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Hsu HJ, Tseng YT. Impaired motor skills and proprioceptive function in Mandarin-speaking children with developmental language disorder. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2024; 251:105390. [PMID: 38387221 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2024.105390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
This study examined proprioceptive acuity and its relationship with motor function in Mandarin-speaking children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD). Fifteen children aged 9-12 years with DLD and 15 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children participated in this study. Children's motor function was assessed using the second edition of the Movement Assessment Battery for Children (MABC-2). Their proprioceptive acuity was measured based on the absolute error (i.e., proprioceptive bias) and variable error (i.e., proprioceptive precision) when performing joint position matching tasks. Compared with the TD group, the DLD group exhibited impaired motor function and poorer proprioceptive acuity, as evidenced by the lower scores on the MABC-2 and the higher rates of absolute and variable errors in the joint position matching tasks. A significant association between the proprioceptive bias (absolute error) and the MABC-2 total score was also observed in the combined cohort of children with and without DLD. We conclude that DLD is associated with proprioceptive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jen Hsu
- Department of Special Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.
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2
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Boyer E, Huang Q, Ngwesse S, Nelson J, Oh J, Konczak J. Ankle proprioception in children with cerebral palsy. J Pediatr Rehabil Med 2024; 17:75-83. [PMID: 38007680 PMCID: PMC10977350 DOI: 10.3233/prm-220140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE There is no established clinical standard to evaluate ankle proprioception in children with cerebral palsy (CP). This study compared ankle position sense of children with CP to age-matched children who are typically developing (TD). METHODS Children aged 6-17 years participated (15 CP, 58 TD). Using a custom-built device, the ankle was passively rotated to two positions for 25 trials. Using a psychophysical forced-choice paradigm, participants indicated which position was more plantarflexed. A psychometric function was fitted to the response data to determine the just noticeable difference (JND) threshold and the associated uncertainty (random error) for ankle position sense. RESULTS Median JND thresholds for the CP group were elevated (CP: 4.3°, TD: 3.0°). Three children with CP exceeded the 95th percentile of TD. No differences in random error were found. CONCLUSION This method assessed ankle proprioception relative to norm data and identified position sense impairments in children with CP. Using this method can provide data on proprioceptive status in CP, augmenting the assessment of motor impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Boyer
- Center for Gait and Motion Analysis, Gillette Children's, Saint Paul, MN, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Qiyin Huang
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory of School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Stacy Ngwesse
- Department of Research, Gillette Children's, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jennifer Nelson
- Center for Gait and Motion Analysis, Gillette Children's, Saint Paul, MN, USA
| | - Jinseok Oh
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory of School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jürgen Konczak
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory of School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Casado-Palacios M, Tonelli A, Campus C, Gori M. Movement-related tactile gating in blindness. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16553. [PMID: 37783746 PMCID: PMC10545755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43526-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
When we perform an action, self-elicited movement induces suppression of somatosensory information to the cortex, requiring a correct motor-sensory and inter-sensory (i.e. cutaneous senses, kinesthesia, and proprioception) integration processes to be successful. However, recent works show that blindness might impact some of these elements. The current study investigates the effect of movement on tactile perception and the role of vision in this process. We measured the velocity discrimination threshold in 18 sighted and 18 blind individuals by having them perceive a sequence of two movements and discriminate the faster one in passive and active touch conditions. Participants' Just Noticeable Difference (JND) was measured to quantify their precision. Results showed a generally worse performance during the active touch condition compared to the passive. In particular, this difference was significant in the blind group, regardless of the blindness duration, but not in the sighted one. These findings suggest that the absence of visual calibration impacts motor-sensory and inter-sensory integration required during movement, diminishing the reliability of tactile signals in blind individuals. Our work spotlights the need for intervention in this population and should be considered in the sensory substitution/reinforcement device design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Casado-Palacios
- DIBRIS, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- UVIP- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Alessia Tonelli
- UVIP- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- UVIP- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monica Gori
- UVIP- Unit for Visually Impaired People, Italian Institute of Technology, Genoa, Italy.
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4
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Trevarrow MP, Bergwell HE, Groff BR, Wiesman AI, Wilson TW, Kurz MJ. Youth with Cerebral Palsy Display Abnormal Somatosensory Cortical Activity During a Haptic Exploration Task. Neuroscience 2023; 515:53-61. [PMID: 36796750 PMCID: PMC10023489 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
There are numerous clinical reports that youth with cerebral palsy (CP) have proprioceptive, stereognosis and tactile discrimination deficits. The growing consensus is that the altered perceptions in this population are attributable to aberrant somatosensory cortical activity seen during stimulus processing. It has been inferred from these results that youth with CP likely do not adequately process ongoing sensory feedback during motor performance. However, this conjecture has not been tested. Herein, we address this knowledge gap using magnetoencephalographic (MEG) brain imaging by applying electrical stimulation to the median nerve of youth with CP (N = 15, Age = 15.8 ± 0.83 yrs, Males = 12, MACS levels I-III) and neurotypical (NT) controls (N = 18, Age = 14.1 ± 2.4 yrs, Males = 9) while at rest (i.e., passive) and during a haptic exploration task. The results illustrated that the somatosensory cortical activity was reduced in the group with CP compared to controls during the passive and haptic conditions. Furthermore, the strength of the somatosensory cortical responses during the passive condition were positively associated with the strength of somatosensory cortical responses during the haptic condition (r = 0.75, P = 0.004). This indicates that the aberrant somatosensory cortical responses seen in youth with CP during rest are a good predictor of the extent of somatosensory cortical dysfunction during the performance of motor actions. These data provide novel evidence that aberrations in somatosensory cortical function in youth with CP likely contribute to the difficulties in sensorimotor integration and the ability to effectively plan and execute motor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Trevarrow
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Hannah E Bergwell
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Boman R Groff
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Max J Kurz
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA; Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, USA.
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5
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McClelland VM, Lin JP. Dystonia in Childhood: How Insights from Paediatric Research Enrich the Network Theory of Dystonia. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 31:1-22. [PMID: 37338693 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-26220-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is now widely accepted as a network disorder, with multiple brain regions and their interconnections playing a potential role in the pathophysiology. This model reconciles what could previously have been viewed as conflicting findings regarding the neuroanatomical and neurophysiological characteristics of the disorder, but there are still significant gaps in scientific understanding of the underlying pathophysiology. One of the greatest unmet challenges is to understand the network model of dystonia in the context of the developing brain. This article outlines how research in childhood dystonia supports and contributes to the network theory and highlights aspects where data from paediatric studies has revealed novel and unique physiological insights, with important implications for understanding dystonia across the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity M McClelland
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Women and Children's Institute, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine (FolSM), King's College London, London, UK
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Xia Y, Tanaka K, Yang M, Izumi S. Body representation underlies response of proprioceptive acuity to repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:924123. [PMID: 36016664 PMCID: PMC9395609 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.924123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprioceptive acuity is of great significance in basic research exploring a possible neural mechanism of fine motor control and in neurorehabilitation practice promoting motor function recovery of limb-disabled people. Moreover, body representation relies on the integration of multiple somatic sensations, including proprioception that is mainly generated in muscles and tendons of human joints. This study aimed to examine two hypotheses: First, different extension positions of wrist joint have different proprioceptive acuities, which might indicate different body representations of wrist joint in the brain. Second, repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation (rPMS) applied peripherally to the forearm radial nerve and extensors could change proprioceptive acuity at the wrist joint. Thirty-five healthy participants were recruited then randomly divided into the real stimulation group (n = 15) and the sham stimulation group (n = 20). The participants’ non-dominant side wrist joint position sense was tested at six extension positions within the physiological joint motion range (i.e., 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 60°) both before stimulation and after stimulation. Results showed that proprioceptive bias (arithmetic difference of target position and replicated position) among six extension positions could be divided into lower-extension position (i.e., 10°, 20°, 30°) and higher-extension position (i.e., 40°, 50°, 60°). One session rPMS could influence proprioceptive bias in lower-extension position but not in higher-extension position. However, proprioceptive precision (standard deviation within lower-extension position and higher-extension position) was not influenced. To conclude, proprioceptive bias may vary between different wrist extension positions due to different hand postures being related to changes in body representation, and different functions relating to proprioceptive bias and proprioceptive precision may underlie two aspects of body representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxiang Xia
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kento Tanaka
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Man Yang
- Graduate School of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Shinichi Izumi
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shinichi Izumi,
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Trevarrow MP, Taylor BK, Reelfs AM, Wilson TW, Kurz MJ. Aberrant movement-related somatosensory cortical activity mediates the extent of the mobility impairments in persons with cerebral palsy. J Physiol 2022; 600:3537-3548. [PMID: 35723200 PMCID: PMC9357205 DOI: 10.1113/jp282898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Persons with cerebral palsy (CP) have reduced somatosensory cortical responses at rest and during movement. The somatosensory cortical responses during movement mediate the relationship between the somatosensory cortical responses at rest and mobility. Persons with CP may have altered sensorimotor feedback that ultimately contributes to impaired mobility. ABSTRACT There are numerous clinical reports that persons with cerebral palsy (CP) have proprioceptive, stereognosis and tactile discrimination deficits. The current consensus is that these altered perceptions are attributable to aberrant somatosensory cortical activity. It has been inferred from these data that persons with CP do not adequately process ongoing sensory feedback during motor actions, which accentuates the extent of their mobility impairments. However, this hypothesis has yet to be directly tested. We used magnetoencephalographic (MEG) brain imaging to address this knowledge gap by quantifying the somatosensory dynamics evoked by applying electrical stimulation to the tibial nerve in 22 persons with CP and 25 neurotypical (NT) controls while at rest and during an ankle plantarflexion isometric force motor task. We also quantified the spatiotemporal gait biomechanics of participants outside the scanner. Consistent with the literature, our results confirmed that the strength of somatosensory cortical activity was weaker in the persons with CP compared to the NT controls. Our results also showed that the strength of the somatosensory cortical responses were significantly weaker during the isometric ankle force task than at rest. Most importantly, our results showed that the strength of somatosensory cortical activity during the ankle plantarflexion force production task mediated the relationship between somatosensory cortical activity at rest and both walking velocity and step length. These results suggest that youth with CP have aberrant somatosensory cortical activity during isometric force generation, which ultimately contributes to the extent of mobility impairments seen in this patient population. Abstract figure legend Magnetoencephalographic brain imaging was used to determine the effect of sensory feedback during movement on mobility in persons with cerebral palsy. Persons with cerebral palsy had reduced somatosensory cortical activity at rest and during movement compared with their neurotypical peers. Further, the somatosensory cortical activity during movement mediated the relationship between somatosensory cortical activity at rest and mobility. These results indicate that difficulties in sensorimotor integration may contribute to the mobility impairments seen in this patient population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Trevarrow
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Brittany K Taylor
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Anna M Reelfs
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Max J Kurz
- Institute for Human Neuroscience, Boys Town National Research Hospital, Omaha, NE, USA.,Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska
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8
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Bitu F, Galinon-Mélénec B, Molina M. Modifying Sensory Afferences on Tablet Changes Originality in Drawings. Front Psychol 2022; 13:806093. [PMID: 35774942 PMCID: PMC9239698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.806093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
According to some recent empirical studies revealing that creativity is linked to sensorimotor components, the current research was aimed at evaluating whether sensory afferences could modulate originality in drawing of children and adolescents. Sixty-nine children from 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 8th grades were required to produce a man who exists and a man who doesn’t exist with fingers or stylus on a tablet and with a pen on paper. Drawings were assessed with an originality scale comparing original drawings to unoriginal ones. Since, in comparison to drawings made on paper with a pen, drawing with fingers enhances proprioceptive information, this condition was expected, according to cognitive load theory, to favor originality in drawing by reducing cognitive resources devoted to motor control of the graphic gesture (lowering intrinsic load). On the contrary, since the use of a stylus involves a proprioceptive loss of information, which enhances intrinsic load by increasing cognitive resources devoted to motor control, it was expected that drawing with a stylus on the tablet would lead to the least original drawings. Results only partially confirmed these hypotheses. While the use of fingers on the tablet led to the highest original scores, using a stylus on the tablet did not impair originality in drawing of children and adolescents. On the opposite, the use of a stylus led 3rd–8th graders to perform better than with pen on paper. This modulation of the tool on originality does not confirm the hypotheses formulated in accordance with the cognitive load framework. However, it could be explained according to an embodied perspective of creativity considering the creative process as relying on a sensorimotor prediction process in which sensory afferences are central to generating and evaluate creative ideas. This research opens new avenues on creativity and proposes to consider the development of predictive motor control as a significant part of creativity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Bitu
- Laboratory of Psychology of Caen Normandy (LPCN EA7452), University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
- *Correspondence: Fabien Bitu,
| | - Béatrice Galinon-Mélénec
- Identity and Differentiation of Spaces, Environment and Societies (UMR IDEES 6266 CNRS), University Le Havre Normandy, Le Havre, France
| | - Michèle Molina
- Laboratory of Psychology of Caen Normandy (LPCN EA7452), University of Caen Normandy, Caen, France
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Winter L, Huang Q, Sertic JVL, Konczak J. The Effectiveness of Proprioceptive Training for Improving Motor Performance and Motor Dysfunction: A Systematic Review. FRONTIERS IN REHABILITATION SCIENCES 2022; 3:830166. [PMID: 36188962 PMCID: PMC9397687 DOI: 10.3389/fresc.2022.830166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Objective Proprioceptive training is any intervention aiming to improve proprioceptive function with the ultimate goal to enhance motor function and performance. It has been promoted as an approach to enhance athletic performance and as a tool for sensorimotor rehabilitation. Numerous studies sought to provide evidence on the effectiveness of the approach. However, many different training regimes claiming to train proprioception report a variety of sensorimotor measures that are not directly comparable. This, in turn, makes it difficult to assess effectiveness across approaches. It is the objective of this study to systematically review recent empirical evidence to gain an understanding of which outcome measures are most sensitive, which populations may benefit most from proprioceptive training, and what are the effects on proprioceptive and motor systems. Methods Four major databases were searched. The following inclusion criteria were applied: (1) A quantified pre- and post-treatment measure of proprioceptive function. (2) An intervention or training program believed to influence or enhance proprioceptive function. (3) Contained at least one form of treatment or outcome measure that is indicative of somatosensory function and not confounded by information from other sensory modalities. 4) The study reported of at least one quantified measure of motor performance. Results Of the 3,297 articles identified by the database search, 70 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included for further review. Across studies, proprioceptive training led to comparable gains in both proprioceptive (+46%) and motor performance (+45%). The majority of studies (50/70) applied active movement interventions. Interventions applying somatosensory stimulation were most successful in clinical populations. Joint position sense error (JPSE) was the most commonly used proprioceptive measure and presents a reliable and feasible measure for clinical use. Conclusion Proprioceptive training can lead to significant improvements in proprioceptive and motor function across a range healthy and clinical populations. Regimens requiring active movement of the trainee tended to be most successful in improving sensorimotor performance. Conclusive evidence on how long training gains are retained is still lacking. There is no solid evidence about the underlying long-term neuroplastic changes associated proprioceptive training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leoni Winter
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Clinical Movement Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- *Correspondence: Leoni Winter
| | - Qiyin Huang
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Clinical Movement Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jacquelyn V. L. Sertic
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Clinical Movement Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jürgen Konczak
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Center for Clinical Movement Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Tseng YT, Lin YH, Chen YW, Tsai CL, Chen FC. Impaired wrist position sense is linked to motor abnormalities in young adults with a probable developmental coordination disorder. Neurosci Lett 2022; 772:136446. [PMID: 34999167 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Proprioceptive deficits have been found to underlie motor abnormalities in individuals with movement disorders. This study investigated wrist proprioceptive acuity in young adults with and without probable developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and examined how proprioceptive acuity is linked to different domains of motor function. Thirty participants were included in this study (age, 19-22 years), ten with probable DCD and 20 controls. Wrist proprioceptive acuity was assessed using a joint position sense paradigm under contralateral and ipsilateral conditions. The Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency 2nd Edition (BOT-2) was used to measure different domains of motor ability. Compared to the control group, young adults with probable DCD exhibited significantly increased proprioceptive error variability in contralateral (p < 0.0001) and ipsilateral conditions (p < 0.05). Furthermore, wrist proprioceptive error variability was significantly associated with the levels of body coordination measured by BOT-2 (r = - 0.55). This study verified impaired wrist proprioceptive function in young adults with probable DCD, which is likely to contribute to motor impairment in adults with DCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University. No.521, Nanda Road, East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan; Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University. No.521, Nanda Road, East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University. No.521, Nanda Road, East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University. No.521, Nanda Road, East District, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institutes of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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Szabo DA, Neagu N, Teodorescu S, Panait CM, Sopa IS. Study on the Influence of Proprioceptive Control versus Visual Control on Reaction Speed, Hand Coordination, and Lower Limb Balance in Young Students 14-15 Years Old. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph181910356. [PMID: 34639656 PMCID: PMC8508127 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph181910356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Currently, sports activities require a high reaction speed, coordination, and balance, highlighting the relationship between proprioceptive control, visual control, and hand–eye coordination in youth. The present research assessed the proprioceptive control, reaction speed, and lower limb balance of youth from five different schools to identify the level of physical preparation of children in this direction. This prospective study was conducted between 1 January 2020 and 29 February 2020. A total of 107 healthy children (33 females and 74 males) with appropriate medical conditions, aged between 14 and 15 years, from five Romanian schools were included in the experiment. All children were assessed for visual control and reaction speed with the ruler drop test, and for lower limb balance, the standing stork test was used. Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics, data series distribution, and comparison of means and medians using specific statistical programs. Comparison of medians highlighted significant statistical differences in the standing stork test with eyes closed and the dominant leg compared with the nondominant leg (p = 0.0057). Males were compared to females at the nondominant leg (p = 0.0179); closed eyes were compared with opened eyes for the nondominant leg (p = 0.0175 and 0.0006) for the ruler drop test comparing the dominant hand with the nondominant hand (p = 0.0212). Children who engage in sports activities better integrated sensory information in motor action execution based on reaction speed and coordination with the nondominant hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Alexandru Szabo
- Department ME1—Faculty of Medicine in English, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Nicolae Neagu
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 540139 Targu Mures, Romania;
| | - Silvia Teodorescu
- Department of Doctoral Studies, National University of Physical Education and Sports, 060057 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ciprian Marius Panait
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, National University of Physical Education and Sports, 060057 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Ioan Sabin Sopa
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Physics, Physical Education and Sports, “Lucian Blaga” University Sibiu, 550012 Sibiu, Romania;
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12
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McClelland VM, Lin JP. Sensorimotor Integration in Childhood Dystonia and Dystonic Cerebral Palsy-A Developmental Perspective. Front Neurol 2021; 12:668081. [PMID: 34367047 PMCID: PMC8343097 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.668081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystonia is a disorder of sensorimotor integration, involving dysfunction within the basal ganglia, cortex, cerebellum, or their inter-connections as part of the sensorimotor network. Some forms of dystonia are also characterized by maladaptive or exaggerated plasticity. Development of the neuronal processes underlying sensorimotor integration is incompletely understood but involves activity-dependent modeling and refining of sensorimotor circuits through processes that are already taking place in utero and which continue through infancy, childhood, and into adolescence. Several genetic dystonias have clinical onset in early childhood, but there is evidence that sensorimotor circuit development may already be disrupted prenatally in these conditions. Dystonic cerebral palsy (DCP) is a form of acquired dystonia with perinatal onset during a period of rapid neurodevelopment and activity-dependent refinement of sensorimotor networks. However, physiological studies of children with dystonia are sparse. This discussion paper addresses the role of neuroplasticity in the development of sensorimotor integration with particular focus on the relevance of these mechanisms for understanding childhood dystonia, DCP, and implications for therapy selection, including neuromodulation and timing of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity M McClelland
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Kimura K, Itokazu M, Otabe N. Characteristics of the joint position sense in children with developmental dyslexia. J Phys Ther Sci 2021; 33:236-240. [PMID: 33814710 PMCID: PMC8012183 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.33.236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] Developmental dyslexia is a disorder in which reading and writing of
characters is difficult. The present study investigated age-dependent joint position sense
of the forearm and wrist and whether children with developmental dyslexia have less joint
position sense than typically developing children. [Participants and Methods] The
participants were comprised of 84 typically developing elementary school students, 12
university students, and 2 children with developmental dyslexia. Joint position sense was
evaluated using the reproduction method based on four tasks. The participants were divided
into three age groups. The children with developmental dyslexia were compared with the
typically developing children in the same age group. [Results] Significant negative
correlations were found between the reproduction error of the typically developing
children and that of the university students in most tasks. The children with
developmental dyslexia showed increased reproduction error relative to the reproduction
error of the typically developing children in the same age group in 4 of the 8 tasks.
[Conclusion] The accuracy of the joint position sense improved with development. However,
the joint position sense of the children with developmental dyslexia was lower than that
of the typically developing children in the same age group. The difficulty in writing
experienced by children with developmental dyslexia may be related to joint position
sensing impairment due to impaired joint position sense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kimura
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital: 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
| | - Masafumi Itokazu
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Japan
| | - Natsuko Otabe
- Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital: 35-2 Sakae-cho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0015, Japan
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14
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EEG measures of sensorimotor processing and their development are abnormal in children with isolated dystonia and dystonic cerebral palsy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 30:102569. [PMID: 33583764 PMCID: PMC8044718 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Dystonia is a disorder of sensorimotor integration associated with abnormal oscillatory activity within the basal ganglia-thalamo-cortical networks. Event-related changes in spectral EEG activity reflect cortical processing but are sparsely investigated in relation to sensorimotor processing in dystonia. This study investigates modulation of sensorimotor cortex EEG activity in response to a proprioceptive stimulus in children with dystonia and dystonic cerebral palsy (CP). Proprioceptive stimuli, comprising brief stretches of the wrist flexors, were delivered via a robotic wrist interface to 30 young people with dystonia (20 isolated genetic/idiopathic and 10 dystonic CP) and 22 controls (mean age 12.7 years). Scalp EEG was recorded using the 10-20 international system and the relative change in post-stimulus power with respect to baseline was calculated for the alpha (8-12 Hz) and beta (14-30 Hz) frequency bands. A clear developmental profile in event-related spectral changes was seen in controls. Controls showed a prominent early alpha/mu band event-related desynchronisation (ERD) followed by an event-related synchronisation (ERS) over the contralateral sensorimotor cortex following movement of either hand. The alpha ERD was significantly smaller in the dystonia groups for both dominant and non-dominant hand movement (ANCOVA across the 3 groups with age as covariate: dominant hand F(2,47) = 4.45 p = 0.017; non-dominant hand F(2,42) = 9.397 p < 0.001. Alpha ERS was significantly smaller in dystonia for the dominant hand (ANCOVA F(2,47) = 7.786 p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in ERD or ERS between genetic/idiopathic dystonia and dystonic CP. CONCLUSION: Modulation of alpha/mu activity by a proprioceptive stimulus is reduced in dystonia, demonstrating a developmental abnormality of sensorimotor processing which is common to isolated genetic/idiopathic and acquired dystonia/dystonic CP.
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15
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Kröger S, Watkins B. Muscle spindle function in healthy and diseased muscle. Skelet Muscle 2021; 11:3. [PMID: 33407830 PMCID: PMC7788844 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-020-00258-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost every muscle contains muscle spindles. These delicate sensory receptors inform the central nervous system (CNS) about changes in the length of individual muscles and the speed of stretching. With this information, the CNS computes the position and movement of our extremities in space, which is a requirement for motor control, for maintaining posture and for a stable gait. Many neuromuscular diseases affect muscle spindle function contributing, among others, to an unstable gait, frequent falls and ataxic behavior in the affected patients. Nevertheless, muscle spindles are usually ignored during examination and analysis of muscle function and when designing therapeutic strategies for neuromuscular diseases. This review summarizes the development and function of muscle spindles and the changes observed under pathological conditions, in particular in the various forms of muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Kröger
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Bridgette Watkins
- Department of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Str. 9, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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16
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Ahmed E, El Khoribi RA, Darwish G, Muzy A, Bernot G. Modeling of the development of the fetus cognitive map from the sensorimotor system. EGYPTIAN INFORMATICS JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eij.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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17
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Tseng YT, Tsai CL, Chen FC. Wrist proprioceptive acuity is linked to fine motor function in children undergoing piano training. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:2052-2059. [PMID: 33112691 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00282.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Playing the piano involves rapid and precise upper limb movements, which require seamless integration of the proprioceptive and motor systems. In this study, we comprehensively assessed active and passive proprioception and different domains of motor function in young pianists, aiming to understand how their proprioceptive and motor functions are improved. Fifty-seven participants, including seventeen 11- to 12-yr-old (young) pianists, 20 children, and 20 adults, were included. The children in the pianist group had received piano training for 6 yr, whereas the children and adults in the control groups had no previous experience with instrumental training. All participants performed a psychophysical discrimination threshold hunting task and an ipsilateral joint position reproduction task, both of which measured the position sense acuity of the wrist. Their motor function was evaluated by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition. The results revealed that the young pianists showed a significantly lower position sense discrimination threshold (31%) and fewer joint position reproduction errors (49%) than the nontrained children. Second, a higher level of manual dexterity, but not of ball skills or balance, was found in the young pianist group. Third, a higher proprioceptive acuity (i.e., decreased position sense discrimination threshold) significantly correlated with higher manual dexterity. This study documents that a high wrist position sense is a common characteristic among young pianists. The increased upper limb position sense acuity is correlated with better manual dexterity, suggesting that piano practice may benefit untrained fine motor skills in children.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We document that improved proprioceptive acuity is a common feature in young pianists. This proprioceptive improvement is associated with both proprioceptive processing and proprioceptive-motor integration. Higher wrist proprioceptive acuity in young pianists is linked to enhanced manual dexterity, which suggests that intensive piano training may improve untrained fine motor skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tseng
- Department of Kinesiology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.,Research Center for Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health and Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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18
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Perin C, Valagussa G, Mazzucchelli M, Gariboldi V, Cerri CG, Meroni R, Grossi E, Cornaggia CM, Menant J, Piscitelli D. Physiological Profile Assessment of Posture in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Typically Developing Peers. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100681. [PMID: 32992546 PMCID: PMC7601261 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A sound postural system requires sensorimotor integration. Evidence suggests that individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) present sensorimotor integration impairments. The Physiological Profile Assessment (PPA) can be used to evaluate postural capacity assessing five physiological subsets (i.e., vision, reaction time, peripheral sensation, lower limb strength, balance); however, no studies applied the PPA in young individuals. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the PPA in children and adolescents with ASD compared with age-matched typically developing (TD) individuals and examine the relationship between the PPA subset within the ASD and TD participants according to different age groups. Percentiles from the PPA were obtained from the TD children and adolescents (n = 135) for each test. Performances of the individuals with ASD (n = 18) were examined relative to the TD percentiles. ASD participants' scores were above the 90th percentile (i.e., poor performance) in most sensory, motor and balance parameters. Performance in most of the PPA tests significantly improved with older age in the TD group but not in the ASD group. The study findings support the use of the PPA in TD children and adolescents while further research should investigate postural capacity in a larger ASD sample to enhance the understanding of sensorimotor systems contributing to compromised postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Perin
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (M.M.); (V.G.); (C.G.C.); (C.M.C.); (D.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0362-986-446; Fax: +39-0362-986-439
| | - Giulio Valagussa
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (M.M.); (V.G.); (C.G.C.); (C.M.C.); (D.P.)
- Autism Research Unit, “Villa Santa Maria” Foundation, 22038 Como, Italy;
| | - Miryam Mazzucchelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (M.M.); (V.G.); (C.G.C.); (C.M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Valentina Gariboldi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (M.M.); (V.G.); (C.G.C.); (C.M.C.); (D.P.)
- ASST Rhodense, Ospedale “G. Salvini”, 20024 Milan, Italy
| | - Cesare Giuseppe Cerri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (M.M.); (V.G.); (C.G.C.); (C.M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Roberto Meroni
- Department of Physiotherapy, LUNEX International University of Health, Exercise and Sports, Differdange, 4671 Luxembourg, Luxembourg;
| | - Enzo Grossi
- Autism Research Unit, “Villa Santa Maria” Foundation, 22038 Como, Italy;
| | - Cesare Maria Cornaggia
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (M.M.); (V.G.); (C.G.C.); (C.M.C.); (D.P.)
| | - Jasmine Menant
- Neuroscience Research Australia and School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia;
| | - Daniele Piscitelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy; (G.V.); (M.M.); (V.G.); (C.G.C.); (C.M.C.); (D.P.)
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y5, Canada
- School of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Pacific University, Hillsboro, OR 97123, USA
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19
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Motor Development Research: II. The First Two Decades of the 21st Century Shaping Our Future. JOURNAL OF MOTOR LEARNING AND DEVELOPMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1123/jmld.2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In Part I of this series I, we looked back at the 20th century and re-examined the history of Motor Development research described in Clark & Whitall’s 1989 paper “What is Motor Development? The Lessons of History”. We now move to the 21st century, where the trajectories of developmental research have evolved in focus, branched in scope, and diverged into three new areas. These have progressed to be independent research areas, co-existing in time. We posit that the research focus on Dynamical Systems at the end of the 20th century has evolved into a Developmental Systems approach in the 21st century. Additionally, the focus on brain imaging and the neural basis of movement have resulted in a new approach, which we entitled Developmental Motor Neuroscience. Finally, as the world-wide obesity epidemic identified in the 1990s threatened to become a public health crisis, researchers in the field responded by examining the role of motor development in physical activity and health-related outcomes; we refer to this research area as the Developmental Health approach. The glue that holds these research areas together is their focus on movement behavior as it changes across the lifespan.
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20
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Gehringer JE, Arpin DJ, VerMaas JR, Trevarrow MP, Wilson TW, Kurz MJ. The Strength of the Movement-related Somatosensory Cortical Oscillations Differ between Adolescents and Adults. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18520. [PMID: 31811232 PMCID: PMC6898653 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescents demonstrate increasing mastery of motor actions with age. One prevailing hypothesis is that maturation of the somatosensory system during adolescence contributes to the improved motor control. However, limited efforts have been made to determine if somatosensory cortical processing is different in adolescents during movement. In this study, we used magnetoencephalographic brain imaging to begin addressing this knowledge gap by applying an electrical stimulation to the tibial nerve as adolescents (Age = 14.8 ± 2.5 yrs.) and adults (Age = 36.8 ± 5.0 yrs.) produced an isometric ankle plantarflexion force, or sat with no motor activity. Our results showed strong somatosensory cortical oscillations for both conditions in the alpha-beta (8–30 Hz) and gamma (38–80 Hz) ranges that occurred immediately after the stimulation (0–125 ms), and a beta (18–26 Hz) oscillatory response shortly thereafter (300–400 ms). Compared with the passive condition, all of these frequency specific cortical oscillations were attenuated while producing the ankle force. The attenuation of the alpha-beta response was greater in adolescents, while the adults had a greater attenuation of the beta response. These results imply that altered attenuation of the somatosensory cortical oscillations might be central to the under-developed somatosensory processing and motor performance characteristics in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Gehringer
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department Physical Therapy, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - David J Arpin
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department Physical Therapy, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Jacy R VerMaas
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department Physical Therapy, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Michael P Trevarrow
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department Physical Therapy, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.,Department of Neurological Sciences, UNMC, Omaha, Nebraska, United States
| | - Max J Kurz
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States. .,Department Physical Therapy, Munroe Meyer Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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21
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Yang N, Waddington G, Adams R, Han J. Age-related changes in proprioception of the ankle complex across the lifespan. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:548-554. [PMID: 31720066 PMCID: PMC6835017 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ankle complex proprioceptive ability, needed in active human movement, may change from childhood to elderly adulthood; however, its development across all life stages has remained unexamined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the across-the-lifespan trend for proprioceptive ability of the ankle complex during active ankle inversion movement. METHODS The right ankles of 118 healthy right-handed participants in 6 groups were assessed: children (6-8 years old), adolescents (13-15 years old), young adults (18-25 years old), middle-aged adults (35-50 years old), old adults (60-74 years old), and very old adults (75-90 years old). While the participants were standing, their ankle complex proprioception was measured using the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus. RESULTS There was no significant interaction between the effects of age group and gender on ankle proprioceptive acuity (F (5, 106) = 0.593, p = 0.705, η2 p = 0.027). Simple main effects analysis showed that there was a significant main effect for age group (F (5, 106) = 22.521, p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.515) but no significant main effect for gender (F (1,106) = 2.283, p = 0.134, η 2 p = 0.021) between the female (0.723 ± 0.092, mean ± SD) and the male (0.712 ± 0.083) participants. The age-group factor was associated with a significant linear downward trend in scores (F (1, 106) = 10.584, p = 0.002, η 2 p = 0.091) and a strong quadratic trend component (F (1,106) = 100.701, p < 0.001, η 2 p = 0.480), producing an asymmetric inverted-U function. CONCLUSION The test method of the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus is sensitive to age differences in ankle complex proprioception. For proprioception of the ankle complex, young adults had significantly better scores than children, adolescents, old adults, and very old adults. The middle-aged group had levels of ankle proprioceptive acuity similar to those of the young adults. The scores for males and females were not significantly different. Examination of the range of the scores in each age group highlights the possible level that ankle complex movement proprioceptive rehabilitation can reach, especially for those 75-90 years of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Yang
- School of International Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Gordon Waddington
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Roger Adams
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Jia Han
- Research Institute for Sports and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
- Faculty of Health, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Sydney, VIC 3122, Australia
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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22
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Trudeau-Fisette P, Ito T, Ménard L. Auditory and Somatosensory Interaction in Speech Perception in Children and Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:344. [PMID: 31636554 PMCID: PMC6788346 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisensory integration (MSI) allows us to link sensory cues from multiple sources and plays a crucial role in speech development. However, it is not clear whether humans have an innate ability or whether repeated sensory input while the brain is maturing leads to efficient integration of sensory information in speech. We investigated the integration of auditory and somatosensory information in speech processing in a bimodal perceptual task in 15 young adults (age 19–30) and 14 children (age 5–6). The participants were asked to identify if the perceived target was the sound /e/ or /ø/. Half of the stimuli were presented under a unimodal condition with only auditory input. The other stimuli were presented under a bimodal condition with both auditory input and somatosensory input consisting of facial skin stretches provided by a robotic device, which mimics the articulation of the vowel /e/. The results indicate that the effect of somatosensory information on sound categorization was larger in adults than in children. This suggests that integration of auditory and somatosensory information evolves throughout the course of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paméla Trudeau-Fisette
- Laboratoire de Phonétique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Takayuki Ito
- GIPSA-Lab, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Haskins Laboratories, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Lucie Ménard
- Laboratoire de Phonétique, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Centre for Research on Brain, Language and Music, Montreal, QC, Canada
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23
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Marini F, Gordon-Murer C, Sera M, Tanha T, Licudo F, Zenzeri J, Hughes CM. Age-related Declines in Sensorimotor Proficiency are Specific to the Tested Motor Skill Component. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2019; 2019:654-659. [PMID: 31374705 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2019.8779560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This study utilized a 3-degree of freedom robotic device (Wristbot) to examine wrist proprioception and eye-hand coordination in a cross-sectional sample of sixty-three young adults (19-29 years), 20 older young adults (30-49), and 17 older adults (50 years and older). Results indicated differences in the emergence of age-related declines in sensorimotor functioning depending on the tested motor skill component. While young adults exhibited smaller matching error and lower variability compared to older young adults and older adults on the proprioception task, we observed lower times-on-target and higher Linearity indices for participants older than 50 years of age compared to both young adults and older young adults. The present results provide necessary quantitative information on sensorimotor function in adulthood, and have implications for the early diagnosis and effective management of sensorimotor dysfunction in clinical settings using a commercially available robotic device.
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24
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Kurz MJ, Wiesman AI, Coolidge NM, Wilson TW. Haptic exploration attenuates and alters somatosensory cortical oscillations. J Physiol 2018; 596:5051-5061. [PMID: 30152170 DOI: 10.1113/jp276263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Several behavioural studies have shown the sensory perceptions are reduced during movement; yet the neurophysiological reason for this is not clear. Participants underwent stimulation of the median nerve when either sitting quietly (i.e. passive stimulation condition) or performing haptic exploration of a ball with the left hand. Magnetoencephalographic brain imaging and advanced beamforming methods were used to identify the differences in somatosensory cortical responses. We show that the neural populations active during the passive stimulation condition were strongly gated during the haptic exploration task. These results imply that the reduced haptic perceptions might be governed by gating of certain somatosensory neural populations. ABSTRACT Several behavioural studies have shown that children have reduced sensory perceptions during movement; however, the neurophysiological nexus for these altered perceptions remains unknown. We used magnetoencephalographic brain imaging and advanced beamforming methods to address this knowledge gap. In our experiment, a cohort of children (aged 10-18 years) underwent stimulation of the median nerve when either sitting quietly (i.e. passive stimulation condition) or performing haptic exploration of a ball with the left hand. Our results revealed two novel observations. First, there was a relationship between the child's age and the strength of the beta (18-26 Hz) response seen within the somatosensory cortices during the passive stimulation condition. This suggests that there may be an age-dependent change in the processing of peripheral feedback by the somatosensory cortices. Second, all of the cortical regions that were active during the passive stimulation condition were almost completely gated during the haptic task. Instead, the haptic task involved neural oscillations within Brodmann area 2, which is known to convey less spatially precise tactile information but is involved in the processing of more complex somatosensations across the respective digits. These results imply that the reduced somatosensory perceptions seen during movements in healthy children may be related to the gating of certain neural generators, as well as activation of haptic-specific neural generators within the somatosensory cortices. The utilization of such haptic-specific circuits during development may lead to the enhanced somatosensory processing during haptic exploration seen in healthy adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Kurz
- Department of Physical Therapy, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Alex I Wiesman
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nathan M Coolidge
- Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Tony W Wilson
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.,Center for Magnetoencephalography, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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25
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Naito E, Morita T, Saito DN, Ban M, Shimada K, Okamoto Y, Kosaka H, Okazawa H, Asada M. Development of Right-hemispheric Dominance of Inferior Parietal Lobule in Proprioceptive Illusion Task. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:5385-5397. [PMID: 28968653 PMCID: PMC5939204 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional lateralization can be an indicator of brain maturation. We have consistently shown that, in the adult brain, proprioceptive processing of muscle spindle afferents generating illusory movement of the right hand activates inferior frontoparietal cortical regions in a right-side dominant manner in addition to the cerebrocerebellar motor network. Here we provide novel evidence regarding the development of the right-dominant use of the inferior frontoparietal cortical regions in humans using this task. We studied brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging while 60 right-handed blindfolded healthy children (8-11 years), adolescents (12-15 years), and young adults (18-23 years) (20 per group) experienced the illusion. Adult-like right-dominant use of the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) was observed in adolescents, while children used the IPL bilaterally. In contrast, adult-like lateralized cerebrocerebellar motor activation patterns were already observable in children. The right-side dominance progresses during adolescence along with the suppression of the left-sided IPL activity that emerges during childhood. Therefore, the neuronal processing implemented in the adult's right IPL during the proprioceptive illusion task is likely mediated bilaterally during childhood, and then becomes right-lateralized during adolescence at a substantially later time than the lateralized use of the cerebrocerebellar motor system for kinesthetic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi Naito
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 2A6 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Medicine, Osaka University, 1-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Morita
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 2A6 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Daisuke N Saito
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.,Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-0934, Japan
| | - Midori Ban
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Faculty of Psychology, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tataramiyakodani, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Koji Shimada
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.,Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Yuko Okamoto
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kosaka
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.,Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Okazawa
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan.,Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, 23-3 Matsuoka-Shimoaiduki, Eiheiji-cho, Yoshida-gun, Fukui 910-1193, Japan
| | - Minoru Asada
- Center for Information and Neural Networks (CiNet), National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), 2A6 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Wrist position sense acuity and its relation to motor dysfunction in children with developmental coordination disorder. Neurosci Lett 2018; 674:106-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Tseng YT, Tsai CL, Chen FC, Konczak J. Position Sense Dysfunction Affects Proximal and Distal Arm Joints in Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. J Mot Behav 2017; 51:49-58. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1415200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ting Tseng
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Chia-Liang Tsai
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Chen Chen
- Department of Physical Education, National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Jürgen Konczak
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Van de Winckel A, Tseng YT, Chantigian D, Lorant K, Zarandi Z, Buchanan J, Zeffiro TA, Larson M, Olson-Kellogg B, Konczak J, Keller-Ross ML. Age-Related Decline of Wrist Position Sense and its Relationship to Specific Physical Training. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:570. [PMID: 29209188 PMCID: PMC5702425 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Perception of limb and body positions is known as proprioception. Sensory feedback, especially from proprioceptive receptors, is essential for motor control. Aging is associated with a decline in position sense at proximal joints, but there is inconclusive evidence of distal joints being equally affected by aging. In addition, there is initial evidence that physical activity attenuates age-related decline in proprioception. Our objectives were, first, to establish wrist proprioceptive acuity in a large group of seniors and compare their perception to young adults, and second, to determine if specific types of training or regular physical activity are associated with preserved wrist proprioception. We recruited community-dwelling seniors (n = 107, mean age, 70 ± 5 years, range, 65–84 years) without cognitive decline (Mini Mental State Examination-brief version ≥13/16) and young adult students (n = 51, mean age, 20 ± 1 years, range, 19–26 years). Participants performed contralateral and ipsilateral wrist position sense matching tasks with a bimanual wrist manipulandum to a 15° flexion reference position. Systematic error or proprioceptive bias was computed as the mean difference between matched and reference position. The respective standard deviation over five trials constituted a measure of random error or proprioceptive precision. Current levels of physical activity and previous sport, musical, or dance training were obtained through a questionnaire. We employed longitudinal mixed effects linear models to calculate the effects of trial number, sex, type of matching task and age on wrist proprioceptive bias and precision. The main results were that relative proprioceptive bias was greater in older when compared to young adults (mean difference: 36% ipsilateral, 88% contralateral, p < 0.01). Proprioceptive precision for contralateral but not for ipsilateral matching was smaller in older than in young adults (mean difference: 38% contralateral, p < 0.01). Longer years of dance training were associated with smaller bias during ipsilateral matching (p < 0.01). Other types of training or physical activity levels did not affect bias or precision. Our findings demonstrate that aging is associated with a decline in proprioceptive bias in distal arm joints, but age does not negatively affect proprioceptive precision. Further, specific types of long-term dance related training may attenuate age-related decline in proprioceptive bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann Van de Winckel
- Brain Plasticity Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Yu-Ting Tseng
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Daniel Chantigian
- Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Lorant
- Illinois Bone and Joint Institute, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Zinat Zarandi
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jeffrey Buchanan
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | | | - Mia Larson
- Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Becky Olson-Kellogg
- Division of Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jürgen Konczak
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Manda L Keller-Ross
- Cardiovascular Research and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Division of Physical Therapy and Division of Rehabilitation Science, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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Marini F, Hughes CML, Morasso P, Masia L. The effects of age and amplitude on wrist proprioceptive acuity. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2017; 2017:609-614. [PMID: 28813887 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2017.8009315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study examined wrist proprioception in a cross-sectional sample of 44 children aged between 8-to 14-years and a control group of 10 neurologically and physically healthy adults. Using a 3-degrees of freedom robotic device, participants performed an ipsilateral joint position matching task in which target amplitude (40% or 80% functional range of motion [fRoM]) and degrees-of-freedom (Flexion/Extension [FE], Radial/Ulnar deviation [RUD], Pronation/Supination [PS]) were manipulated. Results indicated that proprioceptive function became more accurate and consistent over the developmental spectrum, but that the ability to utilize proprioceptive feedback did not reach adult levels till the age of 10-11 years. Furthermore, proprioceptive acuity was influenced by target amplitude, such that movements were more accurate for the 80% fROM compared to the 40% fROM target for both the RUD and PS DoFs, independently of age. The present results provide critical information about the typical development of wrist proprioception that will enable clinicians to chart the course of development and dysfunction in neurological disorders in children, and help establish protocols for the robotic diagnosis and assessment of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Marini F, Squeri V, Morasso P, Campus C, Konczak J, Masia L. Robot-aided developmental assessment of wrist proprioception in children. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28069028 PMCID: PMC5223571 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-016-0215-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several neurodevelopmental disorders and brain injuries in children have been associated with proprioceptive dysfunction that will negatively affect their movement. Unfortunately, there is lack of reliable and objective clinical examination protocols and our current knowledge of how proprioception evolves in typically developing children is still sparse. METHODS Using a robotic exoskeleton, we investigated proprioceptive acuity of the wrist in a group of 49 typically developing healthy children (8-15 years), and a group of 40 young adults. Without vision participants performed an ipsilateral wrist joint position matching task that required them to reproduce (match) a previously experienced target position. All three joint degrees-of-freedom of the wrist/hand complex were assessed. Accuracy and precision were evaluated as a measure of proprioceptive acuity. The cross-sectional data indicating the time course of development of acuity were then fitted by four models in order to determine which function best describes developmental changes in proprioception across age. RESULTS First, the robot-aided assessment proved to be an easy to administer method for objectively measuring proprioceptive acuity in both children and adult populations. Second, proprioceptive acuity continued to develop throughout middle childhood and early adolescence, improving by more than 50% with respect to the youngest group. Adult levels of performance were reached approximately by the age of 12 years. An inverse-root function best described the development of proprioceptive acuity across the age groups. Third, wrist/forearm proprioception is anisotropic across the three DoFs with the Abduction/Adduction exhibiting a higher level of acuity than those of Flexion/extension and Pronation/Supination. This anisotropy did not change across development. CONCLUSIONS Proprioceptive development for the wrist continues well into early adolescence. Our normative data obtained trough this novel robot-aided assessment method provide a basis against which proprioceptive function of pediatric population can be compared. This may aid the design of more effective sensorimotor intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Marini
- Motor Learning and Robotic Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Valentina Squeri
- Motor Learning and Robotic Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Pietro Morasso
- Motor Learning and Robotic Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Claudio Campus
- Motor Learning and Robotic Rehabilitation Laboratory, Department of Robotics, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Jürgen Konczak
- Human Sensorimotor Control Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Center for Clinical Movement Science, University of Minnesota, USA, 1900 University Ave S E, Minneapolis, 24105, USA
| | - Lorenzo Masia
- School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore, 639798.
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