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Gurkan UA, Wood DK, Carranza D, Herbertson LH, Diamond SL, Du E, Guha S, Di Paola J, Hines PC, Papautsky I, Shevkoplyas SS, Sniadecki NJ, Pamula VK, Sundd P, Rizwan A, Qasba P, Lam WA. Next generation microfluidics: fulfilling the promise of lab-on-a-chip technologies. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1867-1874. [PMID: 38487919 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00796k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidic lab-on-a-chip technologies enable the analysis and manipulation of small fluid volumes and particles at small scales and the control of fluid flow and transport processes at the microscale, leading to the development of new methods to address a broad range of scientific and medical challenges. Microfluidic and lab-on-a-chip technologies have made a noteworthy impact in basic, preclinical, and clinical research, especially in hematology and vascular biology due to the inherent ability of microfluidics to mimic physiologic flow conditions in blood vessels and capillaries. With the potential to significantly impact translational research and clinical diagnostics, technical issues and incentive mismatches have stymied microfluidics from fulfilling this promise. We describe how accessibility, usability, and manufacturability of microfluidic technologies should be improved and how a shift in mindset and incentives within the field is also needed to address these issues. In this report, we discuss the state of the microfluidic field regarding current limitations and propose future directions and new approaches for the field to advance microfluidic technologies closer to translation and clinical use. While our report focuses on using blood as the prototypical biofluid sample, the proposed ideas and research directions can be extrapolated to other areas of hematology, oncology, biology, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - E Du
- Florida Atlantic University, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick C Hines
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
- Functional Fluidics, Inc., USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Prithu Sundd
- VERSITI Blood Research Institute and Medical College of Wisconsin, USA
| | - Asif Rizwan
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, USA
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A L, G F, P L M, D L, G D. Dynamics of non-spherical particles in viscoelastic fluids flowing in a microchannel. SOFT MATTER 2023. [PMID: 38050735 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01399e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The migration and orientation dynamics of prolate spheroidal particles suspended in a viscoelastic liquid flowing in a square microchannel is experimentally investigated under inertialess flow conditions. The suspending fluid is an aqueous solution of PolyEthylene Oxyde at relatively high concentration characterized by a high level of elasticity and shear-thinning. Fluid viscoelasticity drives the spheroids towards the channel central region at relatively low flow rates when the particles explore the constant viscosity region of the fluid, without showing a preferential orientation. As the flow rate increases and the fluid enters in the shear-thinning region, a smaller fraction of particles migrates at the central channel region, reducing the focusing efficiency. The focused spheroids rotate sufficiently fast to attain a stable orientation with major axis aligned along the flow direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Langella A
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Franzino G
- Institute of Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Napoli, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Maffettone P L
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Larobina D
- Institute of Polymers, Composites, and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, Napoli, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - D'Avino G
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy.
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Porcaro C, Saeedipour M. Hemolysis prediction in bio-microfluidic applications using resolved CFD-DEM simulations. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2023; 231:107400. [PMID: 36774792 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2023.107400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Hemolysis, namely hemoglobin leakage from red blood cells (RBCs), is one of the major sources of incorrect results in clinical tests, especially when passive microfluidics is involved. This is due to small characteristic dimensions which could cause strong RBCs deformation. Prediction of hemolysis is essential in the design and optimization of lab-on-a-chip devices for cell sorting and plasma separation. The aim of this work is to provide a numerical simulation tool this purpose applicable to real-scale bio-microfluidic devices with affordable computational cost. METHODS Blood is modelled as a suspension of biological cells, mainly RBCs, in liquid plasma assumed as a Newtonian, incompressible carrier fluid. Therefore, the physics of cells and carrier fluid is coupled by means of an immersed boundary concept known as resolved CFD-DEM. In this approach, the Navier-Stokes equations are numerically solved through a finite volume method with an additional penalty term to account for the presence of RBCs. RBCs' positions and velocities are updated by solving Newton and Euler equations for conservation of linear and angular momentum. To model the RBCs deformation, a reduced-order model is employed, where each RBC is represented by a clump of overlapping rigid spheres connected by fictional numerical bonds, whose properties are tuned to reproduce the ones of RBCs viscoelastic membrane. This coupled approach allows access to cell-level information and facilitates the usage of strain-based hemolysis models. RESULTS Different micro-channel geometries and blood hematocrits are simulated, to explore the influence of these factors on RBCs damage. Statistical analysis is performed to extract relevant biophysical quantities from numerical simulations such as hemolysis index distribution at the channel exit. Finally, the effect of carrier fluid viscosity is studied in relation to cell-cell interactions. CONCLUSIONS Simulation results show that hemolysis occurrence is almost independent of the hematocrit values in the microchannel, implying the possibility to speed up calculation using low hematocrit values. Nevertheless, using whole blood viscosity for the carrier fluid overestimates the value of the hemolysis index by almost one order of magnitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Porcaro
- Department of Particulate Flow Modelling, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria; Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria; Christian Doppler Laboratory for Multi-scale Modelling of Multiphase Processes, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria
| | - Mahdi Saeedipour
- Department of Particulate Flow Modelling, Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria; Linz Institute of Technology (LIT), Johannes Kepler University, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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Skverchinskaya E, Levdarovich N, Ivanov A, Mindukshev I, Bukatin A. Anticancer Drugs Paclitaxel, Carboplatin, Doxorubicin, and Cyclophosphamide Alter the Biophysical Characteristics of Red Blood Cells, In Vitro. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12020230. [PMID: 36829507 PMCID: PMC9953263 DOI: 10.3390/biology12020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Red blood cells (RBCs) are the most numerous cells in the body and perform gas exchange between all tissues. During the infusion of cancer chemotherapeutic (CT) agents, blood cells are the first ones to encounter aggressive cytostatics. Erythrocyte dysfunction caused by direct cytotoxic damage might be a part of the problem of chemotherapy-induced anemia-one of the most frequent side effects. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the functional status of RBCs exposed to mono and combinations of widely used commercial pharmaceutical CT drugs with different action mechanisms: paclitaxel, carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin, in vitro. Using laser diffraction, flow cytometry, and confocal microscopy, we show that paclitaxel, having a directed effect on cytoskeleton proteins, by itself and in combination with carboplatin, caused the most marked abnormalities-loss of control of volume regulation, resistance to osmotic load, and stomatocytosis. Direct simulations of RBCs' microcirculation in microfluidic channels showed both the appearance of a subpopulation of cells with impaired velocity (slow damaged cells) and an increased number of cases of occlusions. In contrast to paclitaxel, such drugs as carboplatin, cyclophosphamide, and doxorubicin, whose main target in cancer cells is DNA, showed significantly less cytotoxicity to erythrocytes in short-term exposure. However, the combination of drugs had an additive effect. While the obtained results should be confirmed in in vivo models, one can envisioned that such data could be used for minimizing anemia side effects during cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisaveta Skverchinskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Levdarovich
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov University, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexander Ivanov
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov University, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Igor Mindukshev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anton Bukatin
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov University, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 198095 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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Jiang D, Liu S, Tang W. Fabrication and Manipulation of Non-Spherical Particles in Microfluidic Channels: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1659. [PMID: 36296012 PMCID: PMC9611947 DOI: 10.3390/mi13101659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Non-spherical shape is a general appearance feature for bioparticles. Therefore, a mechanical mechanism study of non-spherical particle migration in a microfluidic chip is essential for more precise isolation of target particles. With the manipulation of non-spherical particles, refined disease detection or medical intervention for human beings will be achievable in the future. In this review, fabrication and manipulation of non-spherical particles are discussed. Firstly, various fabrication methods for non-spherical microparticle are introduced. Then, the active and passive manipulation techniques for non-spherical particles are briefly reviewed, including straight inertial microchannels, secondary flow inertial microchannels and deterministic lateral displacement microchannels with extremely high resolution. Finally, applications of viscoelastic flow are presented which obviously increase the precision of non-spherical particle separation. Although various techniques have been employed to improve the performance of non-spherical particle manipulation, the universal mechanism behind this has not been fully discussed. The aim of this review is to provide a reference for non-spherical particle manipulation study researchers in every detail and inspire thoughts for non-spherical particle focused device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jiang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Yuyue Medical Equipment and Supply Co., Ltd., Danyang 212300, China
| | - Shaowei Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Wenlai Tang
- School of Electrical and Automation Engineering, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Manufacturing, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Lamarre Y, Nader E, Connes P, Romana M, Garnier Y. Extracellular Vesicles in Sickle Cell Disease: A Promising Tool. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9090439. [PMID: 36134985 PMCID: PMC9495982 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common hemoglobinopathy worldwide. It is characterized by an impairment of shear stress-mediated vasodilation, a pro-coagulant, and a pro-adhesive state orchestrated among others by the depletion of the vasodilator nitric oxide, by the increased phosphatidylserine exposure and tissue factor expression, and by the increased interactions of erythrocytes with endothelial cells that mediate the overexpression of adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1, respectively. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been shown to be novel actors involved in SCD pathophysiological processes. Medium-sized EVs, also called microparticles, which exhibit increased plasma levels in this pathology, were shown to induce the activation of endothelial cells, thereby increasing neutrophil adhesion, a key process potentially leading to the main complication associated with SCD, vaso-occlusive crises (VOCs). Small-sized EVs, also named exosomes, which have also been reported to be overrepresented in SCD, were shown to potentiate interactions between erythrocytes and platelets, and to trigger endothelial monolayer disruption, two processes also known to favor the occurrence of VOCs. In this review we provide an overview of the current knowledge about EVs concentration and role in SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Lamarre
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, Inserm, BIGR, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Elie Nader
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA7424, Team “Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Connes
- Laboratoire Inter-Universitaire de Biologie de la Motricité EA7424, Team “Vascular Biology and Red Blood Cell”, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69622 Lyon, France
| | - Marc Romana
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, Inserm, BIGR, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Yohann Garnier
- Université Paris Cité and Université des Antilles, Inserm, BIGR, F-75015 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +590-590-891530
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Kang YJ. Sequential quantification of blood and diluent using red cell sedimentation-based separation and pressure-induced work in a microfluidic channel. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 14:1194-1207. [PMID: 35234222 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay02178h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The erythrocyte sedimentation method has been widely used to detect inflammatory diseases. However, this conventional method still has several drawbacks, such as a large blood volume (∼1 mL) and difficulty in continuous monitoring. Most importantly, image-based methods cannot quantify RBC-rich blood (blood) and RBC-free blood (diluent) simultaneously. In this study, instead of visualizing interface movement in the blood syringe, a simple method is proposed to quantify blood and diluent in microfluidic channels sequentially. The hematocrit was set to 25% to enhance RBC sedimentation and form two layers (blood and diluent) in the blood syringe. An air cavity (∼300 μL) inside the blood syringe was secured to completely remove dead volumes (∼200 μL) in fluidic paths (syringe needle and tubing). Thus, a small blood volume (Vb = 50 μL) suctioned into the blood syringe is sufficient for supplying blood and diluent in the blood channel sequentially. The relative ratio of blood resident time (RBC-to-diluent separation) was quantified using λb, which was obtained by quantifying the image intensity of blood flow. After the junction pressure (Pj) and blood volume (V) were obtained by analyzing the interface in the coflowing channel, the averaged work (Wp [Pa mm3]) was calculated and adopted to detect blood and diluent, respectively. The proposed method was then applied with various concentrations of dextran solution to detect aggregation-elevated blood. The Wp of blood and diluent exhibited substantial differences with respect to dextran solutions ranging from Cdex = 10 to Cdex = 40 mg mL-1. Moreover, λb did not exhibit substantial differences in blood with Cdex > 10 mg mL-1. The variations in λb were comparable to those of the previous method based on interface movement in the blood syringe. In conclusion, the WP could detect blood as well as diluents more effectively than λb. Furthermore, the proposed method substantially reduced the blood volume from 1 mL to 50 μL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jun Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Chosun University, 309 Pilmun-daero, Dong-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea.
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Microfluidics Approach to the Mechanical Properties of Red Blood Cell Membrane and Their Effect on Blood Rheology. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12020217. [PMID: 35207138 PMCID: PMC8878405 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12020217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we describe the general features of red blood cell membranes and their effect on blood flow and blood rheology. We first present a basic description of membranes and move forward to red blood cell membranes’ characteristics and modeling. We later review the specific properties of red blood cells, presenting recent numerical and experimental microfluidics studies that elucidate the effect of the elastic properties of the red blood cell membrane on blood flow and hemorheology. Finally, we describe specific hemorheological pathologies directly related to the mechanical properties of red blood cells and their effect on microcirculation, reviewing microfluidic applications for the diagnosis and treatment of these diseases.
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Besedina NA, Skverchinskaya EA, Ivanov AS, Kotlyar KP, Morozov IA, Filatov NA, Mindukshev IV, Bukatin AS. Microfluidic Characterization of Red Blood Cells Microcirculation under Oxidative Stress. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123552. [PMID: 34944060 PMCID: PMC8700079 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcirculation is one of the basic functional processes where the main gas exchange between red blood cells (RBCs) and surrounding tissues occurs. It is greatly influenced by the shape and deformability of RBCs, which can be affected by oxidative stress induced by different drugs and diseases leading to anemia. Here we investigated how in vitro microfluidic characterization of RBCs transit velocity in microcapillaries can indicate cells damage and its correlation with clinical hematological analysis. For this purpose, we compared an SU-8 mold with an Si-etched mold for fabrication of PDMS microfluidic devices and quantitatively figured out that oxidative stress induced by tert-Butyl hydroperoxide splits all RBCs into two subpopulations of normal and slow cells according to their transit velocity. Obtained results agree with the hematological analysis showing that such changes in RBCs velocities are due to violations of shape, volume, and increased heterogeneity of the cells. These data show that characterization of RBCs transport in microfluidic devices can directly reveal violations of microcirculation caused by oxidative stress. Therefore, it can be used for characterization of the ability of RBCs to move in microcapillaries, estimating possible side effects of cancer chemotherapy, and predicting the risk of anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda A. Besedina
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.B.); (K.P.K.); (I.A.M.); (N.A.F.)
| | - Elisaveta A. Skverchinskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (E.A.S.); (I.V.M.)
| | - Alexander S. Ivanov
- Institute of Physics and Mechanics, Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 Saint-Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Konstantin P. Kotlyar
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.B.); (K.P.K.); (I.A.M.); (N.A.F.)
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the RAS, 190103 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ivan A. Morozov
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.B.); (K.P.K.); (I.A.M.); (N.A.F.)
| | - Nikita A. Filatov
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.B.); (K.P.K.); (I.A.M.); (N.A.F.)
| | - Igor V. Mindukshev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (E.A.S.); (I.V.M.)
| | - Anton S. Bukatin
- Laboratory of Renewable Energy Sources, Alferov Saint Petersburg National Research Academic University of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; (N.A.B.); (K.P.K.); (I.A.M.); (N.A.F.)
- Institute for Analytical Instrumentation of the RAS, 190103 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence:
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