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Thurlow NA, Chan KM, Yeater TD, Allen KD. Effects of Repeat Test Exposure on Gait Parameters in Naïve Lewis Rats. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.19.537488. [PMID: 37131645 PMCID: PMC10153156 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.19.537488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Rodent gait analysis has emerged as a powerful, quantitative behavioral assay to characterize the pain and disability associated with movement-related disorders. In other behavioral assays, the importance of acclimation and the effect of repeated testing have been evaluated. However, for rodent gait analysis, the effects of repeated gait testing and other environmental factors have not been thoroughly characterized. In this study, fifty-two naïve male Lewis rats ages 8 to 42 weeks completed gait testing at semi-random intervals for 31 weeks. Gait videos and force plate data were collected and processed using a custom MATLAB suite to calculate velocity, stride length, step width, percentage stance time (duty factor), and peak vertical force data. Exposure was quantified as the number of gait testing sessions. Linear mixed effects models were used to evaluate the effects of velocity, exposure, age, and weight on animal gait patterns. Relative to age and weight, repeated exposure was the dominant parameter affecting gait variables with significant effects on walking velocity, stride length, fore and hind limb step width, fore limb duty factor, and peak vertical force. From exposure 1 to 7, average velocity increased by approximately 15 cm/s. Together, these data indicate arena exposure had large effects on gait parameters and should be considered in acclimation protocols, experimental design, and subsequent data analysis of rodent gait data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nat A. Thurlow
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kiara M. Chan
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Taylor D. Yeater
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kyle D. Allen
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Robin J, Olsen RK. Scenes facilitate associative memory and integration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:252-261. [PMID: 31209120 PMCID: PMC6581001 DOI: 10.1101/lm.049486.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
How do we form mental links between related items? Forming associations between representations is a key feature of episodic memory and provides the foundation for learning and guiding behavior. Theories suggest that spatial context plays a supportive role in episodic memory, providing a scaffold on which to form associations, but this has mostly been tested in the context of autobiographical memory. We examined the memory boosting effect of spatial stimuli in memory using an associative inference paradigm combined with eye-tracking. Across two experiments, we found that memory was better for associations that included scenes, even indirectly, compared to objects and faces. Eye-tracking measures indicated that these effects may be partly mediated by greater fixations to scenes compared to objects, but did not explain the differences between scenes and faces. These results suggest that scenes facilitate associative memory and integration across memories, demonstrating evidence in support of theories of scenes as a spatial scaffold for episodic memory. A shared spatial context may promote learning and could potentially be leveraged to improve learning and memory in educational settings or for memory-impaired populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Robin
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Rosanna K Olsen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Ontario M6A 2E1, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
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Pacheco Estefan D, Sánchez-Fibla M, Duff A, Principe A, Rocamora R, Zhang H, Axmacher N, Verschure PFMJ. Coordinated representational reinstatement in the human hippocampus and lateral temporal cortex during episodic memory retrieval. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2255. [PMID: 31113952 PMCID: PMC6529470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09569-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical models of episodic memory have proposed that retrieval depends on interactions between the hippocampus and neocortex, where hippocampal reinstatement of item-context associations drives neocortical reinstatement of item information. Here, we simultaneously recorded intracranial EEG from hippocampus and lateral temporal cortex (LTC) of epilepsy patients who performed a virtual reality spatial navigation task. We extracted stimulus-specific representations of both item and item-context associations from the time-frequency patterns of activity in hippocampus and LTC. Our results revealed a double dissociation of representational reinstatement across time and space: an early reinstatement of item-context associations in hippocampus preceded a later reinstatement of item information in LTC. Importantly, reinstatement levels in hippocampus and LTC were correlated across trials, and the quality of LTC reinstatement was predicted by the magnitude of phase synchronization between hippocampus and LTC. These findings confirm that episodic memory retrieval in humans relies on coordinated representational interactions within a hippocampal-neocortical network. Episodic memory retrieval is hypothesized to rely on hippocampal reinstatement of item-context associations which drives reinstatement of item information in cortex. Here, the authors confirm this sequence of events, using iEEG recordings from the human hippocampus and lateral temporal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Pacheco Estefan
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive Systems (SPECS), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Sánchez-Fibla
- Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Duff
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive Systems (SPECS), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Principe
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Rocamora
- Epilepsy Monitoring Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital del Mar, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - H Zhang
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Axmacher
- Department of Neuropsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - P F M J Verschure
- Laboratory of Synthetic Perceptive, Emotive and Cognitive Systems (SPECS), Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain.
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Robin J. Spatial scaffold effects in event memory and imagination. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2018; 9:e1462. [PMID: 29485243 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Spatial context is a defining feature of episodic memories, which are often characterized as being events occurring in specific spatiotemporal contexts. In this review, I summarize research suggesting a common neural basis for episodic and spatial memory and relate this to the role of spatial context in episodic memory. I review evidence that spatial context serves as a scaffold for episodic memory and imagination, in terms of both behavioral and neural effects demonstrating a dependence of episodic memory on spatial representations. These effects are mediated by a posterior-medial set of neocortical regions, including the parahippocampal cortex, retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and angular gyrus, which interact with the hippocampus to represent spatial context in remembered and imagined events. I highlight questions and areas that require further research, including differentiation of hippocampal function along its long axis and subfields, and how these areas interact with the posterior-medial network. This article is categorized under: Psychology > Memory Neuroscience > Cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Robin
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, Canada
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