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Koivisto M, Pallaris C. Cognitive flexibility moderates the relationship between openness-to-experience and perceptual reversals of Necker cube. Conscious Cogn 2024; 122:103698. [PMID: 38781814 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2024.103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
It is not clear whether personality is related to basic perceptual processes at the level of automatic bottom-up processes or controlled top-down processes. Two experiments examined how personality influences perceptual dynamics, focusing on how cognitive flexibility moderates the relationship between personality and perceptual reversals of the Necker cube. The participants viewed stimuli either passively or with the intent to either hold or switch the orientation of the Necker cube. The influence of openness was predominantly evident in conditions necessitating intentional control over perceptual reversals. The link between openness and intentional perceptual reversals was always moderated by cognitive flexibility, which was measured in three different ways. No relationship was detected between personality traits and reversals in the passive viewing condition, suggesting that relatively spontaneous adaptation-inhibition processes may not be personality-dependent. Overall, our research sheds light on the nuanced influence of personality traits on perceptual experiences, mediated by cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Koivisto
- Department of Psychology, University of Turku, Finland.
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2
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Killebrew KW, Moser HR, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Schallmo MP. Faster bi-stable visual switching in psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:201. [PMID: 38714650 PMCID: PMC11076514 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Bi-stable stimuli evoke two distinct perceptual interpretations that alternate and compete for dominance. Bi-stable perception is thought to be driven at least in part by mutual suppression between distinct neural populations that represent each percept. Abnormal visual perception has been observed among people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP), and there is evidence to suggest that these visual deficits may depend on impaired neural suppression in the visual cortex. However, it is not yet clear whether bi-stable visual perception is abnormal among PwPP. Here, we examined bi-stable perception in a visual structure-from-motion task using a rotating cylinder illusion in a group of 65 PwPP, 44 first-degree biological relatives, and 43 healthy controls. Data from a 'real switch' task, in which physical depth cues signaled real switches in rotation direction were used to exclude individuals who did not show adequate task performance. In addition, we measured concentrations of neurochemicals, including glutamate, glutamine, and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), involved in excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission. These neurochemicals were measured non-invasively in the visual cortex using 7 tesla MR spectroscopy. We found that PwPP and their relatives showed faster bi-stable switch rates than healthy controls. Faster switch rates also correlated with significantly higher psychiatric symptom levels, specifically disorganization, across all participants. However, we did not observe any significant relationships across individuals between neurochemical concentrations and SFM switch rates. Our results are consistent with a reduction in suppressive neural processes during structure-from-motion perception in PwPP, and suggest that genetic liability for psychosis is associated with disrupted bi-stable perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Hannah R Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andrea N Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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3
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Wang W, Zhu C, Jia T, Zu M, Tang Y, Zhou L, Tian Y, Si B, Zhou K. Reviving Bistable Perception in Patients With Depression by Decreasing the Overestimation of Prior Precision. Cogn Sci 2024; 48:e13452. [PMID: 38742272 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Slower perceptual alternations, a notable perceptual effect observed in psychiatric disorders, can be alleviated by antidepressant therapies that affect serotonin levels in the brain. While these phenomena have been well documented, the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms remain to be elucidated. Our study bridges this gap by employing a computational cognitive approach within a Bayesian predictive coding framework to explore these mechanisms in depression. We fitted a prediction error (PE) model to behavioral data from a binocular rivalry task, uncovering that significantly higher initial prior precision and lower PE led to a slower switch rate in patients with depression. Furthermore, serotonin-targeting antidepressant treatments significantly decreased the prior precision and increased PE, both of which were predictive of improvements in the perceptual alternation rate of depression patients. These findings indicated that the substantially slower perception switch rate in patients with depression was caused by the greater reliance on top-down priors and that serotonin treatment's efficacy was in its recalibration of these priors and enhancement of PE. Our study not only elucidates the cognitive underpinnings of depression, but also suggests computational modeling as a potent tool for integrating cognitive science with clinical psychology, advancing our understanding and treatment of cognitive impairments in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University
| | - Changbo Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
| | | | - Meidan Zu
- Department of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Yandong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Robotics, Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Institutes for Robotics and Intelligent Manufacturing, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing
| | - Liqin Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Bailu Si
- School of Systems Science, Beijing Normal University
| | - Ke Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Psychology Education (Beijing Normal University), Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University
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4
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Han S, Blake R, Aubuchon C, Tadin D. Binocular rivalry under naturalistic geometry: Evidence from worlds simulated in virtual reality. PNAS NEXUS 2024; 3:pgae054. [PMID: 38380058 PMCID: PMC10877069 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgae054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Binocular rivalry is a fascinating, widely studied visual phenomenon in which perception alternates between two competing images. This experience, however, is generally restricted to laboratory settings where two irreconcilable images are presented separately to the two eyes, an implausible geometry where two objects occupy the same physical location. Such laboratory experiences are in stark contrast to everyday visual behavior, where rivalry is almost never encountered, casting doubt on whether rivalry is relevant to our understanding of everyday binocular vision. To investigate the external validity of binocular rivalry, we manipulated the geometric plausibility of rival images using a naturalistic, cue-rich, 3D-corridor model created in virtual reality. Rival stimuli were presented in geometrically implausible, semi-plausible, or plausible layouts. Participants tracked rivalry fluctuations in each of these three layouts and for both static and moving rival stimuli. Results revealed significant and canonical binocular rivalry alternations regardless of geometrical plausibility and stimulus type. Rivalry occurred for layouts that mirrored the unnatural geometry used in laboratory studies and for layouts that mimicked real-world occlusion geometry. In a complementary 3D modeling analysis, we show that interocular conflict caused by geometrically plausible occlusion is a common outcome in a visual scene containing multiple objects. Together, our findings demonstrate that binocular rivalry can reliably occur for both geometrically implausible interocular conflicts and conflicts caused by a common form of naturalistic occlusion. Thus, key features of binocular rivalry are not simply laboratory artifacts but generalize to conditions that match the geometry of everyday binocular vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui'er Han
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Institute for Infocomm Research Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138632, Singapore
- Centre for Frontier AI Research, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Randolph Blake
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
- Vanderbilt Vision Research Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Celine Aubuchon
- Department of Cognitive Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Duje Tadin
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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5
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Novicky F, Parr T, Friston K, Mirza MB, Sajid N. Bistable perception, precision and neuromodulation. Cereb Cortex 2024; 34:bhad401. [PMID: 37950879 PMCID: PMC10793076 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bistable perception follows from observing a static, ambiguous, (visual) stimulus with two possible interpretations. Here, we present an active (Bayesian) inference account of bistable perception and posit that perceptual transitions between different interpretations (i.e. inferences) of the same stimulus ensue from specific eye movements that shift the focus to a different visual feature. Formally, these inferences are a consequence of precision control that determines how confident beliefs are and change the frequency with which one can perceive-and alternate between-two distinct percepts. We hypothesized that there are multiple, but distinct, ways in which precision modulation can interact to give rise to a similar frequency of bistable perception. We validated this using numerical simulations of the Necker cube paradigm and demonstrate the multiple routes that underwrite the frequency of perceptual alternation. Our results provide an (enactive) computational account of the intricate precision balance underwriting bistable perception. Importantly, these precision parameters can be considered the computational homologs of particular neurotransmitters-i.e. acetylcholine, noradrenaline, dopamine-that have been previously implicated in controlling bistable perception, providing a computational link between the neurochemistry and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Novicky
- Department of Neurophysics, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 406229 ER, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Thomas Parr
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, 12 Queen Square London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Friston
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, 12 Queen Square London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Muammer Berk Mirza
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Pl, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Noor Sajid
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, 12 Queen Square London WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
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Qiu S, Luo X, Luo Y, Wei D, Mei G. State-dependent alterations of implicit emotional dominance during binocular rivalry in subthreshold depression. Psych J 2023; 12:809-823. [PMID: 37905936 DOI: 10.1002/pchj.686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Binocular rivalry, a visual perception phenomenon where two or more percepts alternate every few seconds when distinct stimuli are presented to the two eyes, has been reported as a biomarker in several psychiatric disorders. It is unclear whether abnormalities of binocular rivalry in depression could occur when emotional rivaling stimuli are used, and if so, whether an emotional binocular rivalry test could provide a trait-dependent or state-dependent biomarker. In the current study, 34 individuals with subthreshold depression and 31 non-depressed individuals performed a binocular rivalry task associated with implicit emotional processing. Participants were required to report their perceived orientations of the rival gratings in the foreground and to neglect emotional face stimuli in the background. The participants were retested after an approximately 4-month time interval. Compared to the non-depressed group, the subthreshold depression group showed significantly longer perceptual dominance durations of the grating with emotional faces as the background (i.e., implicit emotional dominance) at the initial assessment. However, the abnormality was not found at the follow-up assessment. More importantly, we found smaller changes in depressive severity at the follow-up assessment for individuals displaying longer emotional dominance at the initial assessment than for individuals with weaker emotional dominance. The current emotional binocular rivalry test may provide an objective, state-dependent biomarker for distinguishing individuals with subthreshold depression from non-depressed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Qiu
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Luo
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Luo
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wei
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Gaoxing Mei
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, People's Republic of China
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Mokri E, da Silva Castanheira J, Laldin S, Landry M, Mendola JD. Effects of interocular grouping demands on binocular rivalry. J Vis 2023; 23:15. [PMID: 37733337 PMCID: PMC10517422 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.10.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Binocular rivalry (BR) is a visual phenomenon in which perception alternates between two non-fusible images presented to each eye. Transition periods between dominant and suppressed images are marked by mixed percepts, where participants report fragments of each image being dynamically perceived. Interestingly, BR remains robust even when typical images are subdivided and presented in complementary patches to each eye, a phenomenon termed interocular grouping (IOG). The objective of the present study was to determine if increasing grouping demand in the context of BR changes the perceptual experience of rivalry. In 48 subjects with normal vision, mean dominant and mixed percept durations were recorded for classic BR and IOG conditions with increasing grouping demands from two, four, and six patches. We found that, as grouping demands increased, the duration of mixed periods increased. Indeed, durations of dominant and mixed percepts, as well as percentage of time spent in dominant or mixed state, differed significantly across conditions. However, durations of global dominant percepts remained relatively stable and saturated at about 1.5 seconds, despite the exponential increase in possible mixed combinations. Evidence shows that this saturation followed a nonlinear trend. The data also indicate that grouping across the vertical meridian is slightly more stable than for the horizontal meridian. Finally, individual differences in speed of alternation identified during BR were maintained in all interocular grouping conditions. These results provide new information about binocular visual spatial integration and will be useful for future studies of the underlying neural substrates and models of binocular vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Mokri
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason da Silva Castanheira
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sidrah Laldin
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mathieu Landry
- Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Janine D Mendola
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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8
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Acquafredda M, Sari ID, Steinwurzel C, Lunghi C, Binda P. Measuring the reliability of binocular rivalry. J Vis 2023; 23:5. [PMID: 37676671 PMCID: PMC10501494 DOI: 10.1167/jov.23.10.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Binocular rivalry is a widely used tool in sensory and cognitive neuroscience to investigate different aspects of vision and cognition. The dynamics of binocular rivalry (e.g., duration of perceptual dominance phases and mixed percept proportions) differ across individuals; based on rivalry dynamics, it is also possible to calculate an index of ocular dominance (by comparing the perceptual dominance of the images in the two eyes). In this study, we investigated the reliability of binocular rivalry dynamics using different methods for dichoptic stimulation and different rivalry stimuli. For the three main indices we defined (ocular dominance, phase durations and mixed percept proportions), we found a high test-retest reliability across sessions. Moreover, the test-retest reliability of the ocular dominance index was predictable from its internal consistency, supporting its stability over time. Phase durations and mixed percept proportions, in contrast, had worse test-retest reliability than expected based on internal consistency, indicating that these parameters are susceptible to state-dependent changes. Our results support the use of the ocular dominance index and binocular rivalry in the measurement of sensory eye dominance and its plasticity, but advise caution when investigating the association between phase durations or mixed percepts and stable characteristics like psychological traits or disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Acquafredda
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Pharmacology and Child Health, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Izel D Sari
- Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Claudia Lunghi
- Laboratoire des systèmes perceptifs, Département d'études cognitives, École normale supérieure, PSL University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Paola Binda
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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Sponheim SR, Stim JJ, Engel SA, Pokorny VJ. Slowed alpha oscillations and percept formation in psychotic psychopathology. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1144107. [PMID: 37416534 PMCID: PMC10322206 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1144107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psychosis is in part defined by disturbances in perception. Recent investigations have implicated the speed of alpha oscillations observed in brain electrical activity as reflective of a sampling rate of the visual environment and perception. Although both slowed alpha oscillations and aberrant percept formation are evident in disorders of psychotic psychopathology such as schizophrenia it is unclear whether slow alpha accounts for abnormal visual perception in these disorders. Methods To examine the role of the speed of alpha oscillations in perception in psychotic psychopathology we gathered resting-state magneto-encephalography data from probands with psychotic psychopathology (i.e., schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, and bipolar disorder with a history of psychosis), their biological siblings, and healthy controls. We appraised visual perceptual function without the confound of cognitive ability and effort through the use of a simple binocular rivalry task. Results We found a slowed pace of alpha oscillations in psychotic psychopathology that was associated with longer percept durations during binocular rivalry, consistent with the assertion that occipital alpha oscillations govern the rate of accumulation of visual information used to generate percepts. Alpha speed varied widely across individuals with psychotic psychopathology and was highly stable across several months indicating that it is likely a trait characteristic of neural function that is relevant to visual perception. Finally, a lower speed of alpha oscillation was associated with a lower IQ and greater disorder symptomatology implying that the effects of the endogenous neural oscillation on visual perception may have wider consequences for everyday functioning. Discussion Slowed alpha oscillations in individuals with psychotic psychopathology appear to reflect altered neural functions related to percept formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott R. Sponheim
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Joshua J. Stim
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Stephen A. Engel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Victor J. Pokorny
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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10
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Wang ZY, Liu L, Liu Y. A multi-source behavioral and physiological recording system for cognitive assessment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8149. [PMID: 37208418 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35289-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive assessment has a broad application prospect, including estimate of childhood neuro development and maturation, diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases, and selection for special profession. With the development of computer technique and behavioral recording sensors, the method of cognitive assessment has been replaced from paper scale test to human-computer interaction. We can not only obtain the results of tasks, but also make it possible to acquire multiple behavioral and physiological data during the task. However, there is still a strong challenge of recording multi-source data synchronously during multi-dimensional cognitive assessments. Therefore, we built a multi-source cognitive assessment system can record multi-pattern behavioral and physiological data and feedback at different spatiotemporal levels. Under this system, we developed a multi-source diagnostic toolset for cognitive assessment, including eye tracking, hand movement, EEG and human-computer interaction data during the cognitive task. 238 participants with different mental disorders were assessed using this system. The results showed that our diagnostic toolset can be used to study the behavioral abnormalities of patients with mental disorders through the characteristics of multi-source data. Furthermore, this system can provide some objective diagnostic criteria such as behavioral characters and EEG features for diagnosis of mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, The Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, The Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, The Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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Schallmo MP, Weldon KB, Kamath RS, Moser HR, Montoya SA, Killebrew KW, Demro C, Grant AN, Marjańska M, Sponheim SR, Olman CA. The Psychosis Human Connectome Project: Design and rationale for studies of visual neurophysiology. Neuroimage 2023; 272:120060. [PMID: 36997137 PMCID: PMC10153004 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Visual perception is abnormal in psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia. In addition to hallucinations, laboratory tests show differences in fundamental visual processes including contrast sensitivity, center-surround interactions, and perceptual organization. A number of hypotheses have been proposed to explain visual dysfunction in psychotic disorders, including an imbalance between excitation and inhibition. However, the precise neural basis of abnormal visual perception in people with psychotic psychopathology (PwPP) remains unknown. Here, we describe the behavioral and 7 tesla MRI methods we used to interrogate visual neurophysiology in PwPP as part of the Psychosis Human Connectome Project (HCP). In addition to PwPP (n = 66) and healthy controls (n = 43), we also recruited first-degree biological relatives (n = 44) in order to examine the role of genetic liability for psychosis in visual perception. Our visual tasks were designed to assess fundamental visual processes in PwPP, whereas MR spectroscopy enabled us to examine neurochemistry, including excitatory and inhibitory markers. We show that it is feasible to collect high-quality data across multiple psychophysical, functional MRI, and MR spectroscopy experiments with a sizable number of participants at a single research site. These data, in addition to those from our previously described 3 tesla experiments, will be made publicly available in order to facilitate further investigations by other research groups. By combining visual neuroscience techniques and HCP brain imaging methods, our experiments offer new opportunities to investigate the neural basis of abnormal visual perception in PwPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael-Paul Schallmo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Kimberly B Weldon
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Rohit S Kamath
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Hannah R Moser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Samantha A Montoya
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kyle W Killebrew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Caroline Demro
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Andrea N Grant
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Małgorzata Marjańska
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Scott R Sponheim
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Cheryl A Olman
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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12
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Polgári P, Weiner L, Causin JB, Bertschy G, Giersch A. Investigating racing thoughts via ocular temporal windows: deficits in the control of automatic perceptual processes. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1176-1184. [PMID: 37010216 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721002592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Racing thoughts have been found in several states of bipolar disorder (BD), but also in healthy populations with subclinical mood alterations. The evaluation of racing thoughts relies on subjective reports, and objective measures are sparse. The current study aims at finding an objective neuropsychological equivalent of racing thoughts in a mixed group of BD patients and healthy controls by using a bistable perception paradigm. METHOD Eighty-three included participants formed three groups based on participants' levels of racing thoughts reported via the Racing and Crowded Thoughts Questionnaire. Participants reported reversals in their perception during viewing of the bistable Necker cube either spontaneously, while asked to focus on one interpretation of the cube, or while asked to accelerate perceptual reversals. The dynamics of perceptual alternations were studied both at a conscious level (with manual temporal windows reflecting perceptual reversals) and at a more automatic level (with ocular temporal windows derived from ocular fixations). RESULTS The rate of windows was less modulated by attentional conditions in participants with racing thoughts, and most clearly so for ocular windows. The rate of ocular windows was especially high when participants with racing thoughts were asked to focus on one interpretation of the Necker cube and when they received these instructions for the first time. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that in subjects with racing thoughts automatic perceptual processes escape cognitive control mechanisms. Racing thoughts may involve not only conscious thought mechanisms but also more automatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Polgári
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Luisa Weiner
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Causin
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gilles Bertschy
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Anne Giersch
- INSERM U1114, Strasbourg, France
- University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Psychiatry Department, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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13
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Safavi S, Dayan P. Multistability, perceptual value, and internal foraging. Neuron 2022; 110:3076-3090. [PMID: 36041434 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substantial experimental, theoretical, and computational insights into sensory processing have been derived from the phenomena of perceptual multistability-when two or more percepts alternate or switch in response to a single sensory input. Here, we review a range of findings suggesting that alternations can be seen as internal choices by the brain responding to values. We discuss how elements of external, experimenter-controlled values and internal, uncertainty- and aesthetics-dependent values influence multistability. We then consider the implications for the involvement in switching of regions, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, which are more conventionally tied to value-dependent operations such as cognitive control and foraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Safavi
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Peter Dayan
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Germany
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14
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Blake R. The Perceptual Magic of Binocular Rivalry. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/09637214211057564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Binocular rivalry (BR) refers to the spontaneous, unpredictable fluctuations in visual awareness provoked by dissimilar stimulation of the two eyes. Reports of the phenomenon date back several centuries, but interest in BR has exploded in recent years as researchers in diverse disciplines—psychology, neuroscience, medicine, philosophy—have found reasons to study it. New ideas about BR have emerged, sparking controversies about its neural bases, which may be resolved thanks to new methodological developments. This essay provides a synopsis of some key empirically determined aspects of BR as well as an overview of theoretical developments in this field. Work published during the past decade or so is emphasized (and explicitly referenced); earlier key findings are mentioned and referenced in the annotated bibliography included in the Supplemental Material.
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15
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Koivisto M, Virkkala M, Puustinen M, Aarnio J. Open and empathic personalities see two things at the same time: the relationship of big-five personality traits and cognitive empathy with mixed percepts during binocular rivalry. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02249-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDoes our personality predict what we see? This question was studied in 100 university students with binocular rivalry paradigm by presenting incompatible images to each eye, allowing multiple interpretations of the same sensory input. During continuous binocular presentation, dominance of perception starts to fluctuate between the images. When neither of the images is fully suppressed, the two images combine into mixed percepts. We focused on the link between mixed percepts, big-five traits, and empathy. The results revealed that openness and agreeableness correlated with the occurrence of mixed percepts after the first dominant perception. However, these correlations of openness and agreeableness were mediated by cognitive empathy. In addition, openness had a direct association with reporting the initial percept in the onset of stimulation as a mixed percept, suggesting a mechanism that is separate from the one mediated by cognitive empathy. Overall, the results provide preliminary evidence suggesting that personality predicts what we see. Such individual differences in perceptual interpretations may be linked to both higher level cognitive mechanisms as well as lower level visual mechanisms.
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16
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João CAR, Scanferla L, Jansonius NM. Binocular Interactions in Glaucoma Patients With Nonoverlapping Visual Field Defects: Contrast Summation, Rivalry, and Phase Combination. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:9. [PMID: 34505864 PMCID: PMC8434749 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In glaucoma, visual field defects in the left and right eye may be non-overlapping, resulting in an intact binocular visual field. In clinical management, these patients are often considered to have normal vision. However, visual performance also relies on binocular processing. The aim of this study was to evaluate binocular visual functions in glaucoma patients with intact binocular visual field, normal visual acuity, and stereoscopy. Methods We measured in 10 glaucoma patients and 12 age-similar controls: (1) monocular and binocular contrast sensitivity functions (CSF) using a modified quick CSF test to assess binocular contrast summation, (2) dominance during rivalry, and (3) contrast ratio at balance point with a binocular phase combination test. A mirror stereoscope was used to combine the left and right eye image (each 10° horizontally by 12° vertically) on a display. Results Area under the monocular and binocular CSF was lower in glaucoma compared to healthy (P < 0.001), but the binocular contrast summation ratio did not differ (P = 0.30). For rivalry, the percentage of time of mixed percept was 9% versus 18% (P = 0.056), the absolute difference of the percentage of time of dominance between the two eyes 19% versus 10% (P = 0.075), and the rivalry rate 8.2 versus 12.1 switches per minute (P = 0.017) for glaucoma and healthy, respectively. Median contrast ratio at balance point was 0.66 in glaucoma and 1.03 in controls (P = 0.011). Conclusions Binocular visual information processing deficits can be found in glaucoma patients with intact binocular visual field, normal visual acuity, and stereoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina A R João
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lorenzo Scanferla
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nomdo M Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Graduate School of Medical Sciences (Research School of Behavioural and Cognitive Neurosciences), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Zhou L, Tang Z, Zuo Z, Zhou K. Neural Mechanism Underlying the Sleep Deprivation-Induced Abnormal Bistable Perception. Cereb Cortex 2021; 32:583-592. [PMID: 34322696 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality sleep is vital for physical and mental health. No matter whether sleep problems are a consequence of or contributory factor to mental disorders, people with psychosis often suffer from severe sleep disturbances. Previous research has shown that acute sleep deprivation (SD) can cause transient brain dysfunction and lead to various cognitive impairments in healthy individuals. However, the relationship between sleep disturbance and bistable perception remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether the bistable perception could be affected by SD and elucidated the functional brain changes accompanying SD effects on bistable perception using functional magnetic resonance imaging. We found that the 28-h SD resulted in slower perceptual transitions in healthy individuals. The reduced perceptual transition was accompanied by the decreased activations in rivalry-related frontoparietal areas, including the right superior parietal lobule, right frontal eye field, and right temporoparietal junction. We speculated that SD might disrupt the normal function of these regions crucial for bistable perception, which mediated the slower rivalry-related perceptual transitions in behavior. Our findings revealed the neural changes underlying the abnormal bistable perception following the SD. It also suggested that SD might offer a new window to understand the neural mechanisms underlying the bistable perception.
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18
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Jagtap AR, Brascamp JW. Does Cortical Inhibition Explain the Correlation Between Bistable Perception Paradigms? Iperception 2021; 12:20416695211020018. [PMID: 34104385 PMCID: PMC8161874 DOI: 10.1177/20416695211020018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
When observers view a perceptually bistable stimulus, their perception changes stochastically. Various studies have shown across-observer correlations in the percept durations for different bistable stimuli including binocular rivalry stimuli and bistable moving plaids. Previous work on binocular rivalry posits that neural inhibition in the visual hierarchy is a factor involved in the perceptual fluctuations in that paradigm. Here, in order to investigate whether between-observer variability in cortical inhibition underlies correlated percept durations between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception, we used center-surround suppression as a behavioral measure of cortical inhibition. We recruited 217 participants in a test battery that included bistable perception paradigms as well as a center-surround suppression paradigm. While we were able to successfully replicate the correlations between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception, we did not find a correlation between center-surround suppression strength and percept durations for any form of bistable perception. Moreover, the results from a mediation analysis indicate that center-surround suppression is not the mediating factor in the correlation between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaids. These results do not support the idea that cortical inhibition can explain the between-observer correlation in mean percept duration between binocular rivalry and bistable moving plaid perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhilasha R. Jagtap
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Jan W. Brascamp
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
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19
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Ho NSP, Baker D, Karapanagiotidis T, Seli P, Wang HT, Leech R, Bernhardt B, Margulies D, Jefferies E, Smallwood J. Missing the forest because of the trees: slower alternations during binocular rivalry are associated with lower levels of visual detail during ongoing thought. Neurosci Conscious 2020; 2020:niaa020. [PMID: 33042581 PMCID: PMC7533427 DOI: 10.1093/nc/niaa020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Conscious awareness of the world fluctuates, either through variation in how vividly we perceive the environment, or when our attentional focus shifts away from information in the external environment towards information that we generate via imagination. Our study combined individual differences in experience sampling, psychophysical reports of perception and neuroimaging descriptions of structural connectivity to better understand these changes in conscious awareness. In particular, we examined (i) whether aspects of ongoing thought—indexed via multi-dimensional experience sampling during a sustained attention task—are associated with the white matter fibre organization of the cortex as reflected by their relative degree of anisotropic diffusion and (ii) whether these neurocognitive descriptions of ongoing experience are related to a more constrained measure of visual consciousness through analysis of bistable perception during binocular rivalry. Individuals with greater fractional anisotropy in right hemisphere white matter regions involving the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, the superior longitudinal fasciculus and the cortico-spinal tract, described their ongoing thoughts as lacking external details. Subsequent analysis indicated that the combination of low fractional anisotropy in these right hemisphere regions, with reports of thoughts with high levels of external details, was associated with the shortest periods of dominance during binocular rivalry. Since variation in binocular rivalry reflects differences between bottom-up and top-down influences on vision, our study suggests that reports of ongoing thoughts with vivid external details may occur when conscious precedence is given to bottom-up representation of perceptual information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerissa Siu Ping Ho
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.,School of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Daniel Baker
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | | | - Paul Seli
- Department of Psychology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hao Ting Wang
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Robert Leech
- Centre for Neuroimaging Science, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Boris Bernhardt
- Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Daniel Margulies
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UMR 7225, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle epiniere, Paris, France
| | | | - Jonathan Smallwood
- Department of Psychology, University of York, York YO10 5DD, UK.,Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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20
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Jia T, Cao L, Ye X, Wei Q, Xie W, Cai C, Dong Y, Xia C, Tian Y, Wang K. Difference in binocular rivalry rate between major depressive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112704. [PMID: 32461128 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Binocular rivalry (BR) occurs when monocular images are presented simultaneously to corresponding regions of the two eyes. Rather than forming a stable composite, perception alternates spontaneously between each monocular view. Over recent decades, considerable interest in examining BR in psychiatric populations has demonstrated clear differences in the dynamics of BR when compared to healthy populations. However, the available data with respect to rivalry rates in depression and anxiety are limited, and previous studies have shown inconsistent results. Also, depression and anxiety are highly comorbid and can be difficult to distinguish. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether patients with depression and anxiety have abnormal rivalry rates and whether rivalry rates differ between these conditions. Thirty-five patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), 30 patients with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and 30 control participants matched on sex, age and education were recruited. Our results showed MDD participants had slower BR rates than controls and GAD, and controls were significantly slower than GAD. Our findings raise prospects that BR could be a promising behavioral tool to differentiate depressive and anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Jia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Lihua Cao
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xing Ye
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chunlan Cai
- Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yi Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Chengcai Xia
- Department of Neurology, Nanjing Pukou Central Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yanghua Tian
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province, China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Cognition and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Hefei, Anhui Province, China.
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