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Korinek M, Candelas Serra M, Abdel Rahman F, Dobrovolski M, Kuchtiak V, Abramova V, Fili K, Tomovic E, Hrcka Krausova B, Krusek J, Cerny J, Vyklicky L, Balik A, Smejkalova T. Disease-Associated Variants in GRIN1, GRIN2A and GRIN2B genes: Insights into NMDA Receptor Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology. Physiol Res 2024; 73:S413-S434. [PMID: 38836461 PMCID: PMC11412357 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) are a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptors critical for synaptic transmission and plasticity, and for the development of neural circuits. Rare or de-novo variants in GRIN genes encoding NMDAR subunits have been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delay, autism, schizophrenia, or epilepsy. In recent years, some disease-associated variants in GRIN genes have been characterized using recombinant receptors expressed in non-neuronal cells, and a few variants have also been studied in neuronal preparations or animal models. Here we review the current literature on the functional evaluation of human disease-associated variants in GRIN1, GRIN2A and GRIN2B genes at all levels of analysis. Focusing on the impact of different patient variants at the level of receptor function, we discuss effects on receptor agonist and co-agonist affinity, channel open probability, and receptor cell surface expression. We consider how such receptor-level functional information may be used to classify variants as gain-of-function or loss-of-function, and discuss the limitations of this classification at the synaptic, cellular, or system level. Together this work by many laboratories worldwide yields valuable insights into NMDAR structure and function, and represents significant progress in the effort to understand and treat GRIN disorders. Keywords: NMDA receptor , GRIN genes, Genetic variants, Electrophysiology, Synapse, Animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Korinek
- Department of Cellular Neurophysiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Lin ZJ, Li B, Lin PX, Song W, Yan LM, Meng H, He N. Clinical application of trio-based whole-exome sequencing in idiopathic generalized epilepsy. Seizure 2024; 116:24-29. [PMID: 36842888 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGEs) are a common group of genetic generalized epilepsies with high genetic heterogeneity and complex inheritance. However, the genetic basis is still largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the genetic etiologies in IGEs. METHODS Trio-based whole-exome sequencing was performed in 60 cases with IGEs. The pathogenicity of candidate genetic variants was evaluated by the criteria of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG), and the clinical causality was assessed by concordance between the observed phenotype and the reported phenotype. RESULTS Seven candidate variants were detected in seven unrelated cases with IGE (11.7%, 7/60). According to ACMG, a de novo SLC2A1 (c.376C>T/p.Arg126Cys) variant identified in childhood absence epilepsy was evaluated as pathogenic with clinical concordance. Six variants were assessed to be uncertain significance by ACMG, but then considered causative after evaluation of clinical concordance. These variants included CLCN4 hemizygous variant (c.2044G>A/p.Glu682Lys) and IQSEC2 heterozygous variant (c.4315C>T/p.Pro1439Ser) in juvenile absence epilepsy, EFHC1 variant (c.1504C>T/p.Arg502Trp) and CACNA1H (c.589G>T/p.Ala197Ser) both with incomplete penetrance in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and GRIN2A variant (c.2011C>G/p.Gln671Glu) and GABRB1 variant (c.1075G>A/p.Val359Ile) both co-segregated with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Among them, GABRB1 was for the first time identified as potential novel causative gene for IGE. SIGNIFICANCE Considering the genetic heterogeneity and complex inheritance of IGEs, a comprehensive evaluation combined the ACMG scoring and assessment of clinical concordance is suggested for the pathogenicity analysis of variants identified in clinical screening. GABRB1 is probably a novel causative gene for IGE, which warrants further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Lin
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian 351100, Fujian Province, China; Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng-Xing Lin
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian 351100, Fujian Province, China
| | - Wang Song
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Min Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, 570311 Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Heng Meng
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Na He
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Zhang PP, Benske TM, Ahn LY, Schaffer AE, Paton JC, Paton AW, Mu TW, Wang YJ. Adapting the endoplasmic reticulum proteostasis rescues epilepsy-associated NMDA receptor variants. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:282-297. [PMID: 37803141 PMCID: PMC10789767 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01172-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The GRIN genes encoding N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunits are remarkably intolerant to variation. Many pathogenic NMDAR variants result in their protein misfolding, inefficient assembly, reduced surface expression, and impaired function on neuronal membrane, causing neurological disorders including epilepsy and intellectual disability. Here, we investigated the proteostasis maintenance of NMDARs containing epilepsy-associated variations in the GluN2A subunit, including M705V and A727T. In the transfected HEK293T cells, we showed that the two variants were targeted to the proteasome for degradation and had reduced functional surface expression. We demonstrated that the application of BIX, a known small molecule activator of an HSP70 family chaperone BiP (binding immunoglobulin protein) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), dose-dependently enhanced the functional surface expression of the M705V and A727T variants in HEK293T cells. Moreover, BIX (10 μM) increased the surface protein levels of the M705V variant in human iPSC-derived neurons. We revealed that BIX promoted folding, inhibited degradation, and enhanced anterograde trafficking of the M705V variant by modest activation of the IRE1 pathway of the unfolded protein response. Our results suggest that adapting the ER proteostasis network restores the folding, trafficking, and function of pathogenic NMDAR variants, representing a potential treatment for neurological disorders resulting from NMDAR dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Pei Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Taylor M Benske
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Lucie Y Ahn
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ashleigh E Schaffer
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - James C Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Adrienne W Paton
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Ting-Wei Mu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Ya-Juan Wang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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He YY, Luo S, Jin L, Wang PY, Xu J, Jiao HL, Yan HJ, Wang Y, Zhai QX, Ji JJ, Zhang WJ, Zhou P, Li H, Liao WP, Lan S, Xu L. DLG3 variants caused X-linked epilepsy with/without neurodevelopmental disorders and the genotype-phenotype correlation. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 16:1290919. [PMID: 38249294 PMCID: PMC10796462 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1290919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The DLG3 gene encodes disks large membrane-associated guanylate kinase scaffold protein 3, which plays essential roles in the clustering of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) at excitatory synapses. Previously, DLG3 has been identified as the causative gene of X-linked intellectual developmental disorder-90 (XLID-90; OMIM# 300850). This study aims to explore the phenotypic spectrum of DLG3 and the genotype-phenotype correlation. Methods Trios-based whole-exome sequencing was performed in patients with epilepsy of unknown causes. To analyze the genotype-phenotype correlations, previously reported DLG3 variants were systematically reviewed. Results DLG3 variants were identified in seven unrelated cases with epilepsy. These variants had no hemizygous frequencies in controls. All variants were predicted to be damaging by silico tools and alter the hydrogen bonds with surrounding residues and/or protein stability. Four cases mainly presented with generalized seizures, including generalized tonic-clonic and myoclonic seizures, and the other three cases exhibited secondary generalized tonic-clonic seizures and focal seizures. Multifocal discharges were recorded in all cases during electroencephalography monitoring, including the four cases with generalized discharges initially but multifocal discharges after drug treating. Protein-protein interaction network analysis revealed that DLG3 interacts with 52 genes with high confidence, in which the majority of disease-causing genes were associated with a wide spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorder (NDD) and epilepsy. Three patients with variants locating outside functional domains all achieved seizure-free, while the four patients with variants locating in functional domains presented poor control of seizures. Analysis of previously reported cases revealed that patients with non-null variants presented higher percentages of epilepsy than those with null variants, suggesting a genotype-phenotype correlation. Significance This study suggested that DLG3 variants were associated with epilepsy with/without NDD, expanding the phenotypic spectrum of DLG3. The observed genotype-phenotype correlation potentially contributes to the understanding of the underlying mechanisms driving phenotypic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yan He
- Department of Neurology, Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sheng Luo
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Peng-Yu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Liang Jiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hong-Jun Yan
- Epilepsy Center, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Epilepsy Center, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiong-Xiang Zhai
- Department of Pediatrics, Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Jing Ji
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weng-Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Li
- Epilepsy Center, Guangdong 999 Brain Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Ping Liao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education of China, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Lan
- Department of Neurology, Maoming People’s Hospital, Maoming, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Women and Children’s Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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Varlamova EG, Borisova EV, Evstratova YA, Newman AG, Kuldaeva VP, Gavrish MS, Kondakova EV, Tarabykin VS, Babaev AA, Turovsky EA. Socrates: A Novel N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea-Induced Mouse Mutant with Audiogenic Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17104. [PMID: 38069426 PMCID: PMC10707124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242317104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the common neurological diseases that affects not only adults but also infants and children. Because epilepsy has been studied for a long time, there are several pharmacologically effective anticonvulsants, which, however, are not suitable as therapy for all patients. The genesis of epilepsy has been extensively investigated in terms of its occurrence after injury and as a concomitant disease with various brain diseases, such as tumors, ischemic events, etc. However, in the last decades, there are multiple reports that both genetic and epigenetic factors play an important role in epileptogenesis. Therefore, there is a need for further identification of genes and loci that can be associated with higher susceptibility to epileptic seizures. Use of mouse knockout models of epileptogenesis is very informative, but it has its limitations. One of them is due to the fact that complete deletion of a gene is not, in many cases, similar to human epilepsy-associated syndromes. Another approach to generating mouse models of epilepsy is N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-directed mutagenesis. Recently, using this approach, we generated a novel mouse strain, soc (socrates, formerly s8-3), with epileptiform activity. Using molecular biology methods, calcium neuroimaging, and immunocytochemistry, we were able to characterize the strain. Neurons isolated from soc mutant brains retain the ability to differentiate in vitro and form a network. However, soc mutant neurons are characterized by increased spontaneous excitation activity. They also demonstrate a high degree of Ca2+ activity compared to WT neurons. Additionally, they show increased expression of NMDA receptors, decreased expression of the Ca2+-conducting GluA2 subunit of AMPA receptors, suppressed expression of phosphoinositol 3-kinase, and BK channels of the cytoplasmic membrane involved in protection against epileptogenesis. During embryonic and postnatal development, the expression of several genes encoding ion channels is downregulated in vivo, as well. Our data indicate that soc mutation causes a disruption of the excitation-inhibition balance in the brain, and it can serve as a mouse model of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena G. Varlamova
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina V. Borisova
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.V.B.); (A.G.N.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Yuliya A. Evstratova
- Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “MIREA—Russian Technological University”, 78, Vernadskogo Ave., 119454 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Andrew G. Newman
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.V.B.); (A.G.N.)
| | - Vera P. Kuldaeva
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maria S. Gavrish
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Elena V. Kondakova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Victor S. Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (E.V.B.); (A.G.N.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
- Research Institute of Medical Genetics, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, 10 Nab. Ushaiki, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alexey A. Babaev
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
| | - Egor A. Turovsky
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, 142290 Pushchino, Russia;
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 23 Gagarin Ave., 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia; (V.P.K.); (M.S.G.); (E.V.K.); (A.A.B.)
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Pavinato L, Stanic J, Barzasi M, Gurgone A, Chiantia G, Cipriani V, Eberini I, Palazzolo L, Di Luca M, Costa A, Marcantoni A, Biamino E, Spada M, Hiatt SM, Kelley WV, Vestito L, Sisodiya SM, Efthymiou S, Chand P, Kaiyrzhanov R, Bruselles A, Cardaropoli S, Tartaglia M, De Rubeis S, Buxbaum JD, Smedley D, Ferrero GB, Giustetto M, Gardoni F, Brusco A. Missense variants in RPH3A cause defects in excitatory synaptic function and are associated with a clinically variable neurodevelopmental disorder. Genet Med 2023; 25:100922. [PMID: 37403762 DOI: 10.1016/j.gim.2023.100922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE RPH3A encodes a protein involved in the stabilization of GluN2A subunit of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors at the cell surface, forming a complex essential for synaptic plasticity and cognition. We investigated the effect of variants in RPH3A in patients with neurodevelopmental disorders. METHODS By using trio-based exome sequencing, GeneMatcher, and screening of 100,000 Genomes Project data, we identified 6 heterozygous variants in RPH3A. In silico and in vitro models, including rat hippocampal neuronal cultures, have been used to characterize the effect of the variants. RESULTS Four cases had a neurodevelopmental disorder with untreatable epileptic seizures [p.(Gln73His)dn; p.(Arg209Lys); p.(Thr450Ser)dn; p.(Gln508His)], and 2 cases [p.(Arg235Ser); p.(Asn618Ser)dn] showed high-functioning autism spectrum disorder. Using neuronal cultures, we demonstrated that p.(Thr450Ser) and p.(Asn618Ser) reduce the synaptic localization of GluN2A; p.(Thr450Ser) also increased the surface levels of GluN2A. Electrophysiological recordings showed increased GluN2A-dependent NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptor currents for both variants and alteration of postsynaptic calcium levels. Finally, expression of the Rph3AThr450Ser variant in neurons affected dendritic spine morphology. CONCLUSION Overall, we provide evidence that missense gain-of-function variants in RPH3A increase GluN2A-containing NMDA ionotropic glutamate receptors at extrasynaptic sites, altering synaptic function and leading to a clinically variable neurodevelopmental presentation ranging from untreatable epilepsy to autism spectrum disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Pavinato
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Institute of Oncology Research (IOR), Bellinzona, Switzerland; Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Stanic
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, DiSFeB, University of the Studies of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Barzasi
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, DiSFeB, University of the Studies of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonia Gurgone
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Valentina Cipriani
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology Precision Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, United Kingdom
| | - Ivano Eberini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, DiSFeB, University of the Studies of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Palazzolo
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, DiSFeB, University of the Studies of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Di Luca
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, DiSFeB, University of the Studies of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alex Costa
- Department of Biosciences, University of the Studies of Milan, Milan, Italy; Institute of Biophysics, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Marcantoni
- Department of Drug Science and Technology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisa Biamino
- Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Spada
- Department of Pediatrics, Regina Margherita Children Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Susan M Hiatt
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL
| | | | - Letizia Vestito
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology Precision Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, United Kingdom
| | - Sanjay M Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy Bucks, Chalfont St Peter, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Prem Chand
- Department of Paediatric and Child Health, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rauan Kaiyrzhanov
- University College London, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Cardaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia De Rubeis
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Damian Smedley
- William Harvey Research Institute, Clinical Pharmacology Precision Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, DiSFeB, University of the Studies of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alfredo Brusco
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Medical Genetics Unit, Città della Salute e della Scienza University Hospital, Turin, Italy.
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7
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Wu X, Zhong S, Cai Y, Yang Y, Lian Y, Ding J, Wang X. Heterozygous RELN missense variants associated with genetic generalized epilepsy. Seizure 2023; 111:122-129. [PMID: 37625192 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The RELN gene encodes the secreted glycoprotein Reelin and has important functions in both developing and adult brains. In this study, we aimed to explore the association between the RELN and genetic generalized epilepsy (GGE). METHODS We performed whole-exome sequencing on a cohort of 92 patients with GGE. Based on amino acid sequence alignments, allele frequency, pedigree validation and computational modeling, the RELN variants were identified and clinical features of cases were summarized. Cell-based Reelin secretion assays were examined by Western blotting. Alterations of mutant Reelin transport through the secretion pathway were detected by immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Three novel pathogenic RELN variants (3.26%; c.2260C>T/p.R754W, c.2914C>G/p.P972A and c.3029G>A/p.R1010H) were identified. All probands showed adolescence-onset generalized seizures characterized by generalized epileptiform discharges with normal EEG backgrounds, no or mild cognitive impairment, and responded well to anti-seizure medications. All these variants were located in the central regions from 1B to 2A consecutive repeats, and protein modeling demonstrated structural alterations in Reelin. Moreover, we found that these heterozygous missense variants significantly decreased the secretion of mutant proteins in HEK-293T cells, and this impairment was due to the altered transport of mutant Reelin in the secretion pathway. CONCLUSION These results suggest that RELN is potentially associated with GGE. The phenotype of GGE caused by RELN variants is relatively mild, and the pathogenic mechanism may involve a loss-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Wu
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Shaoping Zhong
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yang Cai
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yuling Yang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yangye Lian
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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8
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Ahammad I, Jamal TB, Bhattacharjee A, Chowdhury ZM, Rahman S, Hassan MR, Hossain MU, Das KC, Keya CA, Salimullah M. Impact of highly deleterious non-synonymous polymorphisms on GRIN2A protein's structure and function. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286917. [PMID: 37319252 PMCID: PMC10270607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
GRIN2A is a gene that encodes NMDA receptors found in the central nervous system and plays a pivotal role in excitatory synaptic transmission, plasticity and excitotoxicity in the mammalian central nervous system. Changes in this gene have been associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders such as epilepsy. Previous studies on GRIN2A suggest that non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) can alter the protein's structure and function. To gain a better understanding of the impact of potentially deleterious variants of GRIN2A, a range of bioinformatics tools were employed in this study. Out of 1320 nsSNPs retrieved from the NCBI database, initially 16 were predicted as deleterious by 9 tools. Further assessment of their domain association, conservation profile, homology models, interatomic interaction, and Molecular Dynamic Simulation revealed that the variant I463S is likely to be the most deleterious for the structure and function of the protein. Despite the limitations of computational algorithms, our analyses have provided insights that can be a valuable resource for further in vitro and in vivo research on GRIN2A-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishtiaque Ahammad
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tabassum Binte Jamal
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arittra Bhattacharjee
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Zeshan Mahmud Chowdhury
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Suparna Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rakibul Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Uzzal Hossain
- Bioinformatics Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Keshob Chandra Das
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Chaman Ara Keya
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Salimullah
- Molecular Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Ganakbari, Ashulia, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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9
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Halász P, Szũcs A. Self-limited childhood epilepsies are disorders of the perisylvian communication system, carrying the risk of progress to epileptic encephalopathies-Critical review. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1092244. [PMID: 37388546 PMCID: PMC10301767 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1092244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
"Sleep plasticity is a double-edged sword: a powerful machinery of neural build-up, with a risk to epileptic derailment." We aimed to review the types of self-limited focal epilepsies..."i.e. keep as two separate paragraphs" We aimed to review the types of self-limited focal epilepsies: (1) self-limited focal childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes, (2) atypical Rolandic epilepsy, and (3) electrical status epilepticus in sleep with mental consequences, including Landau-Kleffner-type acquired aphasia, showing their spectral relationship and discussing the debated topics. Our endeavor is to support the system epilepsy concept in this group of epilepsies, using them as models for epileptogenesis in general. The spectral continuity of the involved conditions is evidenced by several features: language impairment, the overarching presence of centrotemporal spikes and ripples (with changing electromorphology across the spectrum), the essential timely and spatial independence of interictal epileptic discharges from seizures, NREM sleep relatedness, and the existence of the intermediate-severity "atypical" forms. These epilepsies might be the consequences of a genetically determined transitory developmental failure, reflected by widespread neuropsychological symptoms originating from the perisylvian network that have distinct time and space relations from secondary epilepsy itself. The involved epilepsies carry the risk of progression to severe, potentially irreversible encephalopathic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Halász
- Department of Neurology, University Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Anna Szũcs
- Institute of Behavioral Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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10
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GRIN2A-related epilepsy and speech disorders: A comprehensive overview with a focus on the role of precision therapeutics. Epilepsy Res 2023; 189:107065. [PMID: 36516565 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Language dysfunction is a common and serious comorbidity of epilepsy, especially in individuals with epilepsy aphasia spectrum syndromes. Childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes is on the mild end of the spectrum, while epileptic encephalopathy with continuous spike-and-wave during sleep syndrome is on the severe end. Traditional antiseizure medicines and immunotherapy are currently used to treat severely affected patients, but the results are usually disappointing. The discovery that GRIN2A is the primary monogenic etiology of these diseases has opened the door to precision treatments. The GRIN2A gene encodes GluN2A protein, which constitutes a subunit of the NMDA receptor (NMDAR). The GRIN2A pathogenic variants cause gain or loss of function of NMDAR; the former can be treated with uncompetitive NMDAR antagonists, such as memantine, while the latter with NMDAR co-agonist serine. Hyper-precision therapies with various other effective agents are likely to be developed shortly to target the diverse functional effects of different variants. Precision treatments for GRIN2A-related disorders will benefit those who suffer from the condition and pave the way for new therapeutic approaches to a variety of other NMDAR-linked neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases (schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and so on). Furthermore, more research into GRIN2A-related disorders will help us better understand the neuroinflammatory and neuroimmunological basis of epilepsy, as well as the pathological and physiological network activation mechanisms that cause sleep activation of central-temporal spikes and language impairment.
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11
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Clapcote SJ. How can we obtain truly translational mouse models to improve clinical outcomes in schizophrenia? Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049970. [PMID: 36441105 PMCID: PMC10655820 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting 0.7% of the world's population. Despite over 50 years of schizophrenia drug identification and development, there have been no fundamental advances in the treatment of schizophrenia since the 1980s. Complex genetic aetiology and elusive pathomechanisms have made it difficult for researchers to develop models that sufficiently reflect pathophysiology to support effective drug discovery. However, recent large-scale, well-powered genomic studies have identified risk genes that represent tractable entry points to decipher disease mechanisms in heterogeneous patient populations and develop targeted treatments. Replicating schizophrenia-associated gene variants in mouse models is an important strategy to start understanding their pathogenicity and role in disease biology. Furthermore, longitudinal studies in a wide range of genetic mouse models from early postnatal life are required to assess the progression of this disease through developmental stages to improve early diagnostic strategies and enable preventative measures. By expanding and refining our approach to schizophrenia research, we can improve prevention strategies and treatment of this debilitating disease.
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12
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Li QQ, Chen J, Hu P, Jia M, Sun JH, Feng HY, Qiao FC, Zang YY, Shi YY, Chen G, Sheng N, Xu Y, Yang JJ, Xu Z, Shi YS. Enhancing GluN2A-type NMDA receptors impairs long-term synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:3468-3478. [PMID: 35484243 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
N-methyl-D-aspartic acid type glutamate receptors (NMDARs) play critical roles in synaptic transmission and plasticity, the dysregulation of which leads to cognitive defects. Here, we identified a rare variant in the NMDAR subunit GluN2A (K879R) in a patient with intellectual disability. The K879R mutation enhanced receptor expression on the cell surface by disrupting a KKK motif that we demonstrated to be an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal. Expression of GluN2A_K879R in mouse hippocampal CA1 neurons enhanced the excitatory postsynaptic currents mediated by GluN2A-NMDAR but suppressed those mediated by GluN2B-NMDAR and the AMPA receptor. GluN2A_K879R knock-in mice showed similar defects in synaptic transmission and exhibited impaired learning and memory. Furthermore, both LTP and LTD were severely impaired in the KI mice, likely explaining their learning and memory defects. Therefore, our study reveals a new mechanism by which elevated synaptic GluN2A-NMDAR impairs long-term synaptic plasticity as well as learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Qing Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Ping Hu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Min Jia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Jia-Hui Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Hao-Yang Feng
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Feng-Chang Qiao
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yan-Yu Zang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Yong-Yun Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Luhe People's Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Nanjing, 211500, China
| | - Guiquan Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Nengyin Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yun Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Model Animal Research Center, Department of Neurology, Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, National Resource Center for Mutant Mice, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China. .,Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovation Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China. .,Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Zhuhai, 519031, China.
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13
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Kingdom R, Wright CF. Incomplete Penetrance and Variable Expressivity: From Clinical Studies to Population Cohorts. Front Genet 2022; 13:920390. [PMID: 35983412 PMCID: PMC9380816 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.920390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The same genetic variant found in different individuals can cause a range of diverse phenotypes, from no discernible clinical phenotype to severe disease, even among related individuals. Such variants can be said to display incomplete penetrance, a binary phenomenon where the genotype either causes the expected clinical phenotype or it does not, or they can be said to display variable expressivity, in which the same genotype can cause a wide range of clinical symptoms across a spectrum. Both incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity are thought to be caused by a range of factors, including common variants, variants in regulatory regions, epigenetics, environmental factors, and lifestyle. Many thousands of genetic variants have been identified as the cause of monogenic disorders, mostly determined through small clinical studies, and thus, the penetrance and expressivity of these variants may be overestimated when compared to their effect on the general population. With the wealth of population cohort data currently available, the penetrance and expressivity of such genetic variants can be investigated across a much wider contingent, potentially helping to reclassify variants that were previously thought to be completely penetrant. Research into the penetrance and expressivity of such genetic variants is important for clinical classification, both for determining causative mechanisms of disease in the affected population and for providing accurate risk information through genetic counseling. A genotype-based definition of the causes of rare diseases incorporating information from population cohorts and clinical studies is critical for our understanding of incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity. This review examines our current knowledge of the penetrance and expressivity of genetic variants in rare disease and across populations, as well as looking into the potential causes of the variation seen, including genetic modifiers, mosaicism, and polygenic factors, among others. We also considered the challenges that come with investigating penetrance and expressivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline F. Wright
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
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14
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Huang Y, Huang H, Zhou L, Li J, Chen X, Thomas J, He X, Guo W, Zeng Y, Low BC, Liang F, Zeng J, Ross CA, Tan EK, Smith W, Pei Z. Mutant D620N and VPS35 induces motor dysfunction and impairs DAT-mediated dopamine recycling pathway. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3886-3896. [PMID: 35766879 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The D620N mutation in vacuolar protein sorting protein 35 (VPS35) gene has been identified to be linked to late onset familial Parkinson disease (PD). However, the pathophysiological roles of VPS35-D620N in PD remain unclear. Here, we generated the transgenic C. elegans overexpressing either human wild type or PD-linked mutant VPS35-D620N in neurons. C. elegans expressing VPS35-D620N, compared with non-transgenic controls, showed movement disorders and dopaminergic neuron loss. VPS35-D620N worms displayed more swimming induced paralysis but showed no defects in BSR assays, thus indicating the disruption of dopamine (DA) recycling back inside neurons. Moreover, VPS35 formed a protein interaction complex with DA transporter (DAT), RAB5, RAB11, and FAM21. In contrast, the VPS35-D620N mutant destabilized these interactions, thus disrupting DAT transport from early endosomes to recycling endosomes, and decreasing DAT at the cell suffice. These effects together increased DA in synaptic clefts, and led to dopaminergic neuron degeneration and motor dysfunction. Treatment with reserpine significantly decreased the swimming induced paralysis in VPS35-D620N worms, as compared with vehicle treated VPS35-D620N worms. Our studies not only provide novel insight into the mechanisms of VPS35-D620N-induced dopaminergic neuron degeneration and motor dysfunction via disruption of DAT function and the DA signaling pathway, but also indicate a potential strategy to treat VPS35-D620N related PD and other disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China.,Center for Reproductive Medicine, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Heng Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Leping Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Joseph Thomas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, School of Pharmacy
| | - Xiaofei He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Wenyuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yixuan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Boon Chuan Low
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Mechanobiology Institute
| | - Fengyin Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jinsheng Zeng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Christopher A Ross
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Eng-King Tan
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore. Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| | - Wanli Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Neurobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Zhong Pei
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Major Neurological Diseases; National Key Clinical Department and Key Discipline of Neurology, No.58 Zhongshan Road 2, Guangzhou, 510080, China
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