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Caggiano P, Cocchini G, Stefano DD, Romano D. The different impact of attention, movement, and sensory information on body metric representation. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024; 77:1044-1051. [PMID: 37382243 PMCID: PMC11032629 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231187385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of research investigating the relationship between body representation and tool-use has shown that body representation is highly malleable. The nature of the body representation does not consist only of sensory attributes but also of motor action-oriented qualities, which may modulate the subjective experience of our own body. However, how these multisensory factors and integrations may specifically guide and constrain body reorientation's plasticity has been under-investigated. In this study, we used a forearm bisection task to selectively investigate the contribution of motor, sensory, and attentional aspects in guiding body representation malleability. Results show that the perceived forearm midpoint deviates from the real one. This shift is further modulated by a motor task but not by a sensory task, whereas the attentional task generates more uncertain results. Our findings provide novel insight into the individual role of movement, somatosensation, and attention in modulating body metric representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Caggiano
- School of Life & Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK
| | - Gianna Cocchini
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Daniele Romano
- Psychology Department, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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2
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McManus R, Thomas LE. Action does not drive visual biases in peri-tool space. Atten Percept Psychophys 2024; 86:525-535. [PMID: 38127254 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Observers experience visual biases in the area around handheld tools. These biases may occur when active use leads an observer to incorporate a tool into the body schema. However, the visual salience of a handheld tool may instead create an attentional prioritization that is not reliant on body-based representations. We investigated these competing explanations of near-tool visual biases in two experiments during which participants performed a target detection task. Targets could appear near or far from a tool positioned next to a display. In Experiment 1, participants showed facilitation in detecting targets that appeared near a simple handheld rake tool regardless of whether they first used the rake to retrieve objects, but participants who only viewed the tool without holding it were no faster to detect targets appearing near the rake than targets that appeared on the opposite side of the display. In a second experiment, participants who held a novel magnetic tool again showed a near-tool bias even when they refrained from using the tool. Taken together, these results suggest active use is unnecessary, but visual salience is not sufficient, to introduce visual biases in peri-tool space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McManus
- Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Laura E Thomas
- Center for Visual and Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.
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3
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Ikejiri I, Murakami T, Yamauchi R, Yamaguchi H, Kodama T. Development and Validation of the Body Cognition Assessment System. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1237. [PMID: 37759838 PMCID: PMC10526995 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13091237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Body awareness, which comprises the sense of body possession and action ownership, is essential for the adaptive movement of humans in response to external environments. However, existing body cognition assessments include many overt elements of cognitive functional activity, but no assessment captures the latent body cognition necessary for exercise and daily life activities. Therefore, this study aimed to devise a body cognition assessment system (BCAS) to examine the functional basis of body cognition in healthy participants and investigate its usefulness. The BCAS was used to assess body cognition on three occasions, and BCAS values were calculated from the results of the assessment. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine reproducibility. Neural activity in the brain during somatocognition assessment while conducting the BCAS was measured by electroencephalogram. Moreover, the functional basis for somatocognition with the BCAS was also investigated. The results demonstrated that the BCAS values varied across the three administrations (ICC (1.3) = 0.372), and changes in the state of neural activity in the brain were observed. The results suggest that assessment using the BCAS may be a new indicator of ever-changing body cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Ikejiri
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (I.I.); (R.Y.)
| | - Takashi Murakami
- Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (T.M.); (H.Y.)
- Department of Rehabilitation, Kyoto Hakauikai Hospital, Kyoto 603-8041, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (I.I.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hideaki Yamaguchi
- Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (T.M.); (H.Y.)
- CARETECH plus, Nagoya 462-0847, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kodama
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kyoto Tachibana University, Kyoto 607-8175, Japan; (I.I.); (R.Y.)
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4
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Are tools truly incorporated as an extension of the body representation?: Assessing the evidence for tool embodiment. Psychon Bull Rev 2022; 29:343-368. [PMID: 35322322 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-02032-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The predominant view on human tool-use suggests that an action-oriented body representation, the body schema, is altered to fit the tool being wielded, a phenomenon termed tool embodiment. While observations of perceptual change after tool-use purport to support this hypothesis, several issues undermine their validity in this context, discussed at length in this critical review. The primary measures used as indicators of tool embodiment each face unique challenges to their construct validity. Further, the perceptual changes taken as indicating extension of the body representation only appear to account for a fraction of the tool's size in any given experiment, and do not demonstrate the covariance with tool length that the embodiment hypothesis would predict. The expression of tool embodiment also appears limited to a narrow range of tool-use tasks, as deviations from a simple reaching paradigm can mollify or eliminate embodiment effects altogether. The shortcomings identified here generate important avenues for future research. Until the source of the kinematic and perceptual effects that have substantiated tool embodiment is disambiguated, the hypothesis that the body representation changes to fit tools during tool-use should not be favored over other possibilities such as the formation of separable internal tool models, which seem to offer a more complete account of human tool-use behaviors. Indeed, studies of motor learning have observed analogous perceptual changes as aftereffects to adaptation despite the absence of handheld tool-use, offering a compelling alternative explanation, though more work is needed to confirm this possibility.
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5
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Fabio C, Salemme R, Koun E, Farnè A, Miller LE. Alpha Oscillations Are Involved in Localizing Touch on Handheld Tools. J Cogn Neurosci 2022; 34:675-686. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The sense of touch is not restricted to the body but can also extend to external objects. When we use a handheld tool to contact an object, we feel the touch on the tool and not in the hand holding the tool. The ability to perceive touch on a tool actually extends along its entire surface, allowing the user to accurately localize where it is touched similarly as they would on their body. Although the neural mechanisms underlying the ability to localize touch on the body have been largely investigated, those allowing to localize touch on a tool are still unknown. We aimed to fill this gap by recording the electroencephalography signal of participants while they localized tactile stimuli on a handheld rod. We focused on oscillatory activity in the alpha (7–14 Hz) and beta (15–30 Hz) ranges, as they have been previously linked to distinct spatial codes used to localize touch on the body. Beta activity reflects the mapping of touch in skin-based coordinates, whereas alpha activity reflects the mapping of touch in external space. We found that alpha activity was solely modulated by the location of tactile stimuli applied on a handheld rod. Source reconstruction suggested that this alpha power modulation was localized in a network of fronto-parietal regions previously implicated in higher-order tactile and spatial processing. These findings are the first to implicate alpha oscillations in tool-extended sensing and suggest an important role for processing touch in external space when localizing touch on a tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Fabio
- ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, France
- University of Lyon 1, France
| | - Romeo Salemme
- ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, France
- University of Lyon 1, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion, France
| | - Eric Koun
- ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, France
- University of Lyon 1, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, France
- University of Lyon 1, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion, France
- University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Luke E. Miller
- ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, France
- University of Lyon 1, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neuro-immersion, France
- Donders Institute for Brain, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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6
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Caggiano P, Bertone E, Cocchini G. Same action in different spatial locations induces selective modulation of body metric representation. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2509-2518. [PMID: 34142190 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06135-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have hypothesized that the stereotypical representation of the body may reflect some functional aspects of routine actions that are performed in specific peripersonal domains. For example, the lower and upper limbs tend to 'act' in different peripersonal spaces and perform different functions. The present study aims to directly investigate the relationship between body representation and the spatial context where actions are performed. By means of a modified version of the body image task, we investigated body representation before and after a sorting task training in two groups of participants who were asked to carry out the same task/actions in two different spaces: on a table or on the floor, while sitting on a chair. Findings showed that a significant recalibration of the perceived upper arms' length occurred when participants were asked to perform a motor task on the floor. These results seem to suggest that the modulation of the body representation reflects an increase action capabilities driven by the contribution of motor training, and importantly, the location in which the action occurs. Furthermore, the modulation was not limited to the body part actively involved in the action (the arms), it extended to other upper body parts (the torso) to maintain, we propose, a functionally coherent representation of the upper body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Caggiano
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, AL10 9AB, UK. .,Psychology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
| | - Elena Bertone
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK
| | - Gianna Cocchini
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths University of London, New Cross, London, SE14 6NW, UK.
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7
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Bahmad S, Miller LE, Pham MT, Moreau R, Salemme R, Koun E, Farnè A, Roy AC. Online proprioception feeds plasticity of arm representation following tool-use in healthy aging. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17275. [PMID: 33057121 PMCID: PMC7560613 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Following tool-use, the kinematics of free-hand movements are altered. This modified kinematic pattern has been taken as a behavioral hallmark of the modification induced by tool-use on the effector representation. Proprioceptive inputs appear central in updating the estimated effector state. Here we questioned whether online proprioceptive modality that is accessed in real time, or offline, memory-based, proprioception is responsible for this update. Since normal aging affects offline proprioception only, we examined a group of 60 year-old adults for proprioceptive acuity and movement's kinematics when grasping an object before and after tool-use. As a control, participants performed the same movements with a weight-equivalent to the tool-weight-attached to their wrist. Despite hampered offline proprioceptive acuity, 60 year-old participants exhibited the typical kinematic signature of tool incorporation: Namely, the latency of transport components peaks was longer and their amplitude reduced after tool-use. Instead, we observed no kinematic modifications in the control condition. In addition, online proprioception acuity correlated with tool incorporation, as indexed by the amount of kinematics changes observed after tool-use. Altogether, these findings point to the prominent role played by online proprioception in updating the body estimate for the motor control of tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salam Bahmad
- Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, CNRS UMR 5596, University Lyon 2, Lyon, France. .,Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France. .,University of Lyon, Lyon, France. .,, 16 Avenue du Doyen Jean Lépine, 69500, Bron, France.
| | - Luke E Miller
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Minh Tu Pham
- Laboratoire Ampère, CNRS UMR5005, INSA Lyon, Univ Lyon, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Richard Moreau
- Laboratoire Ampère, CNRS UMR5005, INSA Lyon, Univ Lyon, 69621, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Romeo Salemme
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Mouvement et Handicap & Neuro-immersion, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Koun
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Mouvement et Handicap & Neuro-immersion, Lyon, France
| | - Alessandro Farnè
- Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,University of Lyon, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Mouvement et Handicap & Neuro-immersion, Lyon, France.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Alice C Roy
- Laboratoire Dynamique du Langage, CNRS UMR 5596, University Lyon 2, Lyon, France.,Integrative Multisensory Perception Action & Cognition Team-ImpAct, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center CRNL INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, University UCBL Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Center for Mind/Brain Sciences (CIMeC), University of Trento, Rovereto, Italy
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8
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Galigani M, Castellani N, Donno B, Franza M, Zuber C, Allet L, Garbarini F, Bassolino M. Effect of tool-use observation on metric body representation and peripersonal space. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107622. [PMID: 32905815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In everyday life, we constantly act and interact with objects and with others' people through our body. To properly perform actions, the representations of the dimension of body-parts (metric body representation, BR) and of the space surrounding the body (peripersonal space, PPS) need to be constantly updated. Previous evidence has shown that BR and PPS representation are highly flexible, being modulated by sensorimotor experiences, such as the active use of tools to reach objects in the far space. In this study, we investigate whether the observation of another person using a tool to interact with objects located in the far space is sufficient to influence the plasticity of BR and PPS representation in a similar way to active tool-use. With this aim, two groups of young healthy participants were asked to perform 20 min trainings based on the active use of a tool to retrieve far cubes (active tool-use) and on the first-person observation of an experimenter doing the same tool-use training (observational tool-use). Behavioural tasks adapted from literature were used to evaluate the effects of the active and observational tool-use on BR (body-landmarks localization task-group 1), and PPS (audio-tactile interaction task - group 2). Results show that after active tool-use, participants perceived the length of their arm as longer than at baseline, while no significant differences appear after observation. Similarly, significant modifications in PPS representation, with comparable multisensory facilitation on tactile responses due to near and far sounds, were seen only after active tool-use, while this did not occur after observation. Together these results suggest that a mere observational training could not be sufficient to significantly modulate BR or PPS. The dissociation found in the active and observational tool-use points out differences between action execution and action observation, by suggesting a fundamental role of the motor planning, the motor intention, and the related sensorimotor feedback in driving BR and PPS plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galigani
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - N Castellani
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - B Donno
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland
| | - M Franza
- Center for Neuroprosthetics, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva and Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland
| | - C Zuber
- University of Applied Sciences of Western Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - L Allet
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland; Department of Community Medicine, University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - F Garbarini
- MANIBUS Laboratory, Psychology Department, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M Bassolino
- School of Health Sciences, HES-SO Valais-Wallis, Sion, Switzerland; Center for Neuroprosthetics, Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Science Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne), Campus Biotech, Geneva and Campus SUVA, Sion, Switzerland.
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9
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Dell'Anna A, Rosso M, Bruno V, Garbarini F, Leman M, Berti A. Does musical interaction in a jazz duet modulate peripersonal space? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2020; 85:2107-2118. [PMID: 32488599 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-020-01365-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have widely studied peripersonal space (the space within reach) in the last 20 years with a focus on its plasticity following the use of tools and, more recently, social interactions. Ensemble music is a sophisticated joint action that is typically explored in its temporal rather than spatial dimensions, even within embodied approaches. We, therefore, devised a new paradigm in which two musicians could perform a jazz standard either in a cooperative (correct harmony) or uncooperative (incorrect harmony) condition, under the hypothesis that their peripersonal spaces are modulated by the interaction. We exploited a well-established audio-tactile integration task as a proxy for such a space. After the performances, we measured reaction times to tactile stimuli on the subjects' right hand and auditory stimuli delivered at two different distances, (next to the subject and next to the partner). Considering previous literature's evidence that integration of two different stimuli (e.g. a tactile and an auditory stimulus) is faster in near space compared to far space, we predicted that a cooperative interaction would have extended the peripersonal space of the musicians towards their partner, facilitating reaction times to bimodal stimuli in both spaces. Surprisingly, we obtained complementary results in terms of an increase of reaction times to tactile-auditory near stimuli, but only following the uncooperative condition. We interpret this finding as a suppression of the subject's peripersonal space or as a withdrawal from the uncooperative partner. Subjective reports and correlations between these reports and reaction times comply with that interpretation. Finally, we determined an overall better multisensory integration competence in musicians compared to non-musicians tested in the same task.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dell'Anna
- IPEM, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium. .,Department of Psychology, Turin University, Turin, Italy.
| | - M Rosso
- IPEM, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Psychology, Turin University, Turin, Italy
| | - V Bruno
- Department of Psychology, Turin University, Turin, Italy
| | - F Garbarini
- Department of Psychology, Turin University, Turin, Italy
| | - M Leman
- IPEM, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - A Berti
- Department of Psychology, Turin University, Turin, Italy
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