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Santambrogio P, Cozzi A, Balestrucci C, Ripamonti M, Berno V, Cammarota E, Moro AS, Levi S. Mitochondrial iron deficiency triggers cytosolic iron overload in PKAN hiPS-derived astrocytes. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:361. [PMID: 38796462 PMCID: PMC11128011 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06757-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Disease models of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) offer the possibility to explore the relationship between iron dyshomeostasis and neurodegeneration. We analyzed hiPS-derived astrocytes from PANK2-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), an NBIA disease characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and high iron accumulation in the globus pallidus. Previous data indicated that PKAN astrocytes exhibit alterations in iron metabolism, general impairment of constitutive endosomal trafficking, mitochondrial dysfunction and acquired neurotoxic features. Here, we performed a more in-depth analysis of the interactions between endocytic vesicles and mitochondria via superresolution microscopy experiments. A significantly lower number of transferrin-enriched vesicles were in contact with mitochondria in PKAN cells than in control cells, confirming the impaired intracellular fate of cargo endosomes. The investigation of cytosolic and mitochondrial iron parameters indicated that mitochondrial iron availability was substantially lower in PKAN cells compared to that in the controls. In addition, PKAN astrocytes exhibited defects in tubulin acetylation/phosphorylation, which might be responsible for unregulated vesicular dynamics and inappropriate iron delivery to mitochondria. Thus, the impairment of iron incorporation into these organelles seems to be the cause of cell iron delocalization, resulting in cytosolic iron overload and mitochondrial iron deficiency, triggering mitochondrial dysfunction. Overall, the data elucidate the mechanism of iron accumulation in CoA deficiency, highlighting the importance of mitochondrial iron deficiency in the pathogenesis of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Santambrogio
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Ripamonti
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Valeria Berno
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy Bioimaging Center ALEMBIC, Milan, Italy
| | - Eugenia Cammarota
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Advanced Light and Electron Microscopy Bioimaging Center ALEMBIC, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Sonia Levi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Division of Neuroscience, Milan, Italy.
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.
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Levi S, Ripamonti M, Moro AS, Cozzi A. Iron imbalance in neurodegeneration. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:1139-1152. [PMID: 38212377 PMCID: PMC11176077 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for the development and functionality of the brain, and anomalies in its distribution and concentration in brain tissue have been found to be associated with the most frequent neurodegenerative diseases. When magnetic resonance techniques allowed iron quantification in vivo, it was confirmed that the alteration of brain iron homeostasis is a common feature of many neurodegenerative diseases. However, whether iron is the main actor in the neurodegenerative process, or its alteration is a consequence of the degenerative process is still an open question. Because the different iron-related pathogenic mechanisms are specific for distinctive diseases, identifying the molecular mechanisms common to the various pathologies could represent a way to clarify this complex topic. Indeed, both iron overload and iron deficiency have profound consequences on cellular functioning, and both contribute to neuronal death processes in different manners, such as promoting oxidative damage, a loss of membrane integrity, a loss of proteostasis, and mitochondrial dysfunction. In this review, with the attempt to elucidate the consequences of iron dyshomeostasis for brain health, we summarize the main pathological molecular mechanisms that couple iron and neuronal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Levi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Andrea Stefano Moro
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
- Department of Psychology, Sigmund Freud University, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Cozzi
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
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Álvarez-Córdoba M, Talaverón-Rey M, Povea-Cabello S, Cilleros-Holgado P, Gómez-Fernández D, Piñero-Pérez R, Reche-López D, Munuera-Cabeza M, Suárez-Carrillo A, Romero-González A, Romero-Domínguez JM, López-Cabrera A, Armengol JÁ, Sánchez-Alcázar JA. Patient-Derived Cellular Models for Polytarget Precision Medicine in Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1359. [PMID: 37895830 PMCID: PMC10609847 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The term neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) brings together a broad set of progressive and disabling neurological genetic disorders in which iron is deposited preferentially in certain areas of the brain. Among NBIA disorders, the most frequent subtype is pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) caused by pathologic variants in the PANK2 gene codifying the enzyme pantothenate kinase 2 (PANK2). To date, there are no effective treatments to stop the progression of these diseases. This review discusses the utility of patient-derived cell models as a valuable tool for the identification of pharmacological or natural compounds for implementing polytarget precision medicine in PKAN. Recently, several studies have described that PKAN patient-derived fibroblasts present the main pathological features associated with the disease including intracellular iron overload. Interestingly, treatment of mutant cell cultures with various supplements such as pantothenate, pantethine, vitamin E, omega 3, α-lipoic acid L-carnitine or thiamine, improved all pathophysiological alterations in PKAN fibroblasts with residual expression of the PANK2 enzyme. The information provided by pharmacological screenings in patient-derived cellular models can help optimize therapeutic strategies in individual PKAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Álvarez-Córdoba
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Marta Talaverón-Rey
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Suleva Povea-Cabello
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Paula Cilleros-Holgado
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - David Gómez-Fernández
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Rocío Piñero-Pérez
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Diana Reche-López
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Manuel Munuera-Cabeza
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Alejandra Suárez-Carrillo
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Ana Romero-González
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Jose Manuel Romero-Domínguez
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - Alejandra López-Cabrera
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
| | - José Ángel Armengol
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Pablo de Olavide University, 41013 Seville, Spain;
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Alcázar
- Andalusian Centre for Developmental Biology (CABD-CSIC-Pablo de Olavide University), 41013 Seville, Spain; (M.Á.-C.); (M.T.-R.); (S.P.-C.); (P.C.-H.); (D.G.-F.); (R.P.-P.); (D.R.-L.); (M.M.-C.); (A.S.-C.); (A.R.-G.); (J.M.R.-D.); (A.L.-C.)
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Cavestro C, Diodato D, Tiranti V, Di Meo I. Inherited Disorders of Coenzyme A Biosynthesis: Models, Mechanisms, and Treatments. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065951. [PMID: 36983025 PMCID: PMC10054636 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a vital and ubiquitous cofactor required in a vast number of enzymatic reactions and cellular processes. To date, four rare human inborn errors of CoA biosynthesis have been described. These disorders have distinct symptoms, although all stem from variants in genes that encode enzymes involved in the same metabolic process. The first and last enzymes catalyzing the CoA biosynthetic pathway are associated with two neurological conditions, namely pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) and COASY protein-associated neurodegeneration (CoPAN), which belong to the heterogeneous group of neurodegenerations with brain iron accumulation (NBIA), while the second and third enzymes are linked to a rapidly fatal dilated cardiomyopathy. There is still limited information about the pathogenesis of these diseases, and the knowledge gaps need to be resolved in order to develop potential therapeutic approaches. This review aims to provide a summary of CoA metabolism and functions, and a comprehensive overview of what is currently known about disorders associated with its biosynthesis, including available preclinical models, proposed pathomechanisms, and potential therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cavestro
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Diodato
- Unit of Muscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Tiranti
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Ivano Di Meo
- Unit of Medical Genetics and Neurogenetics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy
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PPAR Gamma Agonist Leriglitazone Recovers Alterations Due to Pank2-Deficiency in hiPS-Derived Astrocytes. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15010202. [PMID: 36678831 PMCID: PMC9862015 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel brain-penetrant peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist leriglitazone, previously validated for other rare neurodegenerative diseases, is a small molecule that acts as a regulator of mitochondrial function and exerts neuroprotective, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. Herein, we tested whether leriglitazone can be effective in ameliorating the mitochondrial defects that characterize an hiPS-derived model of Pantothenate kinase-2 associated Neurodegeneration (PKAN). PKAN is caused by a genetic alteration in the mitochondrial enzyme pantothenate kinase-2, whose function is to catalyze the first reaction of the CoA biosynthetic pathway, and for which no effective cure is available. The PKAN hiPS-derived astrocytes are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, cytosolic iron deposition, oxidative stress and neurotoxicity. We monitored the effect of leriglitazone in comparison with CoA on hiPS-derived astrocytes from three healthy subjects and three PKAN patients. The treatment with leriglitazone did not affect the differentiation of the neuronal precursor cells into astrocytes, and it improved the viability of PKAN cells and their respiratory activity, while diminishing the iron accumulation similarly or even better than CoA. The data suggest that leriglitazone is well tolerated in this cellular model and could be considered a beneficial therapeutic approach in the treatment of PKAN.
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