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Takić M, Ranković S, Girek Z, Pavlović S, Jovanović P, Jovanović V, Šarac I. Current Insights into the Effects of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Focusing on Alterations of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Profiles in Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4909. [PMID: 38732139 PMCID: PMC11084241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant-derived α-linolenic acid (ALA) is an essential n-3 acid highly susceptible to oxidation, present in oils of flaxseeds, walnuts, canola, perilla, soy, and chia. After ingestion, it can be incorporated in to body lipid pools (particularly triglycerides and phospholipid membranes), and then endogenously metabolized through desaturation, elongation, and peroxisome oxidation to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), with a very limited efficiency (particularly for DHA), beta-oxidized as an energy source, or directly metabolized to C18-oxilipins. At this moment, data in the literature about the effects of ALA supplementation on metabolic syndrome (MetS) in humans are inconsistent, indicating no effects or some positive effects on all MetS components (abdominal obesity, dyslipidemia, impaired insulin sensitivity and glucoregulation, blood pressure, and liver steatosis). The major effects of ALA on MetS seem to be through its conversion to more potent EPA and DHA, the impact on the n-3/n-6 ratio, and the consecutive effects on the formation of oxylipins and endocannabinoids, inflammation, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion, as well as adipocyte and hepatocytes function. It is important to distinguish the direct effects of ALA from the effects of EPA and DHA metabolites. This review summarizes the most recent findings on this topic and discusses the possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Takić
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Slavica Ranković
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Zdenka Girek
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Suzana Pavlović
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
| | - Petar Jovanović
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Jovanović
- Department of Biochemistry and Centre of Excellence for Molecular Food Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Ivana Šarac
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Group for Nutrition and Metabolism, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Tadeuša Košćuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (S.R.); (S.P.); (P.J.); (I.Š.)
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Jin D, Wei X, He Y, Zhong L, Lu H, Lan J, Wei Y, Liu Z, Liu H. The nutritional roles of zinc for immune system and COVID-19 patients. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1385591. [PMID: 38706559 PMCID: PMC11066294 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1385591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a vital micronutrient that strengthens the immune system, aids cellular activities, and treats infectious diseases. A deficiency in Zn can lead to an imbalance in the immune system. This imbalance is particularly evident in severe deficiency cases, where there is a high susceptibility to various viral infections, including COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. This review article examines the nutritional roles of Zn in human health, the maintenance of Zn concentration, and Zn uptake. As Zn is an essential trace element that plays a critical role in the immune system and is necessary for immune cell function and cell signaling, the roles of Zn in the human immune system, immune cells, interleukins, and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection are further discussed. In summary, this review paper encapsulates the nutritional role of Zn in the human immune system, with the hope of providing specific insights into Zn research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Jin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xinran Wei
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yunyi He
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Luying Zhong
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Huijie Lu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Jiaxin Lan
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Yuting Wei
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Metabolic Reprogramming and Intelligent Medical Engineering for Chronic Diseases, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Guangxi Clinical Research Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
- College of Medical Laboratory Science, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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Winiarska-Mieczan A, Kwiecień M, Purwin C, Jachimowicz-Rogowska K, Borsuk-Stanulewicz M, Pogorzelska-Przybyłek P, Kiczorowska B. Fatty Acid Profile and Dietary Value of Thigh Meat of Broiler Chickens Receiving Mineral or Organic Forms of Zn. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1156. [PMID: 38672304 PMCID: PMC11047603 DOI: 10.3390/ani14081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mineral (sulphate) or organic (glycine chelate) forms of Zn used in quantities covering 100% or 50% of the Zn requirement on the fatty acid profile of the thigh muscles of Ross 308 broiler chickens. We also analysed the dietary value of this meat based on its fatty acid profile. The experimental factors did not influence the content of basic chemical components and the meat's pH. Although, in terms of statistics, the presented study supports the statement that the form (sulphate vs. glycine chelate) and/or amount of Zn used (100% or 50% of the requirement) affects the fatty acid profile and dietary value of thigh meat, the results imply that the requirement of Ross 308 broiler chickens for Zn was also covered in full when in it was used in amounts covering 50% of the requirement, irrespective of the form in which Zn was used. However, it cannot be explicitly confirmed that the form of Zn affects the analysed parameters of thigh meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Winiarska-Mieczan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (K.J.-R.); (B.K.)
| | - Małgorzata Kwiecień
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (K.J.-R.); (B.K.)
| | - Cezary Purwin
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (C.P.); (M.B.-S.); (P.P.-P.)
| | - Karolina Jachimowicz-Rogowska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (K.J.-R.); (B.K.)
| | - Marta Borsuk-Stanulewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (C.P.); (M.B.-S.); (P.P.-P.)
| | - Paulina Pogorzelska-Przybyłek
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland; (C.P.); (M.B.-S.); (P.P.-P.)
| | - Bożena Kiczorowska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (K.J.-R.); (B.K.)
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Wang X, Zhang M, Ma J, Tie Y, Wang S. Biochemical Markers of Zinc Nutrition. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04091-x. [PMID: 38319550 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04091-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Zinc is an important trace element involved in the biochemical and physiological functions of the organism and is essential in the human body. It has been reported that 17.3% of people around the world are at risk of many diseases due to zinc deficiency, which has already affected people's healthy lives. Currently, mild zinc deficiency is difficult to diagnose early due to the lack of typical clinical manifestations, so finding zinc biomarkers is crucial for people's health. The present article reviews the main representative zinc biomarkers, such as body fluid zinc levels, zinc-dependent proteins, tissue zinc, and zinc-containing enzymes, to provide a reference for actively promoting the study of zinc nutritional status and early clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Wang
- North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, 063210, China
| | - Menghui Zhang
- North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei Province, 063210, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hebei Reproductive Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050071, China
| | - Yanqing Tie
- Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050051, China.
| | - Shusong Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Hebei Reproductive Health Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, 050071, China.
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Zhang D, Zhu Y, Li H, Wang Y, Niu Z, Zhou W, Wang D. Associations of Whole Blood Zinc Levels with Coronary Artery Calcification and Future Cardiovascular Events in CKD Patients. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:46-55. [PMID: 37071258 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03655-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the differences of the whole blood zinc concentration in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) as compared to healthy controls, and to explore the correlations of the whole blood zinc level with coronary artery calcification (CAC) and cardiovascular event (CVE) in CKD patients. A total of 170 CKD patients and 62 healthy controls were recruited. The whole blood zinc concentration was determined in using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) method. The degrees of CAC were evaluated by Agatston score based on computed tomography (CT). Regular follow-up visits were performed to record the incidence of CVE, and risk factors were analyzed by COX proportional hazard model and Kaplan-Meier survival curve. There were statistically significant lower zinc levels in CKD patients than in healthy population. The prevalence of CAC was 58.82% in CKD patients. Correlation analysis showed that dialysis duration, intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), total cholesterol (TC), and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (Hs-CRP) were positively correlated with CAC, while albumin (ALB), hemoglobin (Hb), and zinc levels were negatively associated with CAC. Further COX proportional hazard model demonstrated that moderate to severe CAC, NLR, phosphate, 25(OH)D3, iPTH, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were associated with an increased risk for CVE, while zinc levels, Hb, and ALB were inversely associated with a reduced risk for CVE. Kaplan-Meier curve showed that low zinc (zinc < 86.62 μmol/L) patients and moderate to severe CAC patients had lower survival respectively. Our study found the lower levels of zinc and higher prevalence of CAC in CKD patients; the low zinc is involved in the high incidence rate of moderate to severe CAC and CVE in CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyu Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Li
- Department of Radiology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Niu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenli Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Deguang Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Kidney Disease, Inflammation & Immunity Mediated Diseases, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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Knez M, Boy E. Existing knowledge on Zn status biomarkers (1963-2021) with a particular focus on FADS1 and FADS2 diagnostic performance and recommendations for further research. Front Nutr 2023; 9:1057156. [PMID: 36712514 PMCID: PMC9878572 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.1057156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of Zn in human health was discovered 60 years ago, and despite remarkable research efforts, a sufficiently sensitive and specific biomarker of Zn status is still lacking. Plasma/serum Zn, currently the best available and most accepted population Zn status indicator, responds well to severe Zn deficiency, yet, mild to moderate Zn deficiency states usually remain unrecognized. Identifying early-stage Zn deficiency requires additional robust markers of Zn status. This paper discusses the sensitivity, specificity, and responsiveness of plasma Zn concentrations to Zn interventions. It describes the biochemical and dietary basis for the causal association between Zn and fatty acid desaturases activity, FADS1 and FADS2, based on data collected through studies performed in animals and/or humans. The influence of potential confounders and covariates on the observed relationships is considered. Additional potential Zn biomarkers are discussed and suggestions for further research in this area are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Knez
- Center of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,*Correspondence: Marija Knez,
| | - Erick Boy
- HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, United States
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Knez M, Pantovic A, Tako E, Boy E. FADS1 and FADS2 as biomarkers of Zn status - a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:3187-3205. [PMID: 35880429 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2103790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Despite enormous research efforts, a sufficiently sensitive and reliable biomarker for the assessment of zinc (Zn) status has not been identified to date. Zn affects fatty acid metabolism and alters the activity of certain desaturases; thus, desaturase activity has been proposed as a potential new biomarker of Zn status. This systematic review complied and assessed studies that examined changes in fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1) and fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) activities in relation to modifications in dietary Zn intake. A systematic search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Web of Knowledge, and Central with strictly defined search, inclusion, and exclusion criteria. Twenty-one studies were included, 8 animal and 13 human trials (5 randomized controlled trials, two non-randomized controlled trials, and 6 cross-sectional studies). This systematic review was performed using PRISMA guidelines and where feasible a random-effects meta-analysis was conducted. No significant correlation was seen between the delta 6 desaturase and Zn status (-0.0958, 95% CIs (-0.2912; 0.1074), p = 0.2928). Delta 6 desaturase seems to respond in a greater magnitude than Zn status to Zn-containing interventions (the standardized mean difference for delta 6 desaturase was -0.6052, 95% CIs (-2.7162; 1.5058), p = 0.4289, while for plasma/serum Zn it was 0.0319, 95% CIs (-0.9133; 0.9770), p = 0.9213). Finally, two separate meta-analyses on same studies that assessed the correlations between LA:DGLA and Zn intake and Zn status and Zn intake revealed that the magnitude of correlations was only slightly different (the pooled correlation coefficient between the LA:DGLA ratio and Zn intake had a value of -0.1050, 95% CIs (-0.5356; 0.3690), p = 0.454, while between plasma Zn and Zn intake had a value of -0.0647, 95% CIs (-0.4224; 0.3106), p = 0.5453). According to the descriptive analysis, the magnitude of variation in desaturase activities in response to Zn intake was not consistent among studies, FADS1 and FADS2 activity corresponded to dietary Zn manipulations, both in animals and humans. A plausible explanation for this observation might be the difference between the studies in study populations, types of dietary interventions, study durations, etc. In addition, several potential confounders and covariates are identified from the qualitative synthesis, such as gender, age, the type of fat provided within the dietary intervention, the size of Zn particles, among others. Further high-quality studies are needed to additionally clarify the suggested associations and applicability of utilizing fatty acid desaturase activities as Zn status biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Knez
- Center of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, University of Belgrade, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Pantovic
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Elad Tako
- Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Erick Boy
- HarvestPlus, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
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Takic M, Pokimica B, Petrovic-Oggiano G, Popovic T. Effects of Dietary α-Linolenic Acid Treatment and the Efficiency of Its Conversion to Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in Obesity and Related Diseases. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144471. [PMID: 35889342 PMCID: PMC9317994 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) is present in high amounts in oils such as flaxseed, soy, hemp, rapeseed, chia, and perilla, while stearidonic acid is abundant in echium oil. ALA is metabolized to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by desaturases and elongases in humans. The conversion of ALA to EPA and DHA is limited, and these long-chain n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are mainly provided from dietary sources (fish and seafood). This review provides an overview of studies that explored the effects of dietary supplementation with ALA in obesity and related diseases. The obesity-associated changes of desaturase and elongase activities are summarized, as they could influence the metabolic conversion of ALA. Generally, supplementation with ALA or ALA-rich oils leads to an increase in EPA levels and has no effect on DHA or omega-3 index. According to the literature data, stearidonic acid could enhance conversion of ALA to long-chain n−3 PUFA in obesity. Recent studies confirm that EPA and DHA intake should be considered as a primary dietary treatment strategy for improving the omega-3 index in obesity and related diseases.
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Zhang L, Guo Q, Duan Y, Lin X, Ni H, Zhou C, Li F. Comparison of the Effects of Inorganic or Amino Acid-Chelated Zinc on Mouse Myoblast Growth in vitro and Growth Performance and Carcass Traits in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Front Nutr 2022; 9:857393. [PMID: 35464034 PMCID: PMC9021508 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.857393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the supplementation of different sources of zinc on mouse myoblast growth in vitro and the growth performance and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. In the in vitro trial, 25 or 75 mM zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), methionine-chelated zinc (ZnMet), and glycine-chelated zinc (ZnGly) were co-cultured with the myoblast during proliferation and differentiation. The results showed that the amino acid-chelated zinc supplementation, especially ZnMet, enhances cell proliferation and differentiation in mouse myoblast, and regulates the distribution in S and G2/M phases (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the protein expression levels of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathways were up-regulated after treatment with 25 μM ZnMet (P < 0.05), which is consistent with the results of the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway in the transcriptome analysis. In the in vivo trial, 27 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) pigs with an initial average weight of 31.62 ± 0.36 kg were divided into three groups with nine replicates per treatment. The dietary treatment groups were as follows: (1) ZnSO4 group, basal diet +75 mg/kg ZnSO4; (2) ZnMet group, basal diet +75 mg/kg ZnMet; and (3) ZnGly group, basal diet +75 mg/kg ZnGly. The whole trial lasted for 75 days. Increased final body weight, average daily gain, and decreased F/G were noted in the ZnMet group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the ZnMet group had higher carcass weight and loin eye area (P = 0.05). The ZnMet and ZnGly group both had lower serum total protein (P < 0.05), while the ZnMet group had higher serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). Also, the addition of ZnMet showed higher concentrations of zinc and iron in muscle, kidney, and serum (P < 0.05), improving the deposition and availability of micronutrients. In conclusion, amino acid-chelated zinc, particularly ZnMet, had the best effect, which could improve growth in vitro and increase growth performance while boosting bioavailability in growing-finishing pigs, ultimately, enhancing muscle mass, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for the future use of amino acid-chelated zinc to effectively replenish energy in animal nutrition and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuping Guo
| | - Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Guangzhou Tanke Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengjia Ni
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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