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Li Y, Ye B, Bao Y. The same phase creates a unique visual rhythm unifying moving elements in time. Psych J 2023; 12:500-506. [PMID: 36916772 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Attention can be selectively tuned to particular features at different spatial locations or objects. The deployment of attention can be guided by properties, such as color, orientation, and so forth, as guiding features. What might be such guiding features for visual stimuli under dynamic rhythmic conditions? We asked specifically what might be the parameters that attract attention when perceiving a visual rhythm. We used a visual search paradigm, in which a dynamic search display consisted of vertically "bouncing balls" with regular rhythms. The search target was defined by a unique visual rhythm (i.e., with either a shorter or longer period) among rhythmic distractors sharing an identical period. We modulated amplitudes and phases of the distractor balls systematically. The results showed a crucial factor of the phase, not the amplitude. If the phase is violated, the target suddenly "pops out" as an "oddball," showing an efficient parallel search. The findings indicate in general the essential role of the phase in conjunction with amplitude and period for visual rhythm perception. Furthermore, a higher saliency of moving objects with a higher frequency component has also been disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Biyi Ye
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Bao
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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2
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Nave KM, Hannon EE, Snyder JS. Steady state-evoked potentials of subjective beat perception in musical rhythms. Psychophysiology 2021; 59:e13963. [PMID: 34743347 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Synchronization of movement to music is a seemingly universal human capacity that depends on sustained beat perception. Previous research has suggested that listener's conscious perception of the musical structure (e.g., beat and meter) might be reflected in neural responses that follow the frequency of the beat. However, the extent to which these neural responses directly reflect concurrent, listener-reported perception of musical beat versus stimulus-driven activity is understudied. We investigated whether steady state-evoked potentials (SSEPs), measured using electroencephalography (EEG), reflect conscious perception of beat by holding the stimulus constant while contextually manipulating listeners' perception and measuring perceptual responses on every trial. Listeners with minimal music training heard a musical excerpt that strongly supported one of two beat patterns (context phase), followed by a rhythm consistent with either beat pattern (ambiguous phase). During the final phase, listeners indicated whether or not a superimposed drum matched the perceived beat (probe phase). Participants were more likely to indicate that the probe matched the music when that probe matched the original context, suggesting an ability to maintain the beat percept through the ambiguous phase. Likewise, we observed that the spectral amplitude during the ambiguous phase was higher at frequencies that matched the beat of the preceding context. Exploratory analyses investigated whether EEG amplitude at the beat-related SSEPs (steady state-evoked potentials) predicted performance on the beat induction task on a single-trial basis, but were inconclusive. Our findings substantiate the claim that auditory SSEPs reflect conscious perception of musical beat and not just stimulus features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karli M Nave
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Erin E Hannon
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Joel S Snyder
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
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3
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Lenc T, Merchant H, Keller PE, Honing H, Varlet M, Nozaradan S. Mapping between sound, brain and behaviour: four-level framework for understanding rhythm processing in humans and non-human primates. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200325. [PMID: 34420381 PMCID: PMC8380981 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans perceive and spontaneously move to one or several levels of periodic pulses (a meter, for short) when listening to musical rhythm, even when the sensory input does not provide prominent periodic cues to their temporal location. Here, we review a multi-levelled framework to understanding how external rhythmic inputs are mapped onto internally represented metric pulses. This mapping is studied using an approach to quantify and directly compare representations of metric pulses in signals corresponding to sensory inputs, neural activity and behaviour (typically body movement). Based on this approach, recent empirical evidence can be drawn together into a conceptual framework that unpacks the phenomenon of meter into four levels. Each level highlights specific functional processes that critically enable and shape the mapping from sensory input to internal meter. We discuss the nature, constraints and neural substrates of these processes, starting with fundamental mechanisms investigated in macaque monkeys that enable basic forms of mapping between simple rhythmic stimuli and internally represented metric pulse. We propose that human evolution has gradually built a robust and flexible system upon these fundamental processes, allowing more complex levels of mapping to emerge in musical behaviours. This approach opens promising avenues to understand the many facets of rhythmic behaviours across individuals and species. This article is part of the theme issue 'Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Lenc
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
- Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
| | - Hugo Merchant
- Instituto de Neurobiologia, UNAM, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro 76230, Mexico
| | - Peter E. Keller
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Henkjan Honing
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition (ABC), Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1090 GE, The Netherlands
| | - Manuel Varlet
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales 2751, Australia
| | - Sylvie Nozaradan
- Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université Catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels 1200, Belgium
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4
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Li L, Ito S, Yotsumoto Y. Effect of change saliency and neural entrainment on flicker-induced time dilation. J Vis 2020; 20:15. [PMID: 32574359 PMCID: PMC7416891 DOI: 10.1167/jov.20.6.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
When a visual stimulus flickers periodically and rhythmically, the perceived duration tends to exceed its physical duration in the peri-second range. Although flicker-induced time dilation is a robust time illusion, its underlying neural mechanisms remain inconclusive. The neural entrainment account proposes that neural entrainment of the exogenous visual stimulus, marked by steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) over the visual cortex, is the cause of time dilation. By contrast, the saliency account argues that the conscious perception of flicker changes is indispensable. In the current study, we examined these two accounts separately. The first two experiments manipulated the level of saliency around the critical fusion threshold (CFF) in a duration discrimination task to probe the effect of change saliency. The amount of dilation correlated with the level of change saliency. The next two experiments investigated whether neural entrainment alone could also induce perceived dilation. To preclude change saliency, we utilized a combination of two high-frequency flickers above the CFF, whereas their beat frequency still theoretically aroused neural entrainment at a low frequency. Results revealed a moderate time dilation induced by combinative high-frequency flickers. Although behavioral results suggested neural entrainment engagement, electroencephalography showed neither larger power nor inter-trial coherence (ITC) at the beat. In summary, change saliency was the most critical factor determining the perception and strength of time dilation, whereas neural entrainment had a moderate influence. These results highlight the influence of higher-level visual processing on time perception.
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5
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Why do we move to the beat? A multi-scale approach, from physical principles to brain dynamics. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:553-584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Celma-Miralles A, Toro JM. Ternary meter from spatial sounds: Differences in neural entrainment between musicians and non-musicians. Brain Cogn 2019; 136:103594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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7
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Gu L, Huang Y, Wu X. Advantage of audition over vision in a perceptual timing task but not in a sensorimotor timing task. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2019; 84:2046-2056. [PMID: 31190091 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-019-01204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Timing is essential for various behaviors and relative to vision, audition is considered to be specialized for temporal processing. The present study conducted a sensorimotor timing task that required tapping in synchrony with a temporally regular sequence and a perceptual timing task that required detecting a timing deviation among a temporally regular sequence. The sequence was composed of auditory tones, visual flashes, or a visual bouncing ball. In the sensorimotor task, sensorimotor timing performance (synchronization stability) of the bouncing ball was much greater than that of flashes and was comparable to that of tones. In the perceptual task, where perceptual timing performance of the bouncing ball was greater than that of flashes, it was poorer than that of tones. These results suggest the facilitation of both perceptual and sensorimotor processing of temporal information by the bouncing ball. Given such facilitation of temporal processing, however, audition is still superior over vision in perceptual detection of timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yingyu Huang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 132 Waihuan East Road, Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
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8
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Ravignani A, Thompson B, Lumaca M, Grube M. Why Do Durations in Musical Rhythms Conform to Small Integer Ratios? Front Comput Neurosci 2018; 12:86. [PMID: 30555314 PMCID: PMC6282044 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2018.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One curious aspect of human timing is the organization of rhythmic patterns in small integer ratios. Behavioral and neural research has shown that adjacent time intervals in rhythms tend to be perceived and reproduced as approximate fractions of small numbers (e.g., 3/2). Recent work on iterated learning and reproduction further supports this: given a randomly timed drum pattern to reproduce, participants subconsciously transform it toward small integer ratios. The mechanisms accounting for this “attractor” phenomenon are little understood, but might be explained by combining two theoretical frameworks from psychophysics. The scalar expectancy theory describes time interval perception and reproduction in terms of Weber's law: just detectable durational differences equal a constant fraction of the reference duration. The notion of categorical perception emphasizes the tendency to perceive time intervals in categories, i.e., “short” vs. “long.” In this piece, we put forward the hypothesis that the integer-ratio bias in rhythm perception and production might arise from the interaction of the scalar property of timing with the categorical perception of time intervals, and that neurally it can plausibly be related to oscillatory activity. We support our integrative approach with mathematical derivations to formalize assumptions and provide testable predictions. We present equations to calculate durational ratios by: (i) parameterizing the relationship between durational categories, (ii) assuming a scalar timing constant, and (iii) specifying one (of K) category of ratios. Our derivations provide the basis for future computational, behavioral, and neurophysiological work to test our model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravignani
- Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Artificial Intelligence Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Research Department, Sealcentre Pieterburen, Pieterburen, Netherlands
| | - Bill Thompson
- Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Artificial Intelligence Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Massimo Lumaca
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manon Grube
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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9
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Fattorini L, Rodio A. Acoustic and visual pacesetter influence on the energy expenditure in a cycling exercise. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:1126-1132. [PMID: 30024130 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08795-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of acoustic and visual pacesetters on the energy expenditure in a steady state 30-minute long cycling. METHODS Eighteen healthy male subjects (age 27.6±4.59 years; height 1.78±0.07 m; body mass 80.1±7.85 kg) performed a 30-minute submaximal exercise at a constant workload on a cycle ergometer. The imposed workload required a metabolic expenditure corresponding to 70% of ventilatory threshold for each subject. Energy expenditure - expressed as a caloric equivalent relative to the total net oxygen consumption during exercise - was evaluated using three conditions: control (CT), no external pacesetter; acoustic (AT), listening to rhythmic acoustic stimuli at 120 beat per minute; and visual (VT), seeing footage consisting of eight different images in a looped sequence at 120 frames per minute. RESULTS All measured parameters qualified the exercise as requiring mainly an aerobic metabolism, showing no pain and no fatigue. AT and VT energy expenditure (5.0±0.44 and 4.9±0.39 MET respectively) were significantly lower compared to CT (5.5±0.49 MET), while no difference between AT and VT were recognized. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed the ergogenic effect of the acoustic pacesetter on a 30-minute steady state rhythmic exercise. Novelty is that the visual pacesetter too was able to increase the mechanical efficiency as the same manner than the acoustic one. The present setting adopting visual pacesetter could be used in special categories, such as the deaf or in innovative technological tools as head-mounted display devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Fattorini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "V. Erspamer", Sapienza University, Rome, Italy -
| | - Angelo Rodio
- Department of Human Sciences, Society and Health, University of Cassino e Southern Lazio, Cassino, Frosinone, Italy
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10
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Zoefel B, Ten Oever S, Sack AT. The Involvement of Endogenous Neural Oscillations in the Processing of Rhythmic Input: More Than a Regular Repetition of Evoked Neural Responses. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:95. [PMID: 29563860 PMCID: PMC5845906 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is undisputed that presenting a rhythmic stimulus leads to a measurable brain response that follows the rhythmic structure of this stimulus. What is still debated, however, is the question whether this brain response exclusively reflects a regular repetition of evoked responses, or whether it also includes entrained oscillatory activity. Here we systematically present evidence in favor of an involvement of entrained neural oscillations in the processing of rhythmic input while critically pointing out which questions still need to be addressed before this evidence could be considered conclusive. In this context, we also explicitly discuss the potential functional role of such entrained oscillations, suggesting that these stimulus-aligned oscillations reflect, and serve as, predictive processes, an idea often only implicitly assumed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Zoefel
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Sanne Ten Oever
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Alexander T Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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11
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Nozaradan S, Schönwiesner M, Keller PE, Lenc T, Lehmann A. Neural bases of rhythmic entrainment in humans: critical transformation between cortical and lower-level representations of auditory rhythm. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:321-332. [PMID: 29356161 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous ability to entrain to meter periodicities is central to music perception and production across cultures. There is increasing evidence that this ability involves selective neural responses to meter-related frequencies. This phenomenon has been observed in the human auditory cortex, yet it could be the product of evolutionarily older lower-level properties of brainstem auditory neurons, as suggested by recent recordings from rodent midbrain. We addressed this question by taking advantage of a new method to simultaneously record human EEG activity originating from cortical and lower-level sources, in the form of slow (< 20 Hz) and fast (> 150 Hz) responses to auditory rhythms. Cortical responses showed increased amplitudes at meter-related frequencies compared to meter-unrelated frequencies, regardless of the prominence of the meter-related frequencies in the modulation spectrum of the rhythmic inputs. In contrast, frequency-following responses showed increased amplitudes at meter-related frequencies only in rhythms with prominent meter-related frequencies in the input but not for a more complex rhythm requiring more endogenous generation of the meter. This interaction with rhythm complexity suggests that the selective enhancement of meter-related frequencies does not fully rely on subcortical auditory properties, but is critically shaped at the cortical level, possibly through functional connections between the auditory cortex and other, movement-related, brain structures. This process of temporal selection would thus enable endogenous and motor entrainment to emerge with substantial flexibility and invariance with respect to the rhythmic input in humans in contrast with non-human animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Nozaradan
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia.,Institute of Neuroscience (IONS), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Louvain, Belgium.,International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Schönwiesner
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Peter E Keller
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Tomas Lenc
- MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, Sydney, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Alexandre Lehmann
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Center for Research on Brain, Language and Music (CRBLM), Montreal, QC, Canada.,Faculty of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Otolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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12
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Nozaradan S, Keller PE, Rossion B, Mouraux A. EEG Frequency-Tagging and Input-Output Comparison in Rhythm Perception. Brain Topogr 2017; 31:153-160. [PMID: 29127530 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-017-0605-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The combination of frequency-tagging with electroencephalography (EEG) has recently proved fruitful for understanding the perception of beat and meter in musical rhythm, a common behavior shared by humans of all cultures. EEG frequency-tagging allows the objective measurement of input-output transforms to investigate beat perception, its modulation by exogenous and endogenous factors, development, and neural basis. Recent doubt has been raised about the validity of comparing frequency-domain representations of auditory rhythmic stimuli and corresponding EEG responses, assuming that it implies a one-to-one mapping between the envelope of the rhythmic input and the neural output, and that it neglects the sensitivity of frequency-domain representations to acoustic features making up the rhythms. Here we argue that these elements actually reinforce the strengths of the approach. The obvious fact that acoustic features influence the frequency spectrum of the sound envelope precisely justifies taking into consideration the sounds used to generate a beat percept for interpreting neural responses to auditory rhythms. Most importantly, the many-to-one relationship between rhythmic input and perceived beat actually validates an approach that objectively measures the input-output transforms underlying the perceptual categorization of rhythmic inputs. Hence, provided that a number of potential pitfalls and fallacies are avoided, EEG frequency-tagging to study input-output relationships appears valuable for understanding rhythm perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Nozaradan
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development (WSU), Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Institute of Neuroscience (Ions), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium. .,International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (Brams), Montreal, QC, Canada. .,MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
| | - Peter E Keller
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development (WSU), Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruno Rossion
- Institute of Neuroscience (Ions), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium.,Neurology Unit, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire (CHRU) de Nancy, Nancy, France
| | - André Mouraux
- Institute of Neuroscience (Ions), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Ravignani A, Madison G. The Paradox of Isochrony in the Evolution of Human Rhythm. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1820. [PMID: 29163252 PMCID: PMC5681750 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isochrony is crucial to the rhythm of human music. Some neural, behavioral and anatomical traits underlying rhythm perception and production are shared with a broad range of species. These may either have a common evolutionary origin, or have evolved into similar traits under different evolutionary pressures. Other traits underlying rhythm are rare across species, only found in humans and few other animals. Isochrony, or stable periodicity, is common to most human music, but isochronous behaviors are also found in many species. It appears paradoxical that humans are particularly good at producing and perceiving isochronous patterns, although this ability does not conceivably confer any evolutionary advantage to modern humans. This article will attempt to solve this conundrum. To this end, we define the concept of isochrony from the present functional perspective of physiology, cognitive neuroscience, signal processing, and interactive behavior, and review available evidence on isochrony in the signals of humans and other animals. We then attempt to resolve the paradox of isochrony by expanding an evolutionary hypothesis about the function that isochronous behavior may have had in early hominids. Finally, we propose avenues for empirical research to examine this hypothesis and to understand the evolutionary origin of isochrony in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravignani
- Language and Cognition Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Veterinary and Research Department, Sealcentre Pieterburen, Pieterburen, Netherlands.,Artificial Intelligence Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Madison
- Department of Psychology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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14
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15
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Ravignani A, Fitch WT, Hanke FD, Heinrich T, Hurgitsch B, Kotz SA, Scharff C, Stoeger AS, de Boer B. What Pinnipeds Have to Say about Human Speech, Music, and the Evolution of Rhythm. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:274. [PMID: 27378843 PMCID: PMC4913109 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on the evolution of human speech and music benefits from hypotheses and data generated in a number of disciplines. The purpose of this article is to illustrate the high relevance of pinniped research for the study of speech, musical rhythm, and their origins, bridging and complementing current research on primates and birds. We briefly discuss speech, vocal learning, and rhythm from an evolutionary and comparative perspective. We review the current state of the art on pinniped communication and behavior relevant to the evolution of human speech and music, showing interesting parallels to hypotheses on rhythmic behavior in early hominids. We suggest future research directions in terms of species to test and empirical data needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Ravignani
- Artificial Intelligence Lab, Vrije Universiteit BrusselBrussels, Belgium; Sensory and Cognitive Ecology, Institute for Biosciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | - W Tecumseh Fitch
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Frederike D Hanke
- Sensory and Cognitive Ecology, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock Rostock, Germany
| | - Tamara Heinrich
- Sensory and Cognitive Ecology, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Sonja A Kotz
- Basic and Applied NeuroDynamics Lab, Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht UniversityMaastricht, Netherlands; Department of Neuropsychology, Max-Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany
| | - Constance Scharff
- Department of Animal Behavior, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela S Stoeger
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart de Boer
- Artificial Intelligence Lab, Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels, Belgium
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16
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Cirelli LK, Spinelli C, Nozaradan S, Trainor LJ. Measuring Neural Entrainment to Beat and Meter in Infants: Effects of Music Background. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:229. [PMID: 27252619 PMCID: PMC4877507 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Caregivers often engage in musical interactions with their infants. For example, parents across cultures sing lullabies and playsongs to their infants from birth. Behavioral studies indicate that infants not only extract beat information, but also group these beats into metrical hierarchies by as early as 6 months of age. However, it is not known how this is accomplished in the infant brain. An EEG frequency-tagging approach has been used successfully with adults to measure neural entrainment to auditory rhythms. The current study is the first to use this technique with infants in order to investigate how infants' brains encode rhythms. Furthermore, we examine how infant and parent music background is associated with individual differences in rhythm encoding. In Experiment 1, EEG was recorded while 7-month-old infants listened to an ambiguous rhythmic pattern that could be perceived to be in two different meters. In Experiment 2, EEG was recorded while 15-month-old infants listened to a rhythmic pattern with an unambiguous meter. In both age groups, information about music background (parent music training, infant music classes, hours of music listening) was collected. Both age groups showed clear EEG responses frequency-locked to the rhythms, at frequencies corresponding to both beat and meter. For the younger infants (Experiment 1), the amplitudes at duple meter frequencies were selectively enhanced for infants enrolled in music classes compared to those who had not engaged in such classes. For the older infants (Experiment 2), amplitudes at beat and meter frequencies were larger for infants with musically-trained compared to musically-untrained parents. These results suggest that the frequency-tagging method is sensitive to individual differences in beat and meter processing in infancy and could be used to track developmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K. Cirelli
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Spinelli
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Sylvie Nozaradan
- MARCS Institute, Western Sydney UniversityMilperra, NSW, Australia
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- BRAMS, Université de MontréalOutremont, QC, Canada
| | - Laurel J. Trainor
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- McMaster Institute for Music and the Mind, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
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