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Wongmassang W, Hasegawa T, Chiken S, Nambu A. Weakly correlated activity of pallidal neurons in behaving monkeys. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:2178-2191. [PMID: 32649021 PMCID: PMC8247335 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The basal ganglia play a crucial role in the control of voluntary movements. Neurons in both the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus, the connecting and output nuclei of the basal ganglia, respectively, change their firing rates in relation to movements. Firing rate changes of movement-related neurons seem to convey signals for motor control. On the other hand, coincident spikes among neurons, that is, correlated activity, may also contribute to motor control. To address this issue, we first identified multiple pallidal neurons receiving inputs from the forelimb regions of the primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area, recorded neuronal activity of these neurons simultaneously, and analyzed their spike correlations while monkeys performed a hand-reaching task. Most (79%) pallidal neurons exhibited task-related firing rate changes, whereas only a small fraction (20%) showed significant but small and short correlated activity during the task performance. These results suggest that motor control signals are conveyed primarily by firing rate changes in the external and internal segments of the globus pallidus and that the contribution of correlated activity may play only a minor role in the healthy state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woranan Wongmassang
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Taku Hasegawa
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Satomi Chiken
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
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2
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Ciba M, Bestel R, Nick C, de Arruda GF, Peron T, Henrique CC, Costa LDF, Rodrigues FA, Thielemann C. Comparison of Different Spike Train Synchrony Measures Regarding Their Robustness to Erroneous Data From Bicuculline-Induced Epileptiform Activity. Neural Comput 2020; 32:887-911. [PMID: 32187002 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
As synchronized activity is associated with basic brain functions and pathological states, spike train synchrony has become an important measure to analyze experimental neuronal data. Many measures of spike train synchrony have been proposed, but there is no gold standard allowing for comparison of results from different experiments. This work aims to provide guidance on which synchrony measure is best suited to quantify the effect of epileptiform-inducing substances (e.g., bicuculline, BIC) in in vitro neuronal spike train data. Spike train data from recordings are likely to suffer from erroneous spike detection, such as missed spikes (false negative) or noise (false positive). Therefore, different timescale-dependent (cross-correlation, mutual information, spike time tiling coefficient) and timescale-independent (Spike-contrast, phase synchronization (PS), A-SPIKE-synchronization, A-ISI-distance, ARI-SPIKE-distance) synchrony measures were compared in terms of their robustness to erroneous spike trains. For this purpose, erroneous spike trains were generated by randomly adding (false positive) or deleting (false negative) spikes (in silico manipulated data) from experimental data. In addition, experimental data were analyzed using different spike detection threshold factors in order to confirm the robustness of the synchrony measures. All experimental data were recorded from cortical neuronal networks on microelectrode array chips, which show epileptiform activity induced by the substance BIC. As a result of the in silico manipulated data, Spike-contrast was the only measure that was robust to false-negative as well as false-positive spikes. Analyzing the experimental data set revealed that all measures were able to capture the effect of BIC in a statistically significant way, with Spike-contrast showing the highest statistical significance even at low spike detection thresholds. In summary, we suggest using Spike-contrast to complement established synchrony measures because it is timescale independent and robust to erroneous spike trains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ciba
- Biomems Lab, University of Applied Science Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bestel
- Biomems Lab, University of Applied Science Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nick
- Biomems Lab, University of Applied Science Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Peron
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of São Paulo, São Carlos SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Comin César Henrique
- Department of Computer Science, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos SP 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | | | - Christiane Thielemann
- Biomems Lab, University of Applied Science Aschaffenburg, 63743 Aschaffenburg, Germany
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Dold D, Bytschok I, Kungl AF, Baumbach A, Breitwieser O, Senn W, Schemmel J, Meier K, Petrovici MA. Stochasticity from function - Why the Bayesian brain may need no noise. Neural Netw 2019; 119:200-213. [PMID: 31450073 DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
An increasing body of evidence suggests that the trial-to-trial variability of spiking activity in the brain is not mere noise, but rather the reflection of a sampling-based encoding scheme for probabilistic computing. Since the precise statistical properties of neural activity are important in this context, many models assume an ad-hoc source of well-behaved, explicit noise, either on the input or on the output side of single neuron dynamics, most often assuming an independent Poisson process in either case. However, these assumptions are somewhat problematic: neighboring neurons tend to share receptive fields, rendering both their input and their output correlated; at the same time, neurons are known to behave largely deterministically, as a function of their membrane potential and conductance. We suggest that spiking neural networks may have no need for noise to perform sampling-based Bayesian inference. We study analytically the effect of auto- and cross-correlations in functional Bayesian spiking networks and demonstrate how their effect translates to synaptic interaction strengths, rendering them controllable through synaptic plasticity. This allows even small ensembles of interconnected deterministic spiking networks to simultaneously and co-dependently shape their output activity through learning, enabling them to perform complex Bayesian computation without any need for noise, which we demonstrate in silico, both in classical simulation and in neuromorphic emulation. These results close a gap between the abstract models and the biology of functionally Bayesian spiking networks, effectively reducing the architectural constraints imposed on physical neural substrates required to perform probabilistic computing, be they biological or artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Dold
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bühlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ilja Bytschok
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Akos F Kungl
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bühlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Baumbach
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver Breitwieser
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Senn
- Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bühlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Schemmel
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karlheinz Meier
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mihai A Petrovici
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Physiology, University of Bern, Bühlplatz 5, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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La Camera G, Fontanini A, Mazzucato L. Cortical computations via metastable activity. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2019; 58:37-45. [PMID: 31326722 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Metastable brain dynamics are characterized by abrupt, jump-like modulations so that the neural activity in single trials appears to unfold as a sequence of discrete, quasi-stationary 'states'. Evidence that cortical neural activity unfolds as a sequence of metastable states is accumulating at fast pace. Metastable activity occurs both in response to an external stimulus and during ongoing, self-generated activity. These spontaneous metastable states are increasingly found to subserve internal representations that are not locked to external triggers, including states of deliberations, attention and expectation. Moreover, decoding stimuli or decisions via metastable states can be carried out trial-by-trial. Focusing on metastability will allow us to shift our perspective on neural coding from traditional concepts based on trial-averaging to models based on dynamic ensemble representations. Recent theoretical work has started to characterize the mechanistic origin and potential roles of metastable representations. In this article we review recent findings on metastable activity, how it may arise in biologically realistic models, and its potential role for representing internal states as well as relevant task variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo La Camera
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
| | - Alfredo Fontanini
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Luca Mazzucato
- Departments of Biology and Mathematics and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403, United States
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Tang R, Zhang G, Weng X, Han Y, Lang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao X, Wang K, Lin Q, Wang C. In Vitro Assessment Reveals Parameters-Dependent Modulation on Excitability and Functional Connectivity of Cerebellar Slice by Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23420. [PMID: 27000527 PMCID: PMC4802318 DOI: 10.1038/srep23420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is an increasingly common technique used to selectively modify neural excitability and plasticity. There is still controversy concerning the cortical response to rTMS of different frequencies. In this study, a novel in vitro paradigm utilizing the Multi-Electrodes Array (MEA) system and acute cerebellar slicing is described. In a controllable environment that comprises perfusion, incubation, recording and stimulation modules, the spontaneous single-unit spiking activity in response to rTMS of different frequencies and powers was directly measured and analyzed. Investigation using this in vitro paradigm revealed frequency-dependent modulation upon the excitability and functional connectivity of cerebellar slices. The 1-Hz rTMS sessions induced short-term inhibition or lagged inhibition, whereas 20-Hz sessions induced excitation. The level of modulation is influenced by the value of power. However the long-term response fluctuated without persistent direction. The choice of evaluation method may also interfere with the interpretation of modulation direction. Furthermore, both short-term and long-term functional connectivity was strengthened by 1-Hz rTMS and weakened by 20-Hz rTMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongyu Tang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guanghao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioelectromagnetism, Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiechuan Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yao Han
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yiran Lang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuwei Zhao
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhao
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qiuxia Lin
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Changyong Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China
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Eisenman LN, Emnett CM, Mohan J, Zorumski CF, Mennerick S. Quantification of bursting and synchrony in cultured hippocampal neurons. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:1059-71. [PMID: 26041823 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00079.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely appreciated that neuronal networks exhibit patterns of bursting and synchrony that are not captured by simple measures such as average spike rate. These patterns can encode information or represent pathological behavior such as seizures. However, methods for quantifying bursting and synchrony are not agreed upon and can be confounded with spike rate measures. Previous validation has largely relied on in silico networks and single experimental conditions. How published measures of bursting and synchrony perform when applied to biological networks of varied average spike rate and subjected to varied experimental challenges is unclear. In multielectrode array recordings of network activity, we found that two mechanistically distinct drugs, cyclothiazide and bicuculline, produced equivalent increases in average spike rate but differed in bursting and synchrony. We applied several measures of bursting to the recordings (2 threshold interval methods and a surprise-based method) and found that a measure based on an average critical interval, adjusted for the array-wide spike rate, performed best in quantifying differential drug effects. To quantify synchrony, we compared a coefficient of variation-based measure, the recently proposed spike time tiling coefficient, the SPIKE-distance measure, and a global synchrony index. The spike time tiling coefficient, the SPIKE-distance measure, and the global synchrony index all captured a difference between drugs with the best performance exhibited by the global synchrony index. In summary, our exploration should aid other investigators by highlighting strengths and limitations of current methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence N Eisenman
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Christine M Emnett
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Jayaram Mohan
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Charles F Zorumski
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Steven Mennerick
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri; and Taylor Family Institute for Innovative Psychiatric Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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