1
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Reed EA, Ramos G, Bogdan P, Pequito S. The role of long-term power-law memory in controlling large-scale dynamical networks. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19502. [PMID: 37945616 PMCID: PMC10636034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46349-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling large-scale dynamical networks is crucial to understand and, ultimately, craft the evolution of complex behavior. While broadly speaking we understand how to control Markov dynamical networks, where the current state is only a function of its previous state, we lack a general understanding of how to control dynamical networks whose current state depends on states in the distant past (i.e. long-term memory). Therefore, we require a different way to analyze and control the more prevalent long-term memory dynamical networks. Herein, we propose a new approach to control dynamical networks exhibiting long-term power-law memory dependencies. Our newly proposed method enables us to find the minimum number of driven nodes (i.e. the state vertices in the network that are connected to one and only one input) and their placement to control a long-term power-law memory dynamical network given a specific time-horizon, which we define as the 'time-to-control'. Remarkably, we provide evidence that long-term power-law memory dynamical networks require considerably fewer driven nodes to steer the network's state to a desired goal for any given time-to-control as compared with Markov dynamical networks. Finally, our method can be used as a tool to determine the existence of long-term memory dynamics in networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Reed
- Ming Hsieh Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
| | - Guilherme Ramos
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, 1049-001, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paul Bogdan
- Ming Hsieh Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Sérgio Pequito
- Division of Systems and Control, Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Dallmer-Zerbe I, Jiruska P, Hlinka J. Personalized dynamic network models of the human brain as a future tool for planning and optimizing epilepsy therapy. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2221-2238. [PMID: 37340565 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder, with one third of patients not responding to currently available antiepileptic drugs. The proportion of pharmacoresistant epilepsies has remained unchanged for many decades. To cure epilepsy and control seizures requires a paradigm shift in the development of new approaches to epilepsy diagnosis and treatment. Contemporary medicine has benefited from the exponential growth of computational modeling, and the application of network dynamics theory to understanding and treating human brain disorders. In epilepsy, the introduction of these approaches has led to personalized epileptic network modeling that can explore the patient's seizure genesis and predict the functional impact of resection on its individual network's propensity to seize. The application of the dynamic systems approach to neurostimulation therapy of epilepsy allows designing stimulation strategies that consider the patient's seizure dynamics and long-term fluctuations in the stability of their epileptic networks. In this article, we review, in a nontechnical fashion suitable for a broad neuroscientific audience, recent progress in personalized dynamic brain network modeling that is shaping the future approach to the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Dallmer-Zerbe
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
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3
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Dallmer-Zerbe I, Jajcay N, Chvojka J, Janca R, Jezdik P, Krsek P, Marusic P, Jiruska P, Hlinka J. Computational modeling allows unsupervised classification of epileptic brain states across species. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13436. [PMID: 37596382 PMCID: PMC10439162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Current advances in epilepsy treatment aim to personalize and responsively adjust treatment parameters to overcome patient heterogeneity in treatment efficiency. For tailoring treatment to the individual and the current brain state, tools are required that help to identify the patient- and time-point-specific parameters of epilepsy. Computational modeling has long proven its utility in gaining mechanistic insight. Recently, the technique has been introduced as a diagnostic tool to predict individual treatment outcomes. In this article, the Wendling model, an established computational model of epilepsy dynamics, is used to automatically classify epileptic brain states in intracranial EEG from patients (n = 4) and local field potential recordings from in vitro rat data (high-potassium model of epilepsy, n = 3). Five-second signal segments are classified to four types of brain state in epilepsy (interictal, preonset, onset, ictal) by comparing a vector of signal features for each data segment to four prototypical feature vectors obtained by Wendling model simulations. The classification result is validated against expert visual assessment. Model-driven brain state classification achieved a classification performance significantly above chance level (mean sensitivity 0.99 on model data, 0.77 on rat data, 0.56 on human data in a four-way classification task). Model-driven prototypes showed similarity with data-driven prototypes, which we obtained from real data for rats and humans. Our results indicate similar electrophysiological patterns of epileptic states in the human brain and the animal model that are well-reproduced by the computational model, and captured by a key set of signal features, enabling fully automated and unsupervised brain state classification in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa Dallmer-Zerbe
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Jajcay
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
- National Institute of Mental Health, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chvojka
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 27, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Janca
- Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 27, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jezdik
- Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, 166 27, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krsek
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Charles University, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Marusic
- Department of Neurology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Motol University Hospital, Charles University, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 150 06, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- Department of Complex Systems, Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
- National Institute of Mental Health, 250 67, Klecany, Czech Republic.
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4
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Choi H, Iyer RR, Renteria CA, Boppart SA. Phase-sensitive detection of anomalous diffusion dynamics in the neuronal membrane induced by ion channel gating. Phys Med Biol 2023; 68:065005. [PMID: 36848681 PMCID: PMC10010434 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/acbf9c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-ergodicity of neuronal dynamics from rapid ion channel gating through the membrane induces membrane displacement statistics that deviate from Brownian motion. The membrane dynamics from ion channel gating were imaged by phase-sensitive optical coherence microscopy. The distribution of optical displacements of the neuronal membrane showed a Lévy-like distribution and the memory effect of the membrane dynamics by the ionic gating was estimated. The alternation of the correlation time was observed when neurons were exposed to channel-blocking molecules. Non-invasive optophysiology by detecting the anomalous diffusion characteristics of dynamic images is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggu Choi
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Rishyashring R Iyer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Carlos A Renteria
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
| | - Stephen A Boppart
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States of America
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5
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Wong S, Simmons A, Rivera-Villicana J, Barnett S, Sivathamboo S, Perucca P, Ge Z, Kwan P, Kuhlmann L, Vasa R, Mouzakis K, O'Brien TJ. EEG datasets for seizure detection and prediction- A review. Epilepsia Open 2023. [PMID: 36740244 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroencephalogram (EEG) datasets from epilepsy patients have been used to develop seizure detection and prediction algorithms using machine learning (ML) techniques with the aim of implementing the learned model in a device. However, the format and structure of publicly available datasets are different from each other, and there is a lack of guidelines on the use of these datasets. This impacts the generatability, generalizability, and reproducibility of the results and findings produced by the studies. In this narrative review, we compiled and compared the different characteristics of the publicly available EEG datasets that are commonly used to develop seizure detection and prediction algorithms. We investigated the advantages and limitations of the characteristics of the EEG datasets. Based on our study, we identified 17 characteristics that make the EEG datasets unique from each other. We also briefly looked into how certain characteristics of the publicly available datasets affect the performance and outcome of a study, as well as the influences it has on the choice of ML techniques and preprocessing steps required to develop seizure detection and prediction algorithms. In conclusion, this study provides a guideline on the choice of publicly available EEG datasets to both clinicians and scientists working to develop a reproducible, generalizable, and effective seizure detection and prediction algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wong
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anj Simmons
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Scott Barnett
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Shobi Sivathamboo
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Piero Perucca
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, Austin Health, The University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia.,Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zongyuan Ge
- Monash eResearch Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick Kwan
- Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Levin Kuhlmann
- Department of Data Science and AI, Faculty of IT, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rajesh Vasa
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kon Mouzakis
- Applied Artificial Intelligence Institute, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- Department of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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6
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A Bayesian switching linear dynamical system for estimating seizure chronotypes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200822119. [PMID: 36343269 PMCID: PMC9674238 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200822119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by paroxysmal transitions between multistable states. Dynamical systems have been useful for modeling the paroxysmal nature of seizures. At the same time, intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) recordings have recently discovered that an electrographic measure of epileptogenicity, interictal epileptiform activity, exhibits cycling patterns ranging from ultradian to multidien rhythmicity, with seizures phase-locked to specific phases of these latent cycles. However, many mechanistic questions about seizure cycles remain unanswered. Here, we provide a principled approach to recast the modeling of seizure chronotypes within a statistical dynamical systems framework by developing a Bayesian switching linear dynamical system (SLDS) with variable selection to estimate latent seizure cycles. We propose a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm that employs particle Gibbs with ancestral sampling to estimate latent cycles in epilepsy and apply unsupervised learning on spectral features of latent cycles to uncover clusters in cycling tendency. We analyze the largest database of patient-reported seizures in the world to comprehensively characterize multidien cycling patterns among 1,012 people with epilepsy, spanning from infancy to older adulthood. Our work advances knowledge of cycling in epilepsy by investigating how multidien seizure cycles vary in people with epilepsy, while demonstrating an application of an SLDS to frame seizure cycling within a nonlinear dynamical systems framework. It also lays the groundwork for future studies to pursue data-driven hypothesis generation regarding the mechanistic drivers of seizure cycles.
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7
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Blond BN, Hirsch LJ. Updated review of rescue treatments for seizure clusters and prolonged seizures. Expert Rev Neurother 2022; 22:567-577. [PMID: 35862983 DOI: 10.1080/14737175.2022.2105207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the treatment of epilepsy primarily focuses on prevention, recurrent seizures are unfortunately an ongoing reality, particularly in people with epilepsy who live with chronic refractory seizures. Rescue medications are agents which can be administered in urgent/emergent seizure episodes such as seizure clusters or prolonged seizures with the goal of terminating seizure activity, preventing morbidity, and decreasing the risk of further seizures. AREAS COVERED This review first discusses clinical opportunities for rescue medications, with particular attention focused on seizure clusters and prolonged seizures, including their epidemiology, risk factors, and associated morbidity. Current rescue medications, their indications, efficacy, and adverse effects are discussed. We then discuss rescue medications and formulations which are currently under development, concentrating on practical aspects relevant for clinical care. EXPERT OPINION Rescue medications should be considered for all people with epilepsy with ongoing seizures. Recent rescue medications including intranasal formulations provide considerable advantages. New rescue medications are being developed which may expand opportunities for effective treatment. In the future, combining rescue medications with seizure detection and seizure prediction technologies should further expand opportunities for use and should reduce the morbidity of seizures and provide increased comfort, control, and quality of life for people living with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin N Blond
- Department of Neurology, Stony Brook University Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook, NY
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8
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Müller M, Dekkers M, Wiest R, Schindler K, Rummel C. More Than Spikes: On the Added Value of Non-linear Intracranial EEG Analysis for Surgery Planning in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2022; 12:741450. [PMID: 35095712 PMCID: PMC8793863 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.741450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy surgery can be a very effective therapy in medication refractory patients. During patient evaluation intracranial EEG is analyzed by clinical experts to identify the brain tissue generating epileptiform events. Quantitative EEG analysis increasingly complements this approach in research settings, but not yet in clinical routine. We investigate the correspondence between epileptiform events and a specific quantitative EEG marker. We analyzed 99 preictal epochs of multichannel intracranial EEG of 40 patients with mixed etiologies. Time and channel of occurrence of epileptiform events (spikes, slow waves, sharp waves, fast oscillations) were annotated by a human expert and non-linear excess interrelations were calculated as a quantitative EEG marker. We assessed whether the visually identified preictal events predicted channels that belonged to the seizure onset zone, that were later resected or that showed strong non-linear interrelations. We also investigated whether the seizure onset zone or the resection were predicted by channels with strong non-linear interrelations. In patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (32 of 40), epileptic spikes and the seizure onset zone predicted the resected brain tissue much better in patients with favorable seizure control after surgery than in unfavorable outcomes. Beyond that, our analysis did not reveal any significant associations with epileptiform EEG events. Specifically, none of the epileptiform event types did predict non-linear interrelations. In contrast, channels with strong non-linear excess EEG interrelations predicted the resected channels better in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and favorable outcome. Also in the small number of patients with seizure onset in the frontal and parietal lobes, no association between epileptiform events and channels with strong non-linear excess EEG interrelations was detectable. In contrast to patients with temporal seizure onset, EEG channels with strong non-linear excess interrelations did neither predict the seizure onset zone nor the resection of these patients or allow separation between patients with favorable and unfavorable seizure control. Our study indicates that non-linear excess EEG interrelations are not strictly associated with epileptiform events, which are one key concept of current clinical EEG assessment. Rather, they may provide information relevant for surgery planning in temporal lobe epilepsy. Our study suggests to incorporate quantitative EEG analysis in the workup of clinical cases. We make the EEG epochs and expert annotations publicly available in anonymized form to foster similar analyses for other quantitative EEG methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Müller
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martijn Dekkers
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kaspar Schindler
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian Rummel
- Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Rao VR. Chronic electroencephalography in epilepsy with a responsive neurostimulation device: current status and future prospects. Expert Rev Med Devices 2021; 18:1093-1105. [PMID: 34696676 DOI: 10.1080/17434440.2021.1994388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Implanted neurostimulation devices are gaining traction as therapeutic options for people with certain forms of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Some of these devices enable chronic electroencephalography (cEEG), which offers views of the dynamics of brain activity in epilepsy over unprecedented time horizons. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on clinical insights and basic neuroscience discoveries enabled by analyses of cEEG from an exemplar device, the NeuroPace RNS® System. Applications of RNS cEEG covered here include counting and lateralizing seizures, quantifying medication response, characterizing spells, forecasting seizures, and exploring mechanisms of cognition. Limitations of the RNS System are discussed in the context of next-generation devices in development. EXPERT OPINION The wide temporal lens of cEEG helps capture the dynamism of epilepsy, revealing phenomena that cannot be appreciated with short duration recordings. The RNS System is a vanguard device whose diagnostic utility rivals its therapeutic benefits, but emerging minimally invasive devices, including those with subscalp recording electrodes, promise to be more applicable within a broad population of people with epilepsy. Epileptology is on the precipice of a paradigm shift in which cEEG is a standard part of diagnostic evaluations and clinical management is predicated on quantitative observations integrated over long timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram R Rao
- Associate Professor of Clinical Neurology, Chief, Epilepsy Division, Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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10
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Hubbard I, Beniczky S, Ryvlin P. The Challenging Path to Developing a Mobile Health Device for Epilepsy: The Current Landscape and Where We Go From Here. Front Neurol 2021; 12:740743. [PMID: 34659099 PMCID: PMC8517120 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.740743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seizure detection, and more recently seizure forecasting, represent important avenues of clinical development in epilepsy, promoted by progress in wearable devices and mobile health (mHealth), which might help optimizing seizure control and prevention of seizure-related mortality and morbidity in persons with epilepsy. Yet, very long-term continuous monitoring of seizure-sensitive biosignals in the ambulatory setting presents a number of challenges. We herein provide an overview of these challenges and current technological landscape of mHealth devices for seizure detection. Specifically, we display, which types of sensor modalities and analytical methods are available, and give insight into current clinical practice guidelines, main outcomes of clinical validation studies, and discuss how to evaluate device performance at point-of-care facilities. We then address pitfalls which may arise in patient compliance and the need to design solutions adapted to user experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Hubbard
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Vaud University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sandor Beniczky
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Philippe Ryvlin
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Vaud University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Karoly PJ, Freestone DR, Eden D, Stirling RE, Li L, Vianna PF, Maturana MI, D'Souza WJ, Cook MJ, Richardson MP, Brinkmann BH, Nurse ES. Epileptic Seizure Cycles: Six Common Clinical Misconceptions. Front Neurol 2021; 12:720328. [PMID: 34421812 PMCID: PMC8371239 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.720328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J. Karoly
- Seer Medical, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | - Rachel E. Stirling
- Seer Medical, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lyra Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Pedro F. Vianna
- School of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Matias I. Maturana
- Seer Medical, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Wendyl J. D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark J. Cook
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark P. Richardson
- School of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin H. Brinkmann
- Bioelectronics Neurophysiology and Engineering Lab, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Ewan S. Nurse
- Seer Medical, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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12
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Karoly PJ, Rao VR, Gregg NM, Worrell GA, Bernard C, Cook MJ, Baud MO. Cycles in epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2021; 17:267-284. [PMID: 33723459 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-021-00464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is among the most dynamic disorders in neurology. A canonical view holds that seizures, the characteristic sign of epilepsy, occur at random, but, for centuries, humans have looked for patterns of temporal organization in seizure occurrence. Observations that seizures are cyclical date back to antiquity, but recent technological advances have, for the first time, enabled cycles of seizure occurrence to be quantitatively characterized with direct brain recordings. Chronic recordings of brain activity in humans and in animals have yielded converging evidence for the existence of cycles of epileptic brain activity that operate over diverse timescales: daily (circadian), multi-day (multidien) and yearly (circannual). Here, we review this evidence, synthesizing data from historical observational studies, modern implanted devices, electronic seizure diaries and laboratory-based animal neurophysiology. We discuss advances in our understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of these cycles and highlight the knowledge gaps that remain. The potential clinical applications of a knowledge of cycles in epilepsy, including seizure forecasting and chronotherapy, are discussed in the context of the emerging concept of seizure risk. In essence, this Review addresses the broad question of why seizures occur when they occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Karoly
- Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Vikram R Rao
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas M Gregg
- Bioelectronics, Neurophysiology and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gregory A Worrell
- Bioelectronics, Neurophysiology and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Christophe Bernard
- Aix Marseille University, Inserm, Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes, Marseille, France
| | - Mark J Cook
- Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Maxime O Baud
- Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland. .,Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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13
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Kudlacek J, Chvojka J, Kumpost V, Hermanovska B, Posusta A, Jefferys JGR, Maturana MI, Novak O, Cook MJ, Otahal J, Hlinka J, Jiruska P. Long-term seizure dynamics are determined by the nature of seizures and the mutual interactions between them. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 154:105347. [PMID: 33771663 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The seemingly random and unpredictable nature of seizures is a major debilitating factor for people with epilepsy. An increasing body of evidence demonstrates that the epileptic brain exhibits long-term fluctuations in seizure susceptibility, and seizure emergence seems to be a consequence of processes operating over multiple temporal scales. A deeper insight into the mechanisms responsible for long-term seizure fluctuations may provide important information for understanding the complex nature of seizure genesis. In this study, we explored the long-term dynamics of seizures in the tetanus toxin model of temporal lobe epilepsy. The results demonstrate the existence of long-term fluctuations in seizure probability, where seizures form clusters in time and are then followed by seizure-free periods. Within each cluster, seizure distribution is non-Poissonian, as demonstrated by the progressively increasing inter-seizure interval (ISI), which marks the approaching cluster termination. The lengthening of ISIs is paralleled by: increasing behavioral seizure severity, the occurrence of convulsive seizures, recruitment of extra-hippocampal structures and the spread of electrographic epileptiform activity outside of the limbic system. The results suggest that repeated non-convulsive seizures obey the 'seizures-beget-seizures' principle, leading to the occurrence of convulsive seizures, which decrease the probability of a subsequent seizure and, thus, increase the following ISI. The cumulative effect of repeated convulsive seizures leads to cluster termination, followed by a long inter-cluster period. We propose that seizures themselves are an endogenous factor that contributes to long-term fluctuations in seizure susceptibility and their mutual interaction determines the future evolution of disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kudlacek
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chvojka
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Kumpost
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hermanovska
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Posusta
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - John G R Jefferys
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matias I Maturana
- The Graeme Clark Institute & Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Seer Medical, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mark J Cook
- The Graeme Clark Institute & Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jakub Otahal
- Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- Department of Nonlinear Modelling, Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 182 07, Czech Republic; National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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14
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Baker J, Savage S, Milton F, Butler C, Kapur N, Hodges J, Zeman A. The syndrome of transient epileptic amnesia: a combined series of 115 cases and literature review. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab038. [PMID: 33884371 PMCID: PMC8047097 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The term transient epileptic amnesia was coined in 1990 to describe a form of epilepsy causing predominantly amnestic seizures which could be confused with episodes of Transient Global Amnesia. Subsequent descriptions have highlighted its association with ‘atypical’ forms of memory disturbance including accelerated long-term forgetting, disproportionate autobiographical amnesia and topographical amnesia. However, this highly treatment-responsive condition remains under-recognized and undertreated. We describe the clinical and neuropsychological features in 65 consecutive cases of transient epileptic amnesia referred to our study, comparing these to our previous cohort of 50 patients and to those reported in 102 literature cases described since our 2008 review. Findings in our two cohorts are substantially consistent: The onset of transient epileptic amnesia occurs at an average age of 62 years, giving rise to amnestic episodes at a frequency of around 1/month, typically lasting 15–30 min and often occurring on waking. Amnesia is the only manifestation of epilepsy in 24% of patients; olfactory hallucinations occur in 43%, motor automatisms in 41%, brief unresponsiveness in 39%. The majority of patients describe at least one of the atypical forms of memory disturbance mentioned above; easily provoked tearfulness is a common accompanying feature. There is a male predominance (85:30). Epileptiform changes were present in 35% of cases, while suspected causative magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities were detected in only 5%. Seizures ceased with anticonvulsant treatment in 93% of cases. Some clinical features were detected more commonly in the second series than the first, probably as a result of heightened awareness. Neuropsychological testing and comparison to two age and IQ-matched control groups (n = 24 and 22) revealed consistent findings across the two cohorts, namely elevated mean IQ, preserved executive function, mild impairment at the group level on standard measures of memory, with additional evidence for accelerated long-term forgetting and autobiographical amnesia, particularly affecting episodic recollection. Review of the literature cases revealed broadly consistent features except that topographical amnesia, olfactory hallucinations and emotionality have been reported rarely to date by other researchers. We conclude that transient epileptic amnesia is a distinctive syndrome of late-onset limbic epilepsy of unknown cause, typically occurring in late middle age. It is an important, treatable cause of memory loss in older people, often mistaken for dementia, cerebrovascular disease and functional amnesia. Its aetiology, the monthly occurrence of seizures in some patients and the mechanisms and interrelationships of the interictal features—amnestic and affective—all warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baker
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Sharon Savage
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK.,School of Psychology, University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
| | - Fraser Milton
- Discipline of Psychology, University of Exeter, Washington Singer Laboratories, Exeter EX4 4QG, UK
| | - Christopher Butler
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.,Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College, London W12 0NN, UK.,Departamento de Neurología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 833007, Chile
| | - Narinder Kapur
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - John Hodges
- Brain and Mind Centre, University of Sydney, Sydney 2050, Australia
| | - Adam Zeman
- Cognitive & Behavioural Neurology, University of Exeter Medical School, College House, St Luke's Campus, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
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15
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Fan JM, Chiang S, Rao VR. Evidence for long memory in focal seizure duration. Epilepsia Open 2021; 6:140-148. [PMID: 33681657 PMCID: PMC7918332 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective A major source of disability for people with epilepsy involves uncertainty surrounding seizure timing and severity. Although patients often report that long seizure-free intervals are followed by more severe seizures, there is little experimental evidence supporting this observation. Optimal characterization of seizure severity is debated; however, seizure duration is associated with seizure type and can be quantified in electrographic recordings as a limited proxy of clinical seizure severity. Here, using chronic intracranial electroencephalography (cEEG), we investigate the relationship between interseizure interval (ISI) and duration of the subsequent seizure. Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of 14 subjects implanted with a responsive neurostimulation device (RNS System) that provides cEEG, including timestamps of electrographic seizures. We determined seizure durations for isolated seizures and for representative seizures from clusters determined through unsupervised methods. For each subject, the median ISI preceding long-duration seizures, defined as the top quintile of seizure durations, was compared with the median ISI preceding seizures with durations in the residual quintiles. In a group analysis, the mean seizure duration and the proportion of long-duration seizures were compared across ISI categories representing different lengths. Results For 5 out of 14 subjects (36%), the median ISI preceding long-duration seizures was significantly greater than the median ISI preceding shorter-duration seizures. In the group analysis, when ISI was categorized by length, the proportion of long-duration seizures within the high ISI category was significantly higher than that of the low ISI category (P < 0.001). Significance By leveraging cEEG and accounting for seizure clusters, we found that the likelihood of long-duration seizures positively correlates with ISI length, in a subset of individuals. These findings corroborate anecdotal clinical observations and support the existence of capacitor-like long memory processes governing the dynamics of focal seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joline M. Fan
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Sharon Chiang
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Vikram R. Rao
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for NeurosciencesUniversity of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoCAUSA
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16
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Cook MJ. Advancing seizure forecasting from cyclical activity data. Lancet Neurol 2020; 20:86-87. [PMID: 33341147 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30414-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Cook
- Graeme Clark Institute, Faculties of Medicine and Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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17
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Proix T, Truccolo W, Leguia MG, Tcheng TK, King-Stephens D, Rao VR, Baud MO. Forecasting seizure risk in adults with focal epilepsy: a development and validation study. Lancet Neurol 2020; 20:127-135. [PMID: 33341149 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30396-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with epilepsy are burdened with the apparent unpredictability of seizures. In the past decade, converging evidence from studies using chronic EEG (cEEG) revealed that epileptic brain activity shows robust cycles, operating over hours (circadian) and days (multidien). We hypothesised that these cycles can be leveraged to estimate future seizure probability, and we tested the feasibility of forecasting seizures days in advance. METHODS We did a feasibility study in distinct development and validation cohorts, involving retrospective analysis of cEEG data recorded with an implanted device in adults (age ≥18 years) with drug-resistant focal epilepsy followed at 35 centres across the USA between Jan 19, 2004, and May 18, 2018. Patients were required to have had 20 or more electrographic seizures (development cohort) or self-reported seizures (validation cohort). In all patients, the device recorded interictal epileptiform activity (IEA; ≥6 months of continuous hourly data), the fluctuations in which helped estimate varying seizure risk. Point process statistical models trained on initial portions of each patient's cEEG data (both cohorts) generated forecasts of seizure probability that were tested on subsequent unseen seizure data and evaluated against surrogate time-series. The primary outcome was the percentage of patients with forecasts showing improvement over chance (IoC). FINDINGS We screened 72 and 256 patients, and included 18 and 157 patients in the development and validation cohorts, respectively. Models incorporating information about multidien IEA cycles alone generated daily seizure forecasts for the next calendar day with IoC in 15 (83%) patients in the development cohort and 103 (66%) patients in the validation cohort. The forecasting horizon could be extended up to 3 days while maintaining IoC in two (11%) of 18 patients and 61 (39%) of 157 patients. Forecasts with a shorter horizon of 1 h, possible only for electrographic seizures in the development cohort, showed IoC in all 18 (100%) patients. INTERPRETATION This study shows that seizure probability can be forecasted days in advance by leveraging multidien IEA cycles recorded with an implanted device. This study will serve as a basis for prospective clinical trials to establish how people with epilepsy might benefit from seizure forecasting over long horizons. FUNDING None. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Proix
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Wilson Truccolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marc G Leguia
- Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy Center, NeuroTec and Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Vikram R Rao
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maxime O Baud
- Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy Center, NeuroTec and Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology, Inselspital Bern, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, Geneva, Switzerland.
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18
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Zimmern V. Why Brain Criticality Is Clinically Relevant: A Scoping Review. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 14:54. [PMID: 32982698 PMCID: PMC7479292 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The past 25 years have seen a strong increase in the number of publications related to criticality in different areas of neuroscience. The potential of criticality to explain various brain properties, including optimal information processing, has made it an increasingly exciting area of investigation for neuroscientists. Recent reviews on this topic, sometimes termed brain criticality, make brief mention of clinical applications of these findings to several neurological disorders such as epilepsy, neurodegenerative disease, and neonatal hypoxia. Other clinicallyrelevant domains - including anesthesia, sleep medicine, developmental-behavioral pediatrics, and psychiatry - are seldom discussed in review papers of brain criticality. Thorough assessments of these application areas and their relevance for clinicians have also yet to be published. In this scoping review, studies of brain criticality involving human data of all ages are evaluated for their current and future clinical relevance. To make the results of these studies understandable to a more clinical audience, a review of the key concepts behind criticality (e.g., phase transitions, long-range temporal correlation, self-organized criticality, power laws, branching processes) precedes the discussion of human clinical studies. Open questions and forthcoming areas of investigation are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Zimmern
- Division of Child Neurology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
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19
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Stirling RE, Cook MJ, Grayden DB, Karoly PJ. Seizure forecasting and cyclic control of seizures. Epilepsia 2020; 62 Suppl 1:S2-S14. [PMID: 32712968 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a unique neurologic condition characterized by recurrent seizures, where causes, underlying biomarkers, triggers, and patterns differ across individuals. The unpredictability of seizures can heighten fear and anxiety in people with epilepsy, making it difficult to take part in day-to-day activities. Epilepsy researchers have prioritized developing seizure prediction algorithms to combat episodic seizures for decades, but the utility and effectiveness of prediction algorithms has not been investigated thoroughly in clinical settings. In contrast, seizure forecasts, which theoretically provide the probability of a seizure at any time (as opposed to predicting the next seizure occurrence), may be more feasible. Many advances have been made over the past decade in the field of seizure forecasting, including improvements in algorithms as a result of machine learning and exploration of non-EEG-based measures of seizure susceptibility, such as physiological biomarkers, behavioral changes, environmental drivers, and cyclic seizure patterns. For example, recent work investigating periodicities in individual seizure patterns has determined that more than 90% of people have circadian rhythms in their seizures, and many also experience multiday, weekly, or longer cycles. Other potential indicators of seizure susceptibility include stress levels, heart rate, and sleep quality, all of which have the potential to be captured noninvasively over long time scales. There are many possible applications of a seizure-forecasting device, including improving quality of life for people with epilepsy, guiding treatment plans and medication titration, optimizing presurgical monitoring, and focusing scientific research. To realize this potential, it is vital to better understand the user requirements of a seizure-forecasting device, continue to advance forecasting algorithms, and design clear guidelines for prospective clinical trials of seizure forecasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Stirling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Mark J Cook
- Graeme Clark Institute & St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - David B Grayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Philippa J Karoly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Graeme Clark Institute & St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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20
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Romero J, Goldenholz DM. Statistical efficiency of patient data in randomized clinical trials of epilepsy treatments. Epilepsia 2020; 61:1659-1667. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Romero
- Neurology Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts
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21
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Maturana MI, Meisel C, Dell K, Karoly PJ, D'Souza W, Grayden DB, Burkitt AN, Jiruska P, Kudlacek J, Hlinka J, Cook MJ, Kuhlmann L, Freestone DR. Critical slowing down as a biomarker for seizure susceptibility. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2172. [PMID: 32358560 PMCID: PMC7195436 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The human brain has the capacity to rapidly change state, and in epilepsy these state changes can be catastrophic, resulting in loss of consciousness, injury and even death. Theoretical interpretations considering the brain as a dynamical system suggest that prior to a seizure, recorded brain signals may exhibit critical slowing down, a warning signal preceding many critical transitions in dynamical systems. Using long-term intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings from fourteen patients with focal epilepsy, we monitored key signatures of critical slowing down prior to seizures. The metrics used to detect critical slowing down fluctuated over temporally long scales (hours to days), longer than would be detectable in standard clinical evaluation settings. Seizure risk was associated with a combination of these signals together with epileptiform discharges. These results provide strong validation of theoretical models and demonstrate that critical slowing down is a reliable indicator that could be used in seizure forecasting algorithms. Critical slowing (associated with increased variance and autocorrelation) can precede critical state transitions. Here, the authors show critical slowing can be used as a marker in seizure forecasting algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias I Maturana
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia. .,Seer Medical, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Christian Meisel
- Department of Neurology, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany.,Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrina Dell
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Philippa J Karoly
- Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Wendyl D'Souza
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David B Grayden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Anthony N Burkitt
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Premysl Jiruska
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kudlacek
- Department of Physiology, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Circuit Theory, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hlinka
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Mark J Cook
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Graeme Clark Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Levin Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
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22
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Romero J, Larimer P, Chang B, Goldenholz SR, Goldenholz DM. Natural variability in seizure frequency: Implications for trials and placebo. Epilepsy Res 2020; 162:106306. [PMID: 32172145 PMCID: PMC7194486 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Changes in patient-reported seizure frequencies are the gold standard used to test efficacy of new treatments in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Recent analyses of patient seizure diary data suggest that the placebo response may be attributable to natural fluctuations in seizure frequency, though the evidence is incomplete. Here we develop a data-driven statistical model and assess the impact of the model on interpretation of placebo response. METHODS A synthetic seizure diary generator matching statistical properties seen across multiple epilepsy diary datasets was constructed. The model was used to simulate the placebo arm of 5000 RCTs. A meta-analysis of 23 historical RCTs was compared to the simulations. RESULTS The placebo 50 %-responder rate (RR50) was 27.3 ± 3.6 % (simulated) and 21.1 ± 10.0 % (historical). The placebo median percent change (MPC) was 22.0 ± 6.0 % (simulated) and 16.7 ± 10.3 % (historical). CONCLUSIONS A statistical model of daily seizure count generation which incorporates quantities related to the natural fluctuations of seizure count data produces a placebo response comparable to those seen in historical RCTs. This model may be useful in better understanding the seizure count fluctuations seen in patients in other clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Romero
- Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Phil Larimer
- Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Bernard Chang
- Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Shira R Goldenholz
- Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Neurology, United States
| | - Daniel M Goldenholz
- Harvard Medical School Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Neurology, United States.
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23
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Chiang S, Haut SR, Ferastraoaru V, Rao VR, Baud MO, Theodore WH, Moss R, Goldenholz DM. Individualizing the definition of seizure clusters based on temporal clustering analysis. Epilepsy Res 2020; 163:106330. [PMID: 32305858 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2020.106330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Seizure clusters are often encountered in people with poorly controlled epilepsy. Detection of seizure clusters is currently based on simple clinical rules, such as two seizures separated by four or fewer hours or multiple seizures in 24 h. Current definitions fail to distinguish between statistically significant clusters and those that may result from natural variation in the person's seizures. Ability to systematically define when a seizure cluster is significant for the individual carries major implications for treatment. However, there is no uniform consensus on how to define seizure clusters. This study proposes a principled statistical approach to defining seizure clusters that addresses these issues. METHODS A total of 533,968 clinical seizures from 1,748 people with epilepsy in the Seizure Tracker™ seizure diary database were used for algorithm development. We propose an algorithm for automated individualized seizure cluster identification combining cumulative sum change-point analysis with bootstrapping and aberration detection, which provides a new approach to personalized seizure cluster identification at user-specified levels of clinical significance. We develop a standalone user interface to make the proposed algorithm accessible for real-time seizure cluster identification (ClusterCalc™). Clinical impact of systematizing cluster identification is demonstrated by comparing empirically-defined clusters to those identified by routine seizure cluster definitions. We also demonstrate use of the Hurst exponent as a standardized measure of seizure clustering for comparison of seizure clustering burden within or across patients. RESULTS Seizure clustering was present in 26.7 % (95 % CI, 24.5-28.7 %) of people with epilepsy. Empirical tables were provided for standardizing inter- and intra-patient comparisons of seizure cluster tendency. Using the proposed algorithm, we found that 37.7-59.4 % of seizures identified as clusters based on routine definitions had high probability of occurring by chance. Several clusters identified by the algorithm were missed by conventional definitions. The utility of the ClusterCalc algorithm for individualized seizure cluster detection is demonstrated. SIGNIFICANCE This study proposes a principled statistical approach to individualized seizure cluster identification and demonstrates potential for real-time clinical usage through ClusterCalc. Using this approach accounts for individual variations in baseline seizure frequency and evaluates statistical significance. This new definition has the potential to improve individualized epilepsy treatment by systematizing identification of unrecognized seizure clusters and preventing unnecessary intervention for random events previously considered clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Chiang
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States; EpilepsyAI, LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States.
| | - Sheryl R Haut
- Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Victor Ferastraoaru
- Department of Neurology, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vikram R Rao
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Maxime O Baud
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - William H Theodore
- Clinical Epilepsy Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Robert Moss
- EpilepsyAI, LLC, San Francisco, CA, United States; Seizure Tracker, LLC, Springfield, VA, United States
| | - Daniel M Goldenholz
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
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24
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Oliveira A, Romero JM, Goldenholz DM. Comparing the efficacy, exposure, and cost of clinical trial analysis methods. Epilepsia 2019; 60:e128-e132. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Juan M. Romero
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts
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25
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Kearney H, Byrne S, Cavalleri GL, Delanty N. Tackling Epilepsy With High-definition Precision Medicine. JAMA Neurol 2019; 76:1109-1116. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.2384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hugh Kearney
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Byrne
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neurology, Our Lady’s Children’s Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gianpiero L. Cavalleri
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Norman Delanty
- FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Neurology, Beaumont Hospital, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Cook B, Cook M. Does my posterior look big in this?-Bayesian solutions to seizure counting problems. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:235-236. [PMID: 31168489 PMCID: PMC6546069 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Blake Cook
- EPSRC Centre for Predictive Modelling in Healthcare & Living Systems InstituteUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Mark Cook
- Graeme Clark InstituteUniversity of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Seneviratne U, Karoly P, Freestone DR, Cook MJ, Boston RC. Methods for the Detection of Seizure Bursts in Epilepsy. Front Neurol 2019; 10:156. [PMID: 30873108 PMCID: PMC6400839 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Seizure clusters and “bursts” are of clinical importance. Clusters are reported to be a marker of antiepileptic drug resistance. Additionally, seizure clustering has been found to be associated with increased morbidity and mortality. However, there are no statistical methods described in the literature to delineate bursting phenomenon in epileptic seizures. Methods: We present three automatic burst detection methods referred to as precision constrained grouping (PCG), burst duration constrained grouping (BCG), and interseizure interval constrained grouping (ICG). Concordance correlation coefficients were used to confirm the pairwise agreement between common bursts isolated using these three automatic burst detection procedures. Additionally, three graphical methods were employed to demonstrate seizure bursts: modified scatter plots, staircase plots, and dropline plots. Burst detection procedures are demonstrated on data from continuous intracranial ambulatory EEG monitoring in a patient diagnosed with drug-refractory focal epilepsy. Results: We analyzed 1,569 seizures, from our assigned index patient, captured on ambulatory intracranial EEG monitoring. A total of 31, 32, and 32 seizure bursts were detected by the three quantitative methods (BCG, ICG, and PCG), respectively. The concordance correlation coefficient was ≥0.99 signifying considerably stronger than chance burst detector agreements with one another. Conclusions: Bursting is a quantifiable temporal phenomenon in epilepsy and seizure bursts can be reliably detected using our methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udaya Seneviratne
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Neuroscience, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Philippa Karoly
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Dean R Freestone
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mark J Cook
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ray C Boston
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The estimation of seizure frequency is a cornerstone of clinical management of epilepsy and the evaluation of new therapies. Current estimation approaches are significantly limited by several factors. Comparing patient diaries and objective estimates (through both inpatient video-EEG monitoring of and long-term ambulatory EEG studies) reveal that patients document seizures inaccurately. So far, few practical alternative methods of estimation have been available. RECENT FINDINGS We review the systems of counting currently utilized and their limitations, as well as the limitations imposed by problems defining clinical events. Alternative methodologies that permit the volatility of seizure rates to be accommodated, and possible alternative measures of brain excitability will be outlined. Recent developments in technologies around data capture, such as wearable and implantable devices, as well as significant advances in the ability to analyse the large data-sets supplied by these systems have provided a wealth of information. SUMMARY There are now unprecedented opportunities to utilize and apply these insights in routine clinical management and assessment of therapies. The rapid adoption of long-term, wearable monitoring systems will permit major advances in our understanding of the natural history of epilepsy, and lead to more effective therapies and improved patient safety.
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Abstract
The current paradigm for treatment of epilepsy begins with trials of antiepileptic drugs, followed by evaluation for resective brain surgery in drug-resistant patients. If surgery is not possible or fails to control seizures, some patients benefit from implanted neurostimulation devices. In addition to their therapeutic benefit, some of these devices have diagnostic capability enabling recordings of brain activity with unprecedented chronicity. Two recent studies using different devices for chronic EEG (i.e., over months to years) yielded convergent findings of daily and multiday cycles of brain activity that help explain seizure timing. Knowledge of these patient-specific cycles can be leveraged to gauge and forecast seizure risk, empowering patients to adopt risk-stratified treatment strategies and behavioral modifications. We review evidence that epilepsy is a cyclical disorder, and we argue that implanted monitoring devices should be offered earlier in the treatment paradigm. Chronic EEG would allow pharmacologic treatments tailored to days of high seizure risk-here termed chronotherapy-and would help characterize long timescale seizure dynamics to improve subsequent surgical planning. Coupled with neuromodulation, the proposed approach could improve quality of life for patients and decrease the number ultimately requiring resective surgery. We outline challenges for chronic monitoring and seizure forecasting that demand close collaboration among engineers, neurosurgeons, and neurologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime O Baud
- From the Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy Center and Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (V.R.R.), University of California, San Francisco.
| | - Vikram R Rao
- From the Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy Center and Center for Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurology (M.O.B.), Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern; Wyss Center for Bio- and Neuro-engineering (M.O.B.), Geneva, Switzerland; and Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences (V.R.R.), University of California, San Francisco
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30
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Predicting state transitions in brain dynamics through spectral difference of phase-space graphs. J Comput Neurosci 2018; 46:91-106. [PMID: 30315514 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-018-0700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Networks are naturally occurring phenomena that are studied across many disciplines. The topological features of a network can provide insight into the dynamics of a system as it evolves, and can be used to predict changes in state. The brain is a complex network whose temporal and spatial behavior can be measured using electroencephalography (EEG). This data can be reconstructed to form a family of graphs that represent the state of the brain over time, and the evolution of these graphs can be used to predict changes in brain states, such as the transition from preictal to ictal in patients with epilepsy. This research proposes objective indications of seizure onset observed from minimally invasive scalp EEG. The approach considers the brain as a complex nonlinear dynamical system whose state can be derived through time-delay embedding of the EEG data and characterized to determine change in brain dynamics related to the preictal state. This method targets phase-space graph spectra as biomarkers for seizure prediction, correlates historical degrees of change in spectra, and makes accurate prediction of seizure onset. A significant trend of normalized dissimilarity over time indicates a departure from the norm, and thus a change in state. Our methods show high sensitivity (90-100%) and specificity (90%) on 241 h of scalp EEG training data, and sensitivity and specificity of 70%-90% on test data. Moreover, the algorithm was capable of processing 12.7 min of data per second on an Intel Core i3 CPU in Matlab, showing that real-time analysis is viable.
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31
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Chiang S, Vannucci M, Goldenholz DM, Moss R, Stern JM. Epilepsy as a dynamic disease: A Bayesian model for differentiating seizure risk from natural variability. Epilepsia Open 2018; 3:236-246. [PMID: 29881802 PMCID: PMC5983137 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective A fundamental challenge in treating epilepsy is that changes in observed seizure frequencies do not necessarily reflect changes in underlying seizure risk. Rather, changes in seizure frequency may occur due to probabilistic variation around an underlying seizure risk state caused by normal fluctuations from natural history, leading to seizure unpredictability and potentially suboptimal medication adjustments in epilepsy management. However, no rigorous statistical approach exists to systematically distinguish expected changes in seizure frequency due to natural variability from changes in underlying seizure risk. Methods Using data from SeizureTracker.com, a patient‐reported seizure diary tool containing over 1.2 million recorded seizures across 8 years, a novel epilepsy seizure risk assessment tool (EpiSAT) employing a Bayesian mixed‐effects hidden Markov model for zero‐inflated count data was developed to estimate changes in underlying seizure risk using patient‐reported seizure diary and clinical measurement data. Accuracy for correctly assessing underlying seizure risk was evaluated through a simulation comparison. Implications for the natural history of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) were assessed using data from SeizureTracker.com. Results EpiSAT led to significant improvement in seizure risk assessment compared to traditional approaches relying solely on observed seizure frequencies. Applied to TSC, four underlying seizure risk states were identified. The expected duration of each state was <12 months, providing a data‐driven estimate of the amount of time a person with TSC would be expected to remain at the same seizure risk level according to the natural course of epilepsy. Significance We propose a novel Bayesian statistical approach for evaluating seizure risk on an individual patient level using patient‐reported seizure diaries, which allows for the incorporation of external clinical variables to assess impact on seizure risk. This tool may improve the ability to distinguish true changes in seizure risk from natural variations in seizure frequency in clinical practice. Incorporation of systematic statistical approaches into antiepileptic drug (AED) management may help improve understanding of seizure unpredictability as well as timing of treatment interventions for people with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Chiang
- School of Medicine Baylor College of Medicine Houston Texas U.S.A.,Department of Statistics Rice University Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - Marina Vannucci
- Department of Statistics Rice University Houston Texas U.S.A
| | - Daniel M Goldenholz
- Division of Epilepsy Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Massachusetts U.S.A.,Clinical Epilepsy Section National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health Bethesda Maryland U.S.A
| | - Robert Moss
- SeizureTracker.com Alexandria Virginia U.S.A
| | - John M Stern
- Department of Neurology University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California U.S.A
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32
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Baud MO, Kleen JK, Mirro EA, Andrechak JC, King-Stephens D, Chang EF, Rao VR. Multi-day rhythms modulate seizure risk in epilepsy. Nat Commun 2018; 9:88. [PMID: 29311566 PMCID: PMC5758806 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is defined by the seemingly random occurrence of spontaneous seizures. The ability to anticipate seizures would enable preventative treatment strategies. A central but unresolved question concerns the relationship of seizure timing to fluctuating rates of interictal epileptiform discharges (here termed interictal epileptiform activity, IEA), a marker of brain irritability observed between seizures by electroencephalography (EEG). Here, in 37 subjects with an implanted brain stimulation device that detects IEA and seizures over years, we find that IEA oscillates with circadian and subject-specific multidien (multi-day) periods. Multidien periodicities, most commonly 20-30 days in duration, are robust and relatively stable for up to 10 years in men and women. We show that seizures occur preferentially during the rising phase of multidien IEA rhythms. Combining phase information from circadian and multidien IEA rhythms provides a novel biomarker for determining relative seizure risk with a large effect size in most subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime O Baud
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Geneva, Rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil 4, 1205, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Wyss Center for Bio and Neuroengineering, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Sleep-Wake-Epilepsy-Center, Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Jonathan K Kleen
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Emily A Mirro
- NeuroPace, Inc., 455N. Bernardo Ave, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | - Jason C Andrechak
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - David King-Stephens
- Department of Neurology, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Edward F Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Vikram R Rao
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
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33
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Karoly PJ, Nurse ES, Freestone DR, Ung H, Cook MJ, Boston R. Bursts of seizures in long-term recordings of human focal epilepsy. Epilepsia 2017; 58:363-372. [PMID: 28084639 DOI: 10.1111/epi.13636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We report on temporally clustered seizures detected from continuous long-term ambulatory human electroencephalographic data. The objective was to investigate short-term seizure clustering, which we have termed bursting, and consider implications for patient care, seizure prediction, and evaluating therapies. METHODS Chronic ambulatory intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) data collected for the purpose of seizure prediction were annotated to identify seizure events. A detection algorithm was used to identify bursts of events. Burst events were compared to nonburst events to evaluate event dispersion, duration and dynamics. RESULTS Bursts of seizures were present in 6 of 15 subjects, and detections were consistent over long-term monitoring (>2 years). Subjects with bursts of seizures had highly overdispersed seizure rates, compared to other subjects. There was a complicated relationship between bursts and clinical seizures, although bursts were associated with multimodal distributions of seizure duration, and poorer predictive outcomes. For three subjects, bursts demonstrated distinctive preictal dynamics compared to clinical seizures. SIGNIFICANCE We have previously hypothesized that there are distinct physiologic pathways underlying short- and long-duration seizures. Herein we show that burst seizures fall almost exclusively within the short population of seizure durations; however, a short duration event was not sufficient to induce or imply bursting. We can therefore conclude that in addition to distinct mechanisms underlying seizure duration, there are separate factors regulating bursts of seizures. We show that bursts were a robust phenomenon in our patient cohort, which were consistent with overdispersed seizure rates, suggesting long-memory dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa J Karoly
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ewan S Nurse
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dean R Freestone
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hoameng Ung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Mark J Cook
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ray Boston
- Department of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia
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34
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Koepp MJ, Caciagli L, Pressler RM, Lehnertz K, Beniczky S. Reflex seizures, traits, and epilepsies: from physiology to pathology. Lancet Neurol 2015; 15:92-105. [PMID: 26627365 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00219-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epileptic seizures are generally unpredictable and arise spontaneously. Patients often report non-specific triggers such as stress or sleep deprivation, but only rarely do seizures occur as a reflex event, in which they are objectively and consistently modulated, precipitated, or inhibited by external sensory stimuli or specific cognitive processes. The seizures triggered by such stimuli and processes in susceptible individuals can have different latencies. Once seizure-suppressing mechanisms fail and a critical mass (the so-called tipping point) of cortical activation is reached, reflex seizures stereotypically manifest with common motor features independent of the physiological network involved. The complexity of stimuli increases from simple sensory to complex cognitive-emotional with increasing age of onset. The topography of physiological networks involved follows the posterior-to-anterior trajectory of brain development, reflecting age-related changes in brain excitability. Reflex seizures and traits probably represent the extremes of a continuum, and understanding of their underlying mechanisms might help to elucidate the transition of normal physiological function to paroxysmal epileptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias J Koepp
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, UK.
| | - Lorenzo Caciagli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London (UCL) Institute of Neurology, London, UK; National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, UK
| | - Ronit M Pressler
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK; Clinical Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Klaus Lehnertz
- Department of Epileptology, University Hospital of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sándor Beniczky
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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