approaches to eliminating cancer stem cells because such agents have been shown to drive cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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3
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Brown G. Retinoic acid receptor regulation of decision-making for cell differentiation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1182204. [PMID: 37082619 PMCID: PMC10110968 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1182204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) activation of retinoic acid receptors (RARs) is crucial to an organism's proper development as established by findings for mouse foetuses from dams fed a vitamin A-deficient diet. ATRA influences decision-making by embryonic stem (ES) cells for differentiation including lineage fate. From studies of knockout mice, RARα and RARγ regulate haematopoiesis whereby active RARα modulates the frequency of decision-making for myeloid differentiation, but is not essential for myelopoiesis, and active RARγ supports stem cell self-renewal and maintenance. From studies of zebrafish embryo development, active RARγ plays a negative role in stem cell decision-making for differentiation whereby, in the absence of exogenous ATRA, selective agonism of RARγ disrupted stem cell decision-making for differentiation patterning for development. From transactivation studies, 0.24 nM ATRA transactivated RARγ and 19.3 nM (80-fold more) was needed to transactivate RARα. Therefore, the dose of ATRA that cells are exposed to in vivo, from gradients created by cells that synthesize and metabolize, is important to RARγ versus RARα and RARγ activation and balancing of the involvements in modulating stem cell maintenance versus decision-making for differentiation. RARγ activation favours stemness whereas concomitant or temporal activation of RARγ and RARα favours differentiation. Crosstalk with signalling events that are provoked by membrane receptors is also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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4
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Yuan J, Pei R, Lu Y. Successful Haploidentical Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation with Azacitidine and Venetoclax Maintenance Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia with NUP98-RARG Gene Fusion. Turk J Haematol 2023; 40:75-76. [PMID: 36458558 PMCID: PMC9979744 DOI: 10.4274/tjh.galenos.2022.2022.0475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Yuan
- The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Department of Hematology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Renzhi Pei
- The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Department of Hematology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Lu
- The Affiliated People’s Hospital of Ningbo University, Department of Hematology, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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5
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Brown G. Targeting the Retinoic Acid Pathway to Eradicate Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:2373. [PMID: 36768694 PMCID: PMC9916838 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans retinoic acid is a morphogen during embryogenesis and a teratogen. Cancer is an error of development, and the retinoic acid receptors (RAR) for all-trans retinoic acid play a role in cancer. Expression of the cytosolic aldehyde dehydrogenases, which mediate the last step to the synthesis of all-trans retinoic acid, is deregulated in various human cancers. Inhibiting these enzymes using a variety of agents reduced the proliferation of lung cancer cells, reduced the proliferation and induced apoptosis of ovarian, prostate, squamous, and uterine cancer cells, and sensitised breast, colorectal and ovarian cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. RARγ is an oncogene within some cases of AML, cholangiocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, clear cell renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, prostate cancer, and ovarian cancer. Pan-RAR and RARγ antagonist inhibition of the action of RARγ led to necroptosis of human prostate and pediatric brain tumour cancer stem cells. Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma cells with the flavenoid acacetin, which interferes with the action of RARγ, decreased cell growth and induced apoptosis. Targeting the retinoic acid pathway is promising regarding the development of new drugs to eradicate cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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6
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Korsos V, Miller WH. How retinoic acid and arsenic transformed acute promyelocytic leukemia therapy. J Mol Endocrinol 2022; 69:T69-T83. [PMID: 36112505 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is associated with severe coagulopathy leading to rapid morbidity and mortality if left untreated. The definitive diagnosis of APL is made by identifying a balanced reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17. This t(15;17) results in a fusion transcript of promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARA) genes and the expression of a functional PML/RARA protein. Detection of a fused PML/RARA genomic DNA sequence using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or by detection of the PML/RARA fusion transcript via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) has revolutionized the diagnosis and monitoring of APL. Once confirmed, APL is cured in over 90% of cases, making it the most curable subtype of acute leukemia today. Patients with low-risk APL are successfully treated using a chemotherapy-free combination of all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide (ATO). In this review, we explore the work that has gone into the modern-day diagnosis and highly successful treatment of this once devastating leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Korsos
- Division of Hematology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Wilson H Miller
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of Oncology, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Canada
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7
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Niu Y, Tang S. Circadian clock-mediated nuclear receptors in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:4428-4442. [PMID: 36250982 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Circadian system coordinates the daily periodicity of physiological and biochemical functions to adapt to environmental changes. Circadian disruption has been identified to increase the risk of cancer and promote cancer progression, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. And further mechanistic understanding of the crosstalk between clock components and cancer is urgent to achieve clinical anticancer benefits from chronochemotherapy. Recent studies discover that several nuclear receptors regulating circadian clock, also play crucial roles in mediating multiple cancer processes. In this review, we aim to summarize the latest developments of clock-related nuclear receptors in cancer biology and dissect mechanistic insights into how nuclear receptors coordinate with circadian clock to regulate tumorigenesis and cancer treatment. A better understanding of circadian clock-related nuclear receptors in cancer could help prevent tumorigenesis and improve anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Niu
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Tang
- Cancer Institute, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, China
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8
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Brown G. Lessons to cancer from studies of leukemia and hematopoiesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:993915. [PMID: 36204679 PMCID: PMC9531023 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.993915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The starting point to describing the origin and nature of any cancer must be knowledge about how the normal counterpart tissue develops. New principles to the nature of hematopoietic stem cells have arisen in recent years. In particular, hematopoietic stem cells can “choose” a cell lineage directly from a spectrum of the end-cell options, and are, therefore, a heterogeneous population of lineage affiliated/biased cells. These cells remain versatile because the developmental trajectories of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells are broad. From studies of human acute myeloid leukemia, leukemia is also a hierarchy of maturing or partially maturing cells that are sustained by leukemia stem cells at the apex. This cellular hierarchy model has been extended to a wide variety of human solid tumors, by the identification of cancer stem cells, and is termed the cancer stem cell model. At least, two genomic insults are needed for cancer, as seen from studies of human childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. There are signature mutations for some leukemia’s and some relate to a transcription factor that guides the cell lineage of developing hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Similarly, some oncogenes restrict the fate of leukemia stem cells and their offspring to a single maturation pathway. In this case, a loss of intrinsic stem cell versatility seems to be a property of leukemia stem cells. To provide more effective cures for leukemia, there is the need to find ways to eliminate leukemia stem cells.
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Zhao J, Wang W, Yan L, Chen X, Li W, Li W, Chen T, Chen L. Case report: A rare case of acute myeloid leukemia with CPSF6–RARG fusion resembling acute promyelocytic leukemia. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1011023. [PMID: 36185228 PMCID: PMC9523789 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1011023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARG) gene rearrangement has been reported in several acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. They resemble classical acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients in clinical features, morphology, and immunophenotype but do not carry the promyelocytic leukemia (PML)–RARA fusion gene. Importantly, almost all these APL-like AML patients show resistance to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and no effective treatment is recommended for them. Here, we identified a case of AML resembling APL in clinical presentation and experimental findings carrying a rare cleavage and polyadenylation-specific factor 6 (CPSF6)-RARG fusion gene. The patient was insensitive to ATRA and ATO but responded well to homoharringtonine and cytarabine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Wentao Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Lunhua Chen
- Department of Hematology, Wuhan University Renmin Hospital, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Lunhua Chen,
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10
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Song Y, Hou J, Wan L, Liu K, Zhou C, Wei S, Zhang G, Lin D, Li Y, Fang Q, Liu Y, Gong B, Gong X, Wang Y, Wei H, Wang J, Mi Y. A short report of novel RARG-HNRNPM fusion gene in resembling acute promyelocytic leukemia. Hematology 2022; 27:518-522. [PMID: 35544458 DOI: 10.1080/16078454.2022.2066825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Resembling acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is a unique subtype of APL who sharing clinical, morphological, and immunophenotypic features with typical APL, but lacking evidence of PML-RARA fusion gene and usually insensitive to arsenic trioxide (ATO) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). For years, RARA, RARB and RARG rearrangement were found in resembling APL continually. The confirmed partner genes of RARG rearrangement included CPSF6, NUP98, NPM1, PML, and HNRNPC. These patients were a group of resembling APL with rare molecular genetic abnormality and unfavorable prognosis. They usually were resistant to ATO and ATRA but partially sensitive to anthracycline-based chemotherapy. CASE PRESENTATION We reported a 25-year-old female patient with a novel fusion gene RARG-HNRNPM (RARG chr12:53606869: -; HNRNPM chr19: 8527413: + based on GRCh37/hg19 Assembly) through RNA-seq as resembling APL. The patient with RARG-HNRNPM was benefited from a combined chemotherapy homoharringtonine, cytarabine, and aclacinomycin (HAA) regimen with no relapse. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS RARG rearrangement resembling APL are various. The treatment should be switched from ATRA/ATO to AML combined chemotherapy regimen early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangxue Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiqi Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Zhou
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuning Wei
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangji Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Lin
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuyun Fang
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntao Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Benfa Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Gong
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingchang Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,National Clinical Research Center for Blood Diseases, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Hematology and Blood Diseases Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
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Antagonizing RARγ Drives Necroptosis of Cancer Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094814. [PMID: 35563205 PMCID: PMC9105400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need for agents that eliminate cancer stem cells, which sustain cancer and are also largely responsible for disease relapse and metastasis. Conventional chemotherapeutics and radiotherapy are often highly effective against the bulk of cancer cells, which are proliferating, but spare cancer stem cells. Therapeutics that target cancer stem cells may also provide a bona fide cure for cancer. There are two rationales for targeting the retinoic acid receptor (RAR)γ. First, RARγ is expressed selectively within primitive cells. Second, RARγ is a putative oncogene for a number of human cancers, including cases of acute myeloid leukemia, cholangiocarcinoma, and colorectal, renal and hepatocellular carcinomas. Prostate cancer cells depend on active RARγ for their survival. Antagonizing all RARs caused necroptosis of prostate and breast cancer stem cell-like cells, and the cancer stem cells that gave rise to neurospheres from pediatric patients’ primitive neuroectodermal tumors and an astrocytoma. As tested for prostate cancer, antagonizing RARγ was sufficient to drive necroptosis. Achieving cancer-selectively is a longstanding paradigm for developing new treatments. The normal prostate epithelium was less sensitive to the RARγ antagonist and pan-RAR antagonist than prostate cancer cells, and fibroblasts and blood mononuclear cells were insensitive. The RARγ antagonist and pan-RAR antagonist are promising new cancer therapeutics.
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12
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Brown G, Petrie K. The RARγ Oncogene: An Achilles Heel for Some Cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3632. [PMID: 33807298 PMCID: PMC8036636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer "stem cells" (CSCs) sustain the hierarchies of dividing cells that characterize cancer. The main causes of cancer-related mortality are metastatic disease and relapse, both of which originate primarily from CSCs, so their eradication may provide a bona fide curative strategy, though there maybe also the need to kill the bulk cancer cells. While classic anti-cancer chemotherapy is effective against the dividing progeny of CSCs, non-dividing or quiescent CSCs are often spared. Improved anti-cancer therapies therefore require approaches that target non-dividing CSCs, which must be underpinned by a better understanding of factors that permit these cells to maintain a stem cell-like state. During hematopoiesis, retinoic acid receptor (RAR) γ is selectively expressed by stem cells and their immediate progeny. It is overexpressed in, and is an oncogene for, many cancers including colorectal, renal and hepatocellular carcinoma, cholangiocarcinomas and some cases of acute myeloid leukemia that harbor RARγ fusion proteins. In vitro studies suggest that RARγ-selective and pan-RAR antagonists provoke the death of CSCs by necroptosis and point to antagonism of RARγ as a potential strategy to treat metastatic disease and relapse, and perhaps provide a cure for some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Brown
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B152TT, UK
| | - Kevin Petrie
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR13SD, UK;
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13
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Han X, Jin C, Zheng G, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhang E, Zhu H, Cai Z. Acute myeloid leukemia with CPSF6-RARG fusion resembling acute promyelocytic leukemia with extramedullary infiltration. Ther Adv Hematol 2021; 12:2040620720976984. [PMID: 33473264 PMCID: PMC7797573 DOI: 10.1177/2040620720976984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some subtypes of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) share morphologic, immunophenotypic, and clinical features of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), but lack a PML–RARA (promyelocytic leukemia–retinoic acid receptor alpha) fusion gene. Instead, they have the retinoic acid receptor beta (RARB) or retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARG) rearranged. Almost all of these AML subtypes exhibit resistance to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA); undoubtedly, the prognosis is poor. Here, we present an AML patient resembling APL with a novel cleavage and polyadenylation specific factor 6 (CPSF6)–RARG fusion, showing resistance to ATRA and poor response to chemotherapy with homoharringtonine and cytarabine. Simultaneously, the patient also had extramedullary infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Han
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunxiang Jin
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gaofeng Zheng
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Li
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yungui Wang
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Enfan Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honghu Zhu
- Institute of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, No. 79, Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 310003, China
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Bárcenas-López DA, Mendiola-Soto DK, Núñez-Enríquez JC, Mejía-Aranguré JM, Hidalgo-Miranda A, Jiménez-Morales S. Promising genes and variants to reduce chemotherapy adverse effects in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Transl Oncol 2021; 14:100978. [PMID: 33290991 PMCID: PMC7720095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2020.100978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost two decades ago, the sequencing of the human genome and high throughput technologies came to revolutionize the clinical and therapeutic approaches of patients with complex human diseases. In acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the most frequent childhood malignancy, these technologies have enabled to characterize the genomic landscape of the disease and have significantly improved the survival rates of ALL patients. Despite this, adverse reactions from treatment such as toxicity, drug resistance and secondary tumors formation are still serious consequences of chemotherapy, and the main obstacles to reduce ALL-related mortality. It is well known that germline variants and somatic mutations in genes involved in drug metabolism impact the efficacy of drugs used in oncohematological diseases therapy. So far, a broader spectrum of clinically actionable alterations that seems to be crucial for the progression and treatment response have been identified. Although these results are promising, it is necessary to put this knowledge into the clinics to help physician make medical decisions and generate an impact in patients' health. This review summarizes the gene variants and clinically actionable mutations that modify the efficacy of antileukemic drugs. Therefore, knowing their genetic status before treatment is critical to reduce severe adverse effects, toxicities and life-threatening consequences in ALL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Alberto Bárcenas-López
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diana Karen Mendiola-Soto
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico; Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Núñez-Enríquez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital de Pediatría, CMNSXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Hospital de Pediatría, CMNSXXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico; Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Hidalgo-Miranda
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico
| | - Silvia Jiménez-Morales
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periferico Sur 4809, Arenal Tepepan, Del. Tlalpan, Mexico City 14610, Mexico.
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15
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Tao S, Song L, Deng Y, Chen Y, Shi Y, Gan Y, Deng Z, Ding B, He Z, Wang C, Yu L. Acute Myeloid Leukemia with NUP98-RARG Gene Fusion Similar to Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia: Case Report and Literature Review. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10559-10566. [PMID: 33116634 PMCID: PMC7574910 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s273172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid receptor gamma (RARG) belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and has 90% homology to RAR alpha (RARA) and RAR beta. The promyelocytic leukemia (PML)–RARA fusion gene has been implicated in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). RARG gene rearrangement has been identified in a rare subtype of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) that resembles APL. To date, only 10 cases of gene rearrangements involving RARG (nucleoporin [NUP]98–RARG, promyelocytic leukemia protein–RARG, cleavage and polyadenylation-specific factor 6–RARG, or nucleophosmin [NPM]1–RARG–NPM1) have been reported. These patients show characteristics similar to APL, including bone marrow morphology, coagulation abnormality, and immunophenotype; however, they are resistant to all-trans retinoic acid and arsenic trioxide treatment. Moreover, there is no optimal therapeutic regimen for this subtype of AML. In this study, we report the clinical presentation and experimental findings of a case of AML with NUP98–RARG gene fusion similar to APL and review other cases of RARG gene rearrangement described in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandong Tao
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixiao Song
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Deng
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Chen
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuye Shi
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Gan
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikui Deng
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Banghe Ding
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengmei He
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Wang
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Yu
- Department of Hematology, The Affiliated Huai'an No.1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu 223300, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Hematology of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, People's Republic of China
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16
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Geoffroy MC, de Thé H. Classic and Variants APLs, as Viewed from a Therapy Response. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E967. [PMID: 32295268 PMCID: PMC7226009 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) are caused by PML-RARA, a translocation-driven fusion oncoprotein discovered three decades ago. Over the years, several other types of rare X-RARA fusions have been described, while recently, oncogenic fusion proteins involving other retinoic acid receptors (RARB or RARG) have been associated to very rare cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia. PML-RARA driven pathogenesis and the molecular basis for therapy response have been the focus of many studies, which have now converged into an integrated physio-pathological model. The latter is well supported by clinical and molecular studies on patients, making APL one of the rare hematological disorder cured by targeted therapies. Here we review recent data on APL-like diseases not driven by the PML-RARA fusion and discuss these in view of current understanding of "classic" APL pathogenesis and therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U944, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 75010 Paris, France;
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7212, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), 75010 Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
| | - Hugues de Thé
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U944, Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, 75010 Paris, France;
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 7212, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie (IUH), 75010 Paris, France
- Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, Université de Paris, 75010 Paris, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Biochimie, Hôpital St-Louis, 75010 Paris, France
- Collège de France, PSL Research University, INSERM U1050, CNRS UMR 7241, 75005 Paris, France
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