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Han M, Zeng D, Tan W, Chen X, Bai S, Wu Q, Chen Y, Wei Z, Mei Y, Zeng Y. Brain region-specific roles of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in social stress-induced depressive-like behavior. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:159-173. [PMID: 38767484 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor is a key factor in stress adaptation and avoidance of a social stress behavioral response. Recent studies have shown that brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in stressed mice is brain region-specific, particularly involving the corticolimbic system, including the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus. Determining how brain-derived neurotrophic factor participates in stress processing in different brain regions will deepen our understanding of social stress psychopathology. In this review, we discuss the expression and regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in stress-sensitive brain regions closely related to the pathophysiology of depression. We focused on associated molecular pathways and neural circuits, with special attention to the brain-derived neurotrophic factor-tropomyosin receptor kinase B signaling pathway and the ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens dopamine circuit. We determined that stress-induced alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are likely related to the nature, severity, and duration of stress, especially in the above-mentioned brain regions of the corticolimbic system. Therefore, BDNF might be a biological indicator regulating stress-related processes in various brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Han
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Deyang Zeng
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xingxing Chen
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Shuyuan Bai
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yushan Chen
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Zhen Wei
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yufei Mei
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Ma J, Wang J, Wang G, Wan Y, Li N, Luo L, Gou H, Gu J. The potential beneficial effects of Lactobacillus plantarum GM11 on rats with chronic unpredictable mild stress- induced depression. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:413-424. [PMID: 37116073 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2205742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The main purpose of the present study was to assess the beneficial effect of Lactobacillus plantarum GM11 (LacP GM11), screened from Sichuan traditional fermented food, in depressive rats induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). METHODS Male SPF SD rats were randomly assigned to 3 groups: the control group, CUMS group and CUMS + LacP GM11 group (n = 10). The rats in the CUMS and LacP GM11 groups received CUMS stimulation for 42 d. The behavioral tests and levels of monoamine neurotransmitter, glucocorticoid hormone and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the serum and hippocampus were measured. The effects of LacP GM11 on the mRNA and protein expression of BDNF and cAMP response element binding protein (CREB) in the hippocampus were also investigated. RESULTS After supplementation for 21 d, LacP GM11 was associated with alleviation of depressive-like behavior, not anxiety-like behavior, in depressive rats. LacP GM11 increased the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and BDNF and decreased the level of cortisol (CORT) in the serum and hippocampus in depressed rats. In addition, treatment with LacP GM11 also increased the mRNA and protein expression of BDNF and CREB in the hippocampus. CONCLUSIONS This work has revealed that LacP GM11 has potential beneficial effects on depression. This effect might be related to alleviating monoamine neurotransmitter deficiency, HPA axis hyperfunction and CREB-BDNF signaling pathway downregulation. This study demonstrates that LacP GM11 could be a potential therapeutic approach to treat depression and other mental health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- Department of Research and Development, Weichuang Tianyi Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junrui Wang
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chengdu Second People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Sichuan Food Fermentation Industry Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujun Wan
- Sichuan Food Fermentation Industry Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Nanzhen Li
- Sichuan Food Fermentation Industry Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- Sichuan Food Fermentation Industry Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Gou
- Sichuan Food Fermentation Industry Research and Design Institute Co., Ltd, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Gu
- Department of Neurosurgery, PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Cubillos S, Engmann O, Brancato A. BDNF as a Mediator of Antidepressant Response: Recent Advances and Lifestyle Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214445. [PMID: 36430921 PMCID: PMC9698349 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional antidepressants are widely employed in several psychiatric and neurologic disorders, yet the mechanisms underlying their delayed and partial therapeutic effects are only gradually being understood. This narrative review provides an up-to-date overview of the interplay between antidepressant treatment and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) signaling. In addition, the impact of nutritional, environmental and physiological factors on BDNF and the antidepressant response is outlined. This review underlines the necessity to include information on lifestyle choices in testing and developing antidepressant treatments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Cubillos
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Olivia Engmann
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Brancato
- Department of Sciences for Health Promotion and Mother and Child Care “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Tan P, Xue T, Wang Y, Hu Z, Su J, Yang R, Ji J, Ye M, Chen Z, Huang C, Lu X. Hippocampal NR6A1 impairs CREB-BDNF signaling and leads to the development of depression-like behaviors in mice. Neuropharmacology 2022; 209:108990. [PMID: 35183538 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.108990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress exposure is a risk factor that can induce the development of depression-like behaviors by impairing the hippocampal cyclic adenosine monophosphate-response element binding protein (CREB)-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signaling, but its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. We identified an orphan receptor that can suppress the activity of CREB, nuclear receptor sub-family 6, group A, member 1 (NR6A1), in mouse brain neurons. Given the critical role of the impaired CREB-BDNF signaling in depression, we speculate that the neuronal NR6A1 may mediate the pathogenesis of depression. Results showed that chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) markedly increased the expression levels of hippocampal NR6A1 protein, which reduced hippocampal CREB phosphorylation and BDNF protein expression. Overexpression of hippocampal NR6A1 in stress-naïve mice simulated chronic stress, inducing depression-like behaviors in the tail suspension test, forced swimming test, and sucrose preference test, and impairing the hippocampal CREB-BDNF signaling cascade. Genetic knockdown of hippocampal NR6A1 did not affect mouse behaviors but prevented the CUS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice and impairment in hippocampal CREB-BDNF signaling. Furthermore, genetic knockdown of hippocampal CREB or BDNF abrogated the preventive effect of hippocampal NR6A1 down-regulation on CUS-induced depression-like behaviors in mice. Collectively, these results for the first time identified a nuclear expression of NR6A1 in mouse brain neurons, and showed that the abnormally increased NR6A1 protein in the hippocampus in mice treated with or without chronic stress can impair the CREB-BDNF signaling cascade and lead to the development of depression-like behaviors. Hippocampal NR6A1 could be a novel target for the development of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingping Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhichao Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianbin Su
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongrong Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province, #20 Xisi Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jianlin Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Minxiu Ye
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Invasive Technology Department, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University, First People's Hospital of Nantong City, #6 North Road Hai'er Xiang, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Xu Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nantong University, #19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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Desouza LA, Benekareddy M, Fanibunda SE, Mohammad F, Janakiraman B, Ghai U, Gur T, Blendy JA, Vaidya VA. The Hallucinogenic Serotonin 2A Receptor Agonist, 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Iodoamphetamine, Promotes cAMP Response Element Binding Protein-Dependent Gene Expression of Specific Plasticity-Associated Genes in the Rodent Neocortex. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:790213. [PMID: 35002622 PMCID: PMC8739224 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.790213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychedelic compounds that target the 5-HT2A receptor are reported to evoke psychoplastogenic effects, including enhanced dendritic arborization and synaptogenesis. Transcriptional regulation of neuronal plasticity-associated genes is implicated in the cytoarchitectural effects of serotonergic psychedelics, however, the transcription factors that drive this regulation are poorly elucidated. Here, we addressed the contribution of the transcription factor cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-response element binding protein (CREB) in the regulation of neuronal plasticity-associated genes by the hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonist, 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI). In vitro studies with rat cortical neurons indicated that DOI enhances the phosphorylation of CREB (pCREB) through mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and calcium/calmodulin dependent kinase II (CaMKII) pathways, with both cascades contributing to the DOI-evoked upregulation of Arc, Bdnf1, Cebpb, and Egr2 expression, whilst the upregulation of Egr1 and cFos mRNA involved the MAP kinase and CaMKII pathway respectively. We observed a robust DOI-evoked increase in the expression of several neuronal plasticity-associated genes in the rat neocortex in vivo. This DOI-evoked upregulation of neuronal plasticity-associated genes was completely blocked by the 5-HT2A receptor antagonist MDL100,907 in vitro and was also abrogated in the neocortex of 5-HT2A receptor deficient mice. Further, 5-HT2A receptor stimulation enhanced pCREB enrichment at putative cAMP response element (CRE) binding sites in the Arc, Bdnf1, Cebpb, cFos, but not Egr1 and Egr2, promoters in the rodent neocortex. The DOI-mediated transcriptional induction of Arc, cFos and Cebpb was significantly attenuated in the neocortex of CREB deficient/knockout (CREBαδ KO) mice. Collectively, these results indicate that the hallucinogenic 5-HT2A receptor agonist DOI leads to a rapid transcriptional upregulation of several neuronal plasticity-associated genes, with a subset of them exhibiting a CREB-dependent regulation. Our findings raise the intriguing possibility that similar to slow-acting classical antidepressants, rapid-action serotonergic psychedelics that target the 5-HT2A receptor may also recruit the transcription factor CREB to enhance the expression of neuronal plasticity-associated genes in the neocortex, which could in turn contribute to the rapid psychoplastogenic changes evoked by these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynette A Desouza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Madhurima Benekareddy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Sashaina E Fanibunda
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India.,Medical Research Centre, Kasturba Health Society, Mumbai, India
| | - Farhan Mohammad
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Balaganesh Janakiraman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Utkarsha Ghai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
| | - Tamar Gur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Julie A Blendy
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vidita A Vaidya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai, India
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Wang QQ, Cheng L, Wu BY, Xu P, Qiu HY, Wang B, Yan XJ, Chen SL. Short-course antidepressant therapy reduces discontinuation syndrome while maintaining treatment efficacy in patients with refractory functional dyspepsia: A randomized controlled trial. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:1063722. [PMID: 36569610 PMCID: PMC9772443 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1063722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Long-course (LC) antidepressants for the treatment of disorders of gut-brain interaction, such as refractory functional dyspepsia (rFD), pose patients at risk of antidepressant discontinuation syndrome (ADS). Short-course (SC) therapy of rapid-acting antidepressant may reduce discontinuation syndromes while maintaining efficacy for dyspeptic symptoms. However, the evidence-based research is lacking. This study aims to determine whether SC therapy with antidepressants could decrease the risk of ADS with comparable treatment efficacy to LC therapy in rFD. METHODS This randomized clinical trial with rFD patients was conducted at a tertiary hospital in China. Participants (N = 240) were randomly allocated to receive flupentixol-melitracen (FM) plus omeprazole therapy for 2 (SC group) or 4 (LC group) weeks, respectively. Scores for Leeds Dyspepsia Questionnaire (LDQ), Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 for Depression (PHQ-9) were assessed at baseline and every 2 weeks, ending at 4 weeks after treatment. ADS was assessed after drug cessation. Medication possession ratio (MPR) for FM was calculated. RESULTS The severity and incidence of ADS of patients in SC group were significantly lower than those in LC group (0.60 ± 0.62 vs. 1.71 ± 1.58 and 3.64 vs. 39.45%; both P < 0.0001). The MPR values for FM were significantly higher in patients of SC group than in LC group (P < 0.0001). Scores for LDQ, GAD-7 and PHQ-9 decreased in patients of both groups, and the symptom improvement in SC group was comparable to that in LC group after treatment. CONCLUSIONS Compared to 4-week FM therapy, the 2-week FM therapy reduces the risk of ADS with non-inferior treatment efficacy in patients with rFD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinical trials.gov, identifier NCT05099913.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Qian Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bi-Yu Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong-Yi Qiu
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu-Juan Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Liang Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Kou RW, Xia B, Han R, Li ZQ, Yang JR, Yin X, Gao YQ, Gao JM. Neuroprotective effects of a new triterpenoid from edible mushroom on oxidative stress and apoptosis through the BDNF/TrkB/ERK/CREB and Nrf2 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Food Funct 2022; 13:12121-12134. [DOI: 10.1039/d2fo02854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inonotus obliquus (Fr.) Pilat is an edible mushroom which is used to produce tea and syrup due to its medicinal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Wei Kou
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xia
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Han
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Qing Li
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ren Yang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Yin
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qi Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Ming Gao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China
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Polymorphisms of COMT and CREB1 are associated with treatment-resistant depression in a Chinese Han population. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:85-93. [PMID: 34767111 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetic factors play a crucial role for the pathophysiology of treatment-resistant depression (TRD). It has been established that Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and cyclic amp-response element-binding protein (CREB) are associated with antidepressant response. The aim of this study was to explore the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in COMT and CREB1 genes and TRD in a Chinese population. We recruited 181 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 80 healthy controls, including 81 TRD patients. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HDRS). Genotyping was performed using mass spectrometry. Genetic analyses were conducted by PLINK Software. The distribution of COMT SNP rs4818 allele and genotypes were significantly different between TRD and controls. Statistical differences in allele frequencies were observed between TRD and non-TRD groups, including rs11904814 and rs6740584 in CREB1 gene, rs4680 and rs4818 in COMT gene. There were differences in the distribution of HDRS total scores among different phenotypes of CREB1 rs11904814, CREB1 rs6740584, COMT rs4680 and rs4818. Gene-gene interaction effect of COMT-CREB1 (rs4680 × rs6740584) revealed significant epistasis in TRD. There findings indicate that COMT and CREB1 polymorphisms influence the risk of TRD and affect the severity of depressive symptoms of MDD.
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Heinrich IA, Freitas AE, Wolin IAV, Nascimento APM, Walz R, Rodrigues ALS, Leal RB. Neuronal activity regulated pentraxin (narp) and GluA4 subunit of AMPA receptor may be targets for fluoxetine modulation. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:711-722. [PMID: 33528752 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00675-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluoxetine is the foremost prescribed antidepressant. Drugs acting on monoaminergic system may also regulate glutamatergic system. Indeed, the investigation of proteins associated with this system, such as Narp (neuronal activity-dependent pentraxin) and GluA4 subunit of AMPA receptor may reveal poorly explored modulations triggered by conventional antidepressants. This study aimed to uncover neurochemical mechanisms underlying the chronic fluoxetine treatment, mainly by evaluating these protein targets in the prefrontal cortex and in the hippocampus. Mice received a daily administration of fluoxetine (0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg, p.o.) or potable water (vehicle group) for 21 days. These animals were submitted to the forced swim test (FST) to verify antidepressant-like responses and the open-field test (OFT) to assess locomotor activity. Modulation of signaling proteins was analyzed by western blot. Chronic treatment with fluoxetine (1 and 10 mg/kg) was effective, since it reduced the immobility time in the FST, without altering locomotor activity. Fluoxetine 10 mg/kg increased CREB phosphorylation and BDNF expression in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Noteworthy, in the hippocampus fluoxetine also promoted Akt activation and augmented Narp expression. In the prefrontal cortex, a significant decrease in the expression of the GluA4 subunit and Narp were observed following fluoxetine administration (10 mg/kg). The results provide evidence of novel molecular targets potentially involved in the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine, since in mature rodents Narp and GluA4 are mainly expressed in the GABAergic parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons. This may bring new insights into the molecular elements involved in the mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A Heinrich
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Andiara E Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ingrid A V Wolin
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Roger Walz
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Center of Applied Neuroscience (CeNAp), University Hospital, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Ana Lúcia S Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo B Leal
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
- Department of Biochemistry, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, 88040-900, SC, Brazil.
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10
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Astrocyte Intracellular Ca 2+and TrkB Signaling in the Hippocampus Could Be Involved in the Beneficial Behavioral Effects of Antidepressant Treatment. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:860-871. [PMID: 33616872 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00334-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although monoaminergic-based antidepressant drugs are largely used to treat major depressive disorder (MDD), their mechanisms are still incompletely understood. Intracellular Ca2+ (iCa2+) and Calmodulin 1(CaM-1) homeostasis have been proposed to participate in the therapeutic effects of these compounds. We investigated whether intra-hippocampal inhibition of CaM-1 would modulate the behavioral responses to chronic treatment with imipramine (IMI) or 7-nitroindazole (7-NI), a selective inhibitor of the neuronal nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1) enzyme that shows antidepressant-like effects. We also investigated the interactions of IMI and CaM-1 on transient astrocyte iCa2+ evoked by glutamate stimuli. Intra-hippocampal microinjection of the lentiviral delivered (LV) short hairpin iRNA-driven against the CaM-1 mRNA (LV-shRNA-CaM-1) or the CaM-1 inhibitor N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene sulphonamide (W-7) blocked the antidepressant-like effect of chronic treatment with IMI or 7-NI. The shRNA also inhibited the mRNA expression of the tropomyosin receptor kinase B (TrkB) in the microinjection region. The iCa2+ in ex vivo hippocampus slices stained with fluorescent Ca2+indicator Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 revealed that IMI increased the intensity and duration of iCa2+ oscillation and reduced the number of events evoked by glutamate stimuli, evaluated by using CCD imaging and the % ΔF/Fo parameters. The pre-treatment with W-7 fully antagonized this effect. The present results indicate that the behavioral benefits of chronic antidepressant treatment might be associated with astrocyte intracellular Ca2+dynamics and TrkB mRNA expression in the hippocampus.
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11
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Zhang B, Zhao J, Wang Z, Xu L, Liu A, Du G. DL0410 attenuates oxidative stress and neuroinflammation via BDNF/TrkB/ERK/CREB and Nrf2/HO-1 activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106729. [PMID: 32645628 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and neuroinflammation have been deeply associated with Alzheimer's disease. DL0410 is a novel acetylcholinesterase inhibitor with potential anti-oxidative effects in AD-related animal models, while the specific mechanism has not been fully clarified. In this study, DL0410 was predicted to be related to the modification of cell apoptosis, oxidation-reduction process, inflammatory response and ERK1/ERK2 cascade by in silico target fishing and GO enrichment analysis. Then the possible protective effects of DL0410 were evaluated by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress model and lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation model H2O2 decreased the viability of SH-SY5Y cells, induced malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) loss and cell apoptosis, which could be reversed by DL0410 dose-dependently, indicating that DL0410 protected SH-SY5Y cells against H2O2-mediated oxidative stress. Western blot analysis showed that DL0410 increased the H2O2-triggered down-regulated TrkB, ERK and CREB phosphorylation and the expression of BDNF. In addition, TrkB inhibitor ANA-12, ERK inhibitor SCH772984 and CREB inhibitor 666-15 eliminated the inhibition of DL0410 on MDA accumulation and Δψm loss. Furthermore, DL0410 attenuates inflammatory responses and ROS production in LPS-treated BV2 cells, which is responsible for Nrf2 and HO-1 up-regulation. The present study demonstrates that DL0410 is a potential activator of the BDNF/TrkB/ERK/CREB and Nrf2/HO-1 pathway and may be a potential candidate for regulating oxidative stress and neuroinflammatory response in the brain. Together, the results showed that DL0410 is a promising drug candidate for treating AD and possibly other nervous system diseases associated with oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lvjie Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ailin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Guanhua Du
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
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12
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Yi J, Zhu M, Qiu F, Zhou Y, Shu P, Liu N, Wei C, Xiang S. TNFAIP1 Mediates Formaldehyde-Induced Neurotoxicity by Inhibiting the Akt/CREB Pathway in N2a Cells. Neurotox Res 2020; 38:184-198. [PMID: 32335808 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00199-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a common air pollutant. Exposure to exogenous FA can cause damage to the nervous system, such as learning and memory impairment, balance dysfunction, and sleep disorders. Excessive production of endogenous FA also causes memory impairment and is thought to be associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 1 (TNFAIP1) plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment and neurological diseases. However, the role of TNFAIP1 in FA-induced neurotoxicity is unclear. Herein, using a mouse neuroblastoma cell line (N2a cells), we explored the mechanism of TNFAIP1 in FA-induced neurotoxicity, the involvement of the Akt/CREB signaling pathway, and how the expression of TNFAIP1 is regulated by FA. We found that exposure to 100 μM or 200 μM FA for 24 h led to decreased cell viability, increased cell apoptosis and neurite retraction, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, upregulated protein expression of TNFAIP1 and decreased the levels of phosphorylated Akt and CREB in the Akt/CREB pathway. Knockdown of TNFAIP1 using a TNFAIP1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) expression vector prevented FA from inhibiting the Akt/CREB pathway, thus reducing cell apoptosis and restoring cell viability and neurite outgrowth. Clearance of ROS by vitamin E (Vit E) repressed the FA-mediated upregulation of TNFAIP1 expression. These results suggest that FA increases the expression of TNFAIP1 by inducing oxidative stress and that upregulated TNFAIP1 then inhibits the Akt/CREB pathway, consequently leading to cell apoptosis and neurite retraction. Therefore, TNFAIP1 is a potential target for alleviating FA-induced neurotoxicity and related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhi Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.,Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.,The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.,The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Yubo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.,The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Pan Shu
- The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Ning Liu
- School of Medicine, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chenxi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China. .,The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
| | - Shuanglin Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China. .,The National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Peptide Drug Development, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, Hunan, China.
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13
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Baptista-de-Souza D, Tavares LRR, Furuya-da-Cunha EM, Carneiro de Oliveira PE, Canto-de-Souza L, Nunes-de-Souza RL, Canto-de-Souza A. Chronic Fluoxetine Impairs the Effects of 5-HT 1A and 5-HT 2C Receptors Activation in the PAG and Amygdala on Antinociception Induced by Aversive Situation in Mice. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:260. [PMID: 32218734 PMCID: PMC7078365 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests an important role of fluoxetine with serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors in the modulation of emotion and nociception in brain areas such as the amygdala and periaqueductal gray (PAG). Acute fluoxetine impairs 5-HT2C (but not 5-HT1A) receptor activation in the amygdaloid complex. Given that fluoxetine produces its clinical therapeutic effects only when given chronically, this study investigated the effects of chronic treatment with fluoxetine on the effects produced by 5-HT1A or 5-HT2C receptors activation in the amygdala or PAG on fear-induced antinociception. We recorded the effects of chronic fluoxetine on serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels as well as serotonin turnover; 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptor protein levels in the amygdala and PAG. Also, we evaluated the effects of chronic fluoxetine combined with intra-amygdala or intra-PAG injection of MK-212 (a 5-HT2C agonist; 0.63 nmol) or 8-OH-DPAT (a 5-HT1A agonist; 10 nmol) on the antinociceptive response in mice confined in the open arm of the elevated plus-maze (EPM). Nociception was assessed with the writhing test induced by intraperitoneal injection of 0.6% acetic acid. Results showed that fluoxetine (20 mg/kg, s.c.) enhanced the open-arm induced antinociception (OAA) and reduced the number of writhes in mice confined in the enclosed arm, featuring an analgesic effect. In addition, fluoxetine increased the expression of 5-HT2C receptors and 5-HT levels whereas reduced its turnover in the amygdala. While fluoxetine did not change 5-HT and 5-HIAA levels, and its turnover in the PAG, it up-regulated 5HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors in this midbrain area. Chronic fluoxetine (5.0 mg/Kg, an intrinsically inactive dose on nociception) antagonized the enhancement of OAA produced by intra-amygdala or intra-PAG injection of MK-212. Fluoxetine also impaired the attenuation of OAA induced by intra-amygdala injection of 8-OH-DPAT and totally prevented OAA in mice that received intra-PAG 8-OH-DPAT. These results suggest that (i) 5-HT may facilitate nociception and intensify OAA, acting at amygdala 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors, respectively, and (ii) fluoxetine modulates the OAA through activation of 5-HT2C receptors within the PAG. These findings indicate that chronic fluoxetine impairs the effects of 5-HT1A and 5-HT2C receptors activation in the amygdala and PAG on fear-induced antinociception in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Baptista-de-Souza
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil.,Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lígia Renata Rodrigues Tavares
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Elke Mayumi Furuya-da-Cunha
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Paulo Eduardo Carneiro de Oliveira
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Lucas Canto-de-Souza
- Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Luiz Nunes-de-Souza
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil.,Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Azair Canto-de-Souza
- Department of Psychology, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil.,Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, UFSCar/UNESP, São Carlos, Brazil.,Institute of Neuroscience and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Psychology UFSCar, São Carlos, Brazil
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