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Ren Y, Brown TI. Beyond the ears: A review exploring the interconnected brain behind the hierarchical memory of music. Psychon Bull Rev 2024; 31:507-530. [PMID: 37723336 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-023-02376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Music is a ubiquitous element of daily life. Understanding how music memory is represented and expressed in the brain is key to understanding how music can influence human daily cognitive tasks. Current music-memory literature is built on data from very heterogeneous tasks for measuring memory, and the neural correlates appear to differ depending on different forms of memory function targeted. Such heterogeneity leaves many exceptions and conflicts in the data underexplained (e.g., hippocampal involvement in music memory is debated). This review provides an overview of existing neuroimaging results from music-memory related studies and concludes that although music is a special class of event in our lives, the memory systems behind it do in fact share neural mechanisms with memories from other modalities. We suggest that dividing music memory into different levels of a hierarchy (structural level and semantic level) helps understand overlap and divergence in neural networks involved. This is grounded in the fact that memorizing a piece of music recruits brain clusters that separately support functions including-but not limited to-syntax storage and retrieval, temporal processing, prediction versus reality comparison, stimulus feature integration, personal memory associations, and emotion perception. The cross-talk between frontal-parietal music structural processing centers and the subcortical emotion and context encoding areas explains why music is not only so easily memorable but can also serve as strong contextual information for encoding and retrieving nonmusic information in our lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Ren
- Georgia Institute of Technology, College of Science, School of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Thackery I Brown
- Georgia Institute of Technology, College of Science, School of Psychology, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Kim JG, Gregory E, Landau B, McCloskey M, Turk-Browne NB, Kastner S. Functions of ventral visual cortex after bilateral medial temporal lobe damage. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 191:101819. [PMID: 32380224 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Repeated stimuli elicit attenuated responses in visual cortex relative to novel stimuli. This adaptation can be considered as a form of rapid learning and a signature of perceptual memory. Adaptation occurs not only when a stimulus is repeated immediately, but also when there is a lag in terms of time and other intervening stimuli before the repetition. But how does the visual system keep track of which stimuli are repeated, especially after long delays and many intervening stimuli? We hypothesized that the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe (MTL) support long-lag adaptation, given that this memory system can learn from single experiences, maintain information over delays, and send feedback to visual cortex. We tested this hypothesis with fMRI in an amnesic patient, LSJ, who has encephalitic damage to the MTL resulting in extensive bilateral lesions including complete hippocampal loss. We measured adaptation at varying time lags between repetitions in functionally localized visual areas that were intact in LSJ. We observed that these areas track information over a few minutes even when the hippocampus and extended parts of the MTL are unavailable. LSJ and controls were identical when attention was directed away from the repeating stimuli: adaptation occurred for lags up to three minutes, but not six minutes. However, when attention was directed toward stimuli, controls now showed an adaptation effect at six minutes but LSJ did not. These findings suggest that visual cortex can support one-shot perceptual memories lasting for several minutes but that the hippocampus and surrounding MTL structures are necessary for adaptation in visual cortex after longer delays when stimuli are task-relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye G Kim
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States
| | - Emma Gregory
- Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Barbara Landau
- Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Michael McCloskey
- Department of Cognitive Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, United States
| | - Nicholas B Turk-Browne
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, United States
| | - Sabine Kastner
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States; Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, United States.
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Esfahani-Bayerl N, Finke C, Kopp U, Moon DU, Ploner CJ. Musical memory and hippocampus revisited: Evidence from a musical layperson with highly selective hippocampal damage. Cortex 2019; 119:519-527. [PMID: 30795831 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The role of the human hippocampus for musical memory is still unclear. While imaging studies in healthy humans have repeatedly shown hippocampal activation in musical memory tasks, studies in musicians with chronic bilateral medial temporal lobe damage and in non-musicians suffering from neuro-degenerative diseases suggest that musical memory may at least partly be independent of hippocampal integrity. Here, we report on a musical layperson who acutely developed an amnesic syndrome in the context of autoimmune encephalitis. Structural and resting state functional MRI revealed exceptionally selective bilateral lesions of the hippocampi and altered functional connectivity with retrosplenial cortex and precuneus. Neuropsychological testing showed a severe global amnesic syndrome. Perception and processing of scales, melodic contours, intervals, rhythms and meter were unaffected. Most notably, the patient performed completely normally on tests of recognition memory for unfamiliar melodies and excerpts of complex musical material, while recognition memory for visual and verbal information was severely impaired. Likewise, emotional evaluation of musical excerpts did not differ from controls. We infer that integrity of musical processing and recognition memory in patients with hippocampal dysfunction does not result from training-induced or post-lesional brain plasticity, but rather reflects integrity of brain networks outside the hippocampi and presumably also outside retrosplenial cortex and precuneus. Our findings suggest major differences in the neural substrates of musical and non-musical recognition memory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carsten Finke
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ute Kopp
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daa-Un Moon
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph J Ploner
- Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Green B, Jääskeläinen IP, Sams M, Rauschecker JP. Distinct brain areas process novel and repeating tone sequences. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2018; 187:104-114. [PMID: 30278992 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The auditory dorsal stream has been implicated in sensorimotor integration and concatenation of sequential sound events, both being important for processing of speech and music. The auditory ventral stream, by contrast, is characterized as subserving sound identification and recognition. We studied the respective roles of the dorsal and ventral streams, including recruitment of basal ganglia and medial temporal lobe structures, in the processing of tone sequence elements. A sequence was presented incrementally across several runs during functional magnetic resonance imaging in humans, and we compared activation by sequence elements when heard for the first time ("novel") versus when the elements were repeating ("familiar"). Our results show a shift in tone-sequence-dependent activation from posterior-dorsal cortical areas and the basal ganglia during the processing of less familiar sequence elements towards anterior and ventral cortical areas and the medial temporal lobe after the encoding of highly familiar sequence elements into identifiable auditory objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brannon Green
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building-WP19, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
| | - Iiro P Jääskeläinen
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO Espoo, Finland; AMI Centre, Aalto NeuroImaging, Aalto University, Finland
| | - Mikko Sams
- Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO Espoo, Finland
| | - Josef P Rauschecker
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroscience and Cognition, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road NW, New Research Building-WP19, Washington, DC 20007, USA; Brain and Mind Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, School of Science, Aalto University, 00076 AALTO Espoo, Finland; Institute for Advanced Study, TUM, Munich-Garching, 80333 Munich, Germany.
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Särkämö T, Sihvonen AJ. Golden oldies and silver brains: Deficits, preservation, learning, and rehabilitation effects of music in ageing-related neurological disorders. Cortex 2018; 109:104-123. [PMID: 30312779 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
During the last decades, there have been major advances in mapping the brain regions that underlie our ability to perceive, experience, and produce music and how musical training can shape the structure and function of the brain. This progress has fueled and renewed clinical interest towards uncovering the neural basis for the impaired or preserved processing of music in different neurological disorders and how music-based interventions can be used in their rehabilitation and care. This article reviews our contribution to and the state-of-the-art of this field. We will provide a short overview outlining the key brain networks that participate in the processing of music and singing in the healthy brain and then present recent findings on the following key music-related research topics in neurological disorders: (i) the neural architecture underlying deficient processing of music (amusia), (ii) the preservation of singing in aphasia and music-evoked emotions and memories in Alzheimer's disease, (iii) the mnemonic impact of songs as a verbal learning tool, and (iv) the cognitive, emotional, and neural efficacy of music-based interventions and activities in the rehabilitation and care of major ageing-related neurological illnesses (stroke, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teppo Särkämö
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Aleksi J Sihvonen
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, Department of Psychology and Logopedics, University of Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Finland
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Gregory E, McCloskey M, Ovans Z, Landau B. Declarative memory and skill-related knowledge: Evidence from a case study of amnesia and implications for theories of memory. Cogn Neuropsychol 2016; 33:220-40. [DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2016.1172478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Benetti F, Furini CRG, de Carvalho Myskiw J, Provensi G, Passani MB, Baldi E, Bucherelli C, Munari L, Izquierdo I, Blandina P. Histamine in the basolateral amygdala promotes inhibitory avoidance learning independently of hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E2536-42. [PMID: 25918368 PMCID: PMC4434720 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1506109112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent discoveries demonstrated that recruitment of alternative brain circuits permits compensation of memory impairments following damage to brain regions specialized in integrating and/or storing specific memories, including both dorsal hippocampus and basolateral amygdala (BLA). Here, we first report that the integrity of the brain histaminergic system is necessary for long-term, but not for short-term memory of step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA). Second, we found that phosphorylation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) responsive-element-binding protein, a crucial mediator in long-term memory formation, correlated anatomically and temporally with histamine-induced memory retrieval, showing the active involvement of histamine function in CA1 and BLA in different phases of memory consolidation. Third, we found that exogenous application of histamine in either hippocampal CA1 or BLA of brain histamine-depleted rats, hence amnesic, restored long-term memory; however, the time frame of memory rescue was different for the two brain structures, short lived (immediately posttraining) for BLA, long lasting (up to 6 h) for the CA1. Moreover, long-term memory was formed immediately after training restoring of histamine transmission only in the BLA. These findings reveal the essential role of histaminergic neurotransmission to provide the brain with the plasticity necessary to ensure memorization of emotionally salient events, through recruitment of alternative circuits. Hence, our findings indicate that the histaminergic system comprises parallel, coordinated pathways that provide compensatory plasticity when one brain structure is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Benetti
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Regina Guerino Furini
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jociane de Carvalho Myskiw
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Provensi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy; and
| | - Maria Beatrice Passani
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy; and
| | - Elisabetta Baldi
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universitá di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Corrado Bucherelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale e Clinica, Universitá di Firenze, 50134 Firenze, Italy
| | - Leonardo Munari
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy; and
| | - Ivan Izquierdo
- Memory Center, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil;
| | - Patrizio Blandina
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Psicologia, Area del Farmaco e Salute del Bambino, Sezione di Farmacologia e Tossicologia, Universitá di Firenze, 50139 Firenze, Italy; and
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