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Neupane S, Skerswetat J, Bex PJ. Comparison of Foraging Interactive D-prime and Angular Indication Measurement Stereo with different methods to assess stereopsis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305036. [PMID: 38848392 PMCID: PMC11161055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Stereopsis is a critical visual function, however clinical stereotests are time-consuming, coarse in resolution, suffer memorization artifacts, poor repeatability, and low agreement with other tests. Foraging Interactive D-prime (FInD) Stereo and Angular Indication Measurement (AIM) Stereo were designed to address these problems. Here, their performance was compared with 2-Alternative-Forced-Choice (2-AFC) paradigms (FInD Stereo only) and clinical tests (Titmus and Randot) in 40 normally-sighted and 5 binocularly impaired participants (FInD Stereo only). METHODS During FInD tasks, participants indicated which cells in three 4*4 charts of bandpass-filtered targets (1,2,4,8c/° conditions) contained depth, compared with 2-AFC and clinical tests. During the AIM task, participants reported the orientation of depth-defined bars in three 4*4 charts. Stereoscopic disparity was adaptively changed after each chart. Inter-test agreement, repeatability and duration were compared. RESULTS Test duration was significantly longer for 2-AFC (mean = 317s;79s per condition) than FInD (216s,18s per chart), AIM (179s, 60s per chart), Titmus (66s) or RanDot (97s). Estimates of stereoacuity differed across tests and were higher by a factor of 1.1 for AIM and 1.3 for FInD. No effect of stimulus spatial frequency was found. Agreement among tests was generally low (R2 = 0.001 to 0.24) and was highest between FInD and 2-AFC (R2 = 0.24;p<0.01). Stereoacuity deficits were detected by all tests in binocularly impaired participants. CONCLUSIONS Agreement among all tests was low. FInD and AIM inter-test agreement was comparable with other methods. FInD Stereo detected stereo deficits and may only require one condition to identify these deficits. AIM and FInD are response-adaptive, self-administrable methods that can estimate stereoacuity reliably within one minute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonisha Neupane
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jan Skerswetat
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Bex
- Department of Psychology, College of Science, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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Liu L, Liu J, Xu L, Zhao L, Wu H. A comparative study of stereopsis measurements: analyzing natural conditions versus dichoptic presentation using smartphones and ultraviolet printer technology. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16941. [PMID: 38361768 PMCID: PMC10868522 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate differentiation between stereopsis assessments in the natural and dichoptic presentation states has proven challenging with commercial stereopsis measurement tools. This study proposes a novel method to delineate these differences more precisely. Methods We instituted two stereopsis test systems predicated on a pair of 4K smartphones and a modified Frisby Near Stereotest (FNS) version. Stereoacuity was evaluated both in the natural environment state (via the modified FNS) and the dichoptic state (via smartphones). Thirty subjects aged 20 to 28 years participated in the study with the best-corrected visual acuity (VA) of each eye no less than 0 logMAR and stereoauity of no worse than 40″. Varying degrees of monocular VA loss were induced using the fogging method, while this study does not explore conditions where the VA of both eyes is worse than 0 logMAR. Results When the VA difference between the two eyes did not exceed 0.2 logMAR, the modified FNS produced lower stereoacuity values compared to the 4K smartphones (Wilcoxon signed-rank test: difference = 0 logMAR, Z = -3.879, P < 0.001; difference = 0.1 logMAR, Z = -3.478, P = 0.001; difference = 0.2 logMAR, Z = -3.977, P < 0.001). Conversely, no significant differences were observed when the binocular vision difference exceeded 0.2 logMAR (difference = 0.3 logMAR, Z = -1.880, P = 0.060; difference = 0.4 logMAR, Z = -1.784, P = 0.074; difference = 0.5 logMAR, Z = -1.812, P = 0.070). Conclusion The findings suggest that stereoacuity values measurements taken in the natural environment state surpass those derived from the dichoptic presentation. However, the observed difference diminishes as stereopsis decreases, corresponding to an increase in induced anisometropia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingxian Xu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Liu L, Xu L, Yu B, Zhao L, Wu H. The influence of simulated visual impairment on distance stereopsis. J Vis 2024; 24:1. [PMID: 38300556 PMCID: PMC10846341 DOI: 10.1167/jov.24.2.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate interrelationships between visual acuity (VA) and stereopsis depend on an array of factors, incorporating the nature of vision impairment, its manifestation (monocular versus binocular), and the classification of stereopsis test symbols used. The objectives of this study were to methodically dissect these multifaceted interactions by simulating a diverse range of vision loss conditions. Thirty medical students with normal vision were subjected to simulated vision loss through opacification and blurring methodologies. Stereopsis was assessed at a distance using both contour-based and random-dot-based symbols under equal binocular and varied monocular VA conditions. In this study, opacification consistently affected stereopsis more than blurring at equivalent VA reductions. However, this difference was absent in contour-based symbols under binocular vision impairment conditions. Significant differences in stereopsis emerged between monocular and binocular vision within the opacification contour-based groups. These differences were less evident in the opacification and blurring groups using random-dot-based patterns. In terms of symbols, the contour-based test demonstrated superior results to the random-dot-based test, particularly under decreased VA. In sum, the method of VA reduction and the choice of stereogram significantly impact distance stereopsis outcomes. This understanding can guide clinical assessments of stereopsis in individuals with varying visual impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingxian Xu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lingzhi Zhao
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huang Wu
- Department of Optometry, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Denkinger S, Antoniou MP, Tarello D, Levi DM, Backus BT, Bavelier D, Chopin A. The eRDS v6 Stereotest and the Vivid Vision Stereo Test: Two New Tests of Stereoscopic Vision. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:1. [PMID: 36857068 PMCID: PMC9987163 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.3.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe two new stereoacuity tests: the eRDS v6 stereotest, a global dynamic random dot stereogram (dRDS) test, and the Vivid Vision Stereo Test version 2 (VV), a local or "contour" stereotest for virtual reality (VR) headsets; and to evaluate the tests' reliability, validity compared to a dRDS standard, and learning effects. Methods Sixty-four subjects passed a battery of stereotests, including perceiving depth from RDS. Validity was evaluated relative to a tablet-based dRDS reference test, ASTEROID. Reliability and learning effects were assessed over six sessions. Results eRDS v6 was effective at measuring small thresholds (<10 arcsec) and had a moderate correlation (0.48) with ASTEROID. Across the six sessions, test-retest reliability was good, varying from 0.84 to 0.91, but learning occurred across the first three sessions. VV did not measure stereoacuities below 15 arcsec. It had a weak correlation with ASTEROID (0.27), and test-retest reliability was poor to moderate, varying from 0.35 to 0.74; however, no learning occurred between sessions. Conclusions eRDS v6 is precise and reliable but shows learning effects. If repeated three times at baseline, this test is well suited as an outcome measure for testing interventions. VV is less precise, but it is easy and rapid and shows no learning. It may be useful for testing interventions in patients who have no global stereopsis. Translational Relevance eRDS v6 is well suited as an outcome measure to evaluate treatments that improve adult stereodepth perception. VV can be considered for screening patient with compromised stereovision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Denkinger
- Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
| | - Maria-Paraskevi Antoniou
- Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Institute of Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences & Arts Western Switzerland (HES-SO) Valais-Wallis, Sierre, Switzerland
| | - Demetrio Tarello
- Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dennis M Levi
- Herbert Wertheim School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Daphné Bavelier
- Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva & Campus Biotech, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Chopin
- Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.,Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, Paris, France
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Abstract
Stereopsis provides us with a vivid impression of the depth and distance of objects in our 3- dimensional world. Stereopsis is important for a number of everyday visual tasks, including (but not limited to) reaching and grasping, fine visuo-motor control, and navigating in our world. This review briefly discusses the neural substrate for normal binocular vision and stereopsis and its development in primates; outlines some of the issues and limitations of stereopsis tests and examines some of the factors that limit the typical development of stereopsis and the causes and consequences of stereo-deficiency and stereo-blindness. Finally, we review several approaches to improving or recovering stereopsis in both neurotypical individuals and those with stereo-deficiency and stereo-blindness and outline some emerging strategies for improving stereopsis.
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Chen X, Liao M, Jiang P, Sun H, Liu L, Gong Q. Abnormal effective connectivity in visual cortices underlies stereopsis defects in amblyopia. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 34:103005. [PMID: 35421811 PMCID: PMC9011166 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal effective connectivity inherent stereopsis defects in amblyopia was studied. A weakened connection from V2v to LO2 relates to stereopsis defects in amblyopia. Higher-order visual cortices may serve as key nodes to the stereopsis defects. An independent longitudinal dataset was used to validate the obtained results.
The neural basis underlying stereopsis defects in patients with amblyopia remains unclear, which hinders the development of clinical therapy. This study aimed to investigate visual network abnormalities in patients with amblyopia and their associations with stereopsis function. Spectral dynamic causal modeling methods were employed for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data to investigate the effective connectivity (EC) among 14 predefined regions of interest in the dorsal and ventral visual pathways. We adopted two independent datasets, including a cross-sectional and a longitudinal dataset. In the cross-sectional dataset, we compared group differences in EC between 31 patients with amblyopia (mean age: 26.39 years old) and 31 healthy controls (mean age: 25.71 years old) and investigated the association between EC and stereoacuity. In addition, we explored EC changes after perceptual learning in a novel longitudinal dataset including 9 patients with amblyopia (mean age: 15.78 years old). We found consistent evidence from the two datasets indicating that the aberrant EC from V2v to LO2 is crucial for the stereoscopic deficits in the patients with amblyopia: it was weaker in the patients than in the controls, showed a positive linear relationship with the stereoscopic function, and increased after perceptual learning in the patients. In addition, higher-level dorsal (V3d, V3A, and V3B) and ventral areas (LO1 and LO2) were important nodes in the network of abnormal ECs associated with stereoscopic deficits in the patients with amblyopia. Our research provides insights into the neural mechanism underlying stereopsis deficits in patients with amblyopia and provides candidate targets for focused stimulus interventions to enhance the efficacy of clinical treatment for the improvement of stereopsis deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meng Liao
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China; Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
| | - Huaiqiang Sun
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Imaging Research Core Facilities, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Longqian Liu
- Department of Optometry and Visual Science, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Ophthalmology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qiyong Gong
- Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Department of Radiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu, China; Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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