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Phosphatidylserine in the Nervous System: Cytoplasmic Regulator of the AKT and PKC Signaling Pathways and Extracellular "Eat-Me" Signal in Microglial Phagocytosis. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:1050-1066. [PMID: 36401705 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-03133-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) is an important anionic phospholipid found in eukaryotic cells and has been proven to serve as a beneficial factor in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. PtdSer resides in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane, where it is involved in regulating the AKT and PKC signaling pathways; however, it becomes exposed to the extracellular leaflet during neurodevelopmental processes and neurodegenerative diseases, participating in microglia-mediated synaptic and neuronal phagocytosis. In this paper, we review several characteristics of PtdSer, including the synthesis and translocation of PtdSer, the functions of cytoplasmic and exposed PtdSer, and different PtdSer-detection materials used to further understand the role of PtdSer in the nervous system.
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Keeley PW, Patel PS, Ryu MS, Reese BE. Neurog2 regulates Isl1 to modulate horizontal cell number. Development 2023; 150:dev201315. [PMID: 36537573 PMCID: PMC10108602 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The population sizes of different retinal cell types vary between different strains of mice, and that variation can be mapped to genomic loci in order to identify its polygenic origin. In some cases, controlling genes act independently, whereas in other instances, they exhibit epistasis. Here, we identify an epistatic interaction revealed through the mapping of quantitative trait loci from a panel of recombinant inbred strains of mice. The population of retinal horizontal cells exhibits a twofold variation in number, mapping to quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 3 and 13, where these loci are shown to interact epistatically. We identify a prospective genetic interaction underlying this, mediated by the bHLH transcription factor Neurog2, at the chromosome 3 locus, functioning to repress the LIM homeodomain transcription factor Isl1, at the chromosome 13 locus. Using single and double conditional knockout mice, we confirm the countervailing actions of each gene, and validate in vitro a crucial role for two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the 5'UTR of Isl1, one of which yields a novel E-box, mediating the repressive action of Neurog2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W. Keeley
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5060, USA
| | - Pooja S. Patel
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5060, USA
| | - Matthew S. Ryu
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5060, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Reese
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5060, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5060, USA
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Luo J, Lian Q, Zhu D, Zhao M, Mei T, Shang B, Yang Z, Liu C, Xu W, Zhou L, Wu K, Liu X, Lai Y, Mao F, Li W, Zuo C, Zhang K, Lin M, Zhuo Y, Liu Y, Lu L, Zhao L. PLSCR1 Promotes Apoptosis and Clearance of Retinal Ganglion Cells in Glaucoma Pathogenesis. Genes Dis 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2022.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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4
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Camerino MJ, Engerbretson IJ, Fife PA, Reynolds NB, Berria MH, Doyle JR, Clemons MR, Gencarella MD, Borghuis BG, Fuerst PG. OFF bipolar cell density varies by subtype, eccentricity, and along the dorsal ventral axis in the mouse retina. J Comp Neurol 2021; 529:1911-1925. [PMID: 33135176 PMCID: PMC8009814 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The neural retina is organized along central-peripheral, dorsal-ventral, and laminar planes. Cellular density and distributions vary along the central-peripheral and dorsal-ventral axis in species including primates, mice, fish, and birds. Differential distribution of cell types within the retina is associated with sensitivity to different types of damage that underpin major retinal diseases, including macular degeneration and glaucoma. Normal variation in retinal distribution remains unreported for multiple cell types in widely used research models, including mouse. Here we map the distribution of all known OFF bipolar cell (BC) populations and horizontal cells. We report significant variation in the distribution of OFF BC populations and horizontal cells along the dorsal-ventral and central-peripheral axes of the retina. Distribution patterns are much more pronounced for some populations of OFF BC cells than others and may correspond to the cell type's specialized functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Camerino
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Ian J Engerbretson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Parker A Fife
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Nathan B Reynolds
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Mikel H Berria
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Jamie R Doyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Mellisa R Clemons
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Michael D Gencarella
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Moscow, Idaho, USA
| | - Bart G Borghuis
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisille, Kentuky, USA
| | - Peter G Fuerst
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho, USA
- WWAMI Medical Education Program, University of Washington School of Medicine, Moscow, Idaho, USA
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Geisert EE, Williams RW. Using BXD mouse strains in vision research: A systems genetics approach. Mol Vis 2020; 26:173-187. [PMID: 32180682 PMCID: PMC7058434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We illustrate the growing power of the BXD family of mice (recombinant inbred strains from a cross of C57BL/6J and DBA/2J mice) and companion bioinformatic tools to study complex genome-phenome relations related to glaucoma. Over the past 16 years, our group has integrated powerful murine resources and web-accessible tools to identify networks modulating visual system traits-from photoreceptors to the visual cortex. Recent studies focused on retinal ganglion cells and glaucoma risk factors, including intraocular pressure (IOP), central corneal thickness (CCT), and susceptibility of cellular stress. The BXD family was exploited to define key gene variants and then establish linkage to glaucoma in human cohorts. The power of this experimental approach to precision medicine is highlighted by recent studies that defined cadherin 11 (Cdh11) and a calcium channel (Cacna2d1) as genes modulating IOP, Pou6f2 as a genetic link between CCT and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) death, and Aldh7a1 as a gene that modulates the susceptibility of RGCs to death after elevated IOP. The role of three of these gene variants in glaucoma is discussed, along with the pathways activated in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldon E. Geisert
- Department of Ophthalmology, Emory University, 1365B Clifton Road NE Atlanta GA, 30322
| | - Robert W. Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 71 S Manassas St, Memphis TN 38163
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