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Shehzadi N, Mahmood A, Kaleem M, Chishti MS, Bashir H, Hashem A, Abd-Allah EF, Shahid H, Ishtiaq A. Zinc and nitrogen mediate the regulation of growth, leading to the upregulation of antioxidant aptitude, physio-biochemical traits, and yield in wheat plants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12897. [PMID: 38839939 PMCID: PMC11153612 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
An ample amount of water and soil nutrients is required for economic wheat production to meet the current food demands. Nitrogen (N) and zinc (Zn) fertigation in soils can produce a substantial wheat yield for a rapidly increasing population and bring a limelight to researchers. The present study was designed to ascertain N and Zn's synergistic role in wheat growth, yield, and physio-biochemical traits. A pot experiment was laid out under a complete randomized design with four N levels (N1-0, N2-60, N3- 120, and N4-180 kg ha-1), Zn (T1-0, T2-5, T3-10, and T4-15 kg ha-1) with four replications. After the emergence of the plants, N and Zn fertigation was applied in the soil. The growth traits were considerably increased by combined applications as compared to the sole applications of the N and Zn. The photosynthetic pigments were found maximum due to combined applications of N and Zn, which were positively associated with biomass, growth, yield, and wheat grain quality. The combined application also substantially enhances the antioxidant enzyme activities to scavenge the ROS as H2O2 and reduce lipid peroxidation to protect the permeability of the biologic membranes. The combined higher applications of N and Zn were more responsive to ionic balance in a shoot by maintaining the Na+ for osmotic adjustments, accumulating more Ca2+ for cellular signaling; but, combined applications resulted in K+ reduction. Our present results suggest that appropriate sole or combined applications of N and Zn improve wheat's growth, yield, and antioxidant mechanisms. Previous studies lack sufficient information on N and Zn combined fertigation. We intend to investigate both the sole and combined roles of N and Zn to exploit their potential synergistic effects on wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Shehzadi
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Athar Mahmood
- Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Kaleem
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | | | - Humaira Bashir
- Government Graduate College for Women Wahdat Colony, Lahore, Pakistan
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abeer Hashem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Fathi Abd-Allah
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agricultural Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2460, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hina Shahid
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Atiqa Ishtiaq
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Zhang T, Zhang N, Peng S, Zhang Y, Wang H, Huang S, Zhu M, Ma Y. Effects of Dietary Valine Chelated Zinc Supplementation on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Capacity, Immunity, and Intestine Health in Weaned Piglets. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024; 202:2577-2587. [PMID: 37730969 PMCID: PMC11052861 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary valine chelated zinc (ZnVal) supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immunity, and intestine health in weaned piglets. A total of 240 healthy 35-day-old weaned piglets (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, average weight 10.70 ± 0.14 kg) were randomly divided into five groups with six replicate pens and eight piglets per pen. Dietary treatments were a corn-soybean meal basal diet supplemented with 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg/kg ZnVal, respectively. The experiment lasted for 28 days. Results showed that average daily gain (ADG) was increased (P < 0.05) by ZnVal with 75-100 mg/kg supplementation on days 15-28 and with 50-100 mg/kg supplementation on days 1-28. Supplementation of 25-100 mg/kg ZnVal reduced (P < 0.01) the diarrhea rate of weaned piglets on days 1 to 14 and 1 to 28. Dietary supplementation with 25-100 mg/kg ZnVal increased (P < 0.05) copper/zinc-superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD) and decreased malonaldehyde (MDA) activities in the serum on day 14 and 28. Supplementation of 25-100 mg/kg ZnVal increased (P < 0.05) glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum on day 14. Additionally, the supplementation of 75 mg/kg ZnVal significantly increased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Cu/Zn-SOD in the liver (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the supplementation of 25-100 mg/kg ZnVal significantly increased the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the liver (P < 0.05). Higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of IgG in the serum were measured from piglets supplemented with 75-100 mg/kg ZnVal on day 14 and dietary supplementation with 25-100 mg/kg ZnVal increased the level of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum on day 28 (P < 0.05). In addition, higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the duodenum and ileum were measured from piglets supplemented with 75 mg/kg ZnVal and the supplementation of 25-100 mg/kg ZnVal also showed a higher (P < 0.05) concentration of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in duodenum. Supplementation of 50-100 mg/kg ZnVal increased the villus height and villus height/crypt depth of jejunum (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary supplementation with 75-100 mg/kg ZnVal showed a higher (P < 0.05) concentration of zinc in the liver and supplementation of 50-100 mg/kg ZnVal increased (P < 0.05) the concentration of zinc in the heart, spleen, and kidney. In conclusion, the present research showed that supplementation of ZnVal improves growth performance by increasing antioxidant capacity and immunity and regulating intestinal morphology and the optimal inclusion level of ZnVal was 65~80 mg/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuyu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yawei Zhang
- Changsha Xinjia Bio-Engineeriong Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Huakai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiyu Huang
- Changsha Xinjia Bio-Engineeriong Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Min Zhu
- Changsha Xinjia Bio-Engineeriong Co., Ltd, Changsha, China
| | - Yongxi Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Zhang X, Blennow A, Jekle M, Zörb C. Climate-Nutrient-Crop Model: Novel Insights into Grain-Based Food Quality. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37384408 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Mineral nutrients spatiotemporally participate in the biosynthesis and accumulation of storage biopolymers, which directly determines the harvested grain yield and quality. Optimizing fertilizer nutrient availability improves the grain yield, but quality aspects are often underestimated. We hypothesize that extensive mineral nutrients have significant effects on the biosynthesis, content, and composition of storage proteins, ultimately determining physicochemical properties and food quality, particularly in the context of climate change. To investigate this, we hierarchized 16 plant mineral nutrients and developed a novel climate-nutrient-crop model to address the fundamental question of the roles of protein and starch in grain-based food quality. Finally, we recommend increasing the added value of mineral nutrients as a socioeconomic strategy to enhance agro-food profitability, promote environmental sustainability, and improve climate resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Zhang
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mario Jekle
- Department of Plant-Based Foods, Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Zörb
- Institute of Crop Science, Quality of Plant Products, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Bashir A, Khan QU, Alem A, Hendi AA, Zaman U, Khan SU, Rehman KU, Khan AA, Ullah I, Anwar Y, Abdelrahman EA. Zinc and Potassium Fertilizer Synergizes Plant Nutrient Availability and Affects Growth, Yield, and Quality of Wheat Genotypes. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2241. [PMID: 37375867 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The growth and productivity of wheat crops depend on the availability of essential nutrients such as zinc (Zn) and potassium (K2O), which play critical roles in the plant's physiological and biochemical processes. This study aimed to investigate the synergizing effect of zinc and potassium fertilizers on uptake of both the nutrients, growth, yield, and quality of the Hashim-08 cultivar and local landrace, during the 2019-2020 growing season in Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. The experiment was designed using a split plot pattern in a randomized complete pattern, with main plots for the wheat cultivars and subplots for the fertilizer treatments. Results indicated that both cultivars responded positively to the fertilizer treatments, with the local landrace exhibiting maximum plant height and biological yield, and improved Hashim-08, showing increased agronomic parameters, including the number of tillers and grains and spike length. Application of Zn and K2O fertilizers significantly enhanced agronomic parameters, such as the number of grains per plant, spike length, thousand-grain weight, grain yield, harvest index, Zn uptake of grain, dry gluten content, and grain moisture content, while crude protein and grain potassium remained relatively unchanged. The soil's Zn and K content dynamics were found to vary among treatments. In conclusion, the combined application of Zn and K2O fertilizers proved beneficial in improving the growth, yield, and quality of wheat crops, with the local landrace exhibiting lower grain yield but greater Zn uptake through fertilizer application. The study's findings highlight that the local landrace showed good response to the growth and qualitative parameter when compared with the Hashim-08 cultivar. Additionally, the combined application of Zn and K showed a positive relation in terms of nutrient uptake and soil Zn and K content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneela Bashir
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29111, Pakistan
| | - Qudrat Ullah Khan
- Department of Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29111, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Alem
- Adult Critical Care & Emergency Consultant Emergency Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 12746, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awatif A Hendi
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umber Zaman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Ullah Khan
- Integrative Science Centre of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City and Southwest University, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Women Medical and Dental College, Khyber Medical University, Peshawar 25100, Pakistan
| | - Khalil Ur Rehman
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29050, Pakistan
| | - Asghar Ali Khan
- Department of Agronomy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan 29111, Pakistan
| | - Ihsan Ullah
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yasir Anwar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab A Abdelrahman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha 13518, Egypt
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Effect of Milling on Nutritional Components in Common and Zinc-Biofortified Wheat. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15040833. [PMID: 36839191 PMCID: PMC9962471 DOI: 10.3390/nu15040833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofortification is one of the most successful approaches to enhance the level of micronutrients in wheat. In the present study, wheats with zinc biofortification (foliar fertilization and breeding strategies) were milled into five components (whole flour, break flour, reduction flour, fine bran, and coarse bran) and their mineral content and nutritional components were evaluated. The results revealed that biofortification greatly increased the Zn concentration (by 30.58%-30.86%) and soluble Zn content (by 28.57%-42.86%) of whole flour after digestion. This improvement is mainly in break flour, reduction flour, and fine bran. Meanwhile, the contents of macronutrients including ash, lipids, and proteins and micronutrients containing iron, calcium, and vitamins (B1, B6, and B9) increased after biofortification. In addition, there was a decline in the concentrations of vitamins B2 and B5. Although dietary fibers and starch are the major carbohydrates, total dietary fiber exhibited a declining trend in coarse bran, and starch exhibited a rising trend in break and reduction flour. There was a decrease in the molar ratio of phytates: zinc did not promote a significant improvement in zinc bioaccessibility. These results can be useful for generating wheat varieties rich in micronutrients as well as having better nutritional traits.
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Symbiotic interplay of Piriformospora indica and Azotobacter chroococcum augments crop productivity and biofortification of Zinc and Iron. Microbiol Res 2022; 262:127075. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Naseer H, Shaukat K, Zahra N, Hafeez MB, Raza A, Nizar M, Qazi MA, Ali Q, A. Al-Huqail A, Siddiqui MH, Ali HM. Appraisal of foliar spray of iron and salicylic acid under artificial magnetism on morpho-physiological attributes of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265654. [PMID: 35421099 PMCID: PMC9009661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The appraisal of foliar treatment of iron (Fe) and salicylic acid (SA) on plant under artificial magnetism is very crucial in understanding its impact on growth and development of plants. The present study was designed to document the potential role of Fe and SA on pea (Pisum sativum L.) Matore variety exposed to different magnetism treatments (geomagnetism and artificial magnetism). Thus a pot experiment was conducted using Completely Randomized Design under factorial with three replicates. Various artificial magnetic treatment were applied in pots prior to sowing. Further, 15 days germinated pea seedlings were foliarly supplemented with 250 ppm Fe and 250μM SA, moreover after 20 days of foliar fertilization plants were harvested to analyze and record various morpho-physiological attributes. Data elucidate significant variations in pea plants among different treatments. Artificial magnetism treatments in combination with foliar application of Fe and SA significantly improved various growth attributes (root and shoot length, fresh and dry weights of root and shoot, leaf area), photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, b and carotenoids) and the contents of soluble sugars. However, oxidative stress (H2O2 and MDA) enhanced under different magnetism treatment but foliar application of Fe and SA hampered the production of reactive oxygen species thereby limiting the concentration of H2O2 and MDA in plant tissues. Furthermore the accumulation of nutrients (iron, potassium and nitrate) profoundly increased under artificial magnetism treatment specifically under Fe and SA foliar treatment excluding nitrate where Fe foliar treatment tend to limit nitrate in plant. Consequently, the present research interestingly highlights progressive role of Fe and SA foliar treatment on pea plants under artificial magnetism. Thus, foliar supplementation may be suggested for better growth and development of plants combined with magnetic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Naseer
- Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Kanval Shaukat
- Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Zahra
- Department of Botany, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ali Raza
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular and Cell Biology, Oil Crops Research Institute, Center of Legume Crop Genetics and Systems Biology/College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University (FAFU), Fuzhou, China
| | - Mereen Nizar
- Department of Botany, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | | | - Qasim Ali
- Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Asma A. Al-Huqail
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manzar H. Siddiqui
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hayssam M. Ali
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Zhang L, Guo Q, Duan Y, Lin X, Ni H, Zhou C, Li F. Comparison of the Effects of Inorganic or Amino Acid-Chelated Zinc on Mouse Myoblast Growth in vitro and Growth Performance and Carcass Traits in Growing-Finishing Pigs. Front Nutr 2022; 9:857393. [PMID: 35464034 PMCID: PMC9021508 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.857393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of the supplementation of different sources of zinc on mouse myoblast growth in vitro and the growth performance and carcass traits in growing-finishing pigs. In the in vitro trial, 25 or 75 mM zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), methionine-chelated zinc (ZnMet), and glycine-chelated zinc (ZnGly) were co-cultured with the myoblast during proliferation and differentiation. The results showed that the amino acid-chelated zinc supplementation, especially ZnMet, enhances cell proliferation and differentiation in mouse myoblast, and regulates the distribution in S and G2/M phases (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the protein expression levels of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathways were up-regulated after treatment with 25 μM ZnMet (P < 0.05), which is consistent with the results of the enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway in the transcriptome analysis. In the in vivo trial, 27 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) pigs with an initial average weight of 31.62 ± 0.36 kg were divided into three groups with nine replicates per treatment. The dietary treatment groups were as follows: (1) ZnSO4 group, basal diet +75 mg/kg ZnSO4; (2) ZnMet group, basal diet +75 mg/kg ZnMet; and (3) ZnGly group, basal diet +75 mg/kg ZnGly. The whole trial lasted for 75 days. Increased final body weight, average daily gain, and decreased F/G were noted in the ZnMet group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the ZnMet group had higher carcass weight and loin eye area (P = 0.05). The ZnMet and ZnGly group both had lower serum total protein (P < 0.05), while the ZnMet group had higher serum alkaline phosphatase (P < 0.05). Also, the addition of ZnMet showed higher concentrations of zinc and iron in muscle, kidney, and serum (P < 0.05), improving the deposition and availability of micronutrients. In conclusion, amino acid-chelated zinc, particularly ZnMet, had the best effect, which could improve growth in vitro and increase growth performance while boosting bioavailability in growing-finishing pigs, ultimately, enhancing muscle mass, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for the future use of amino acid-chelated zinc to effectively replenish energy in animal nutrition and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyu Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Rice and By-product Deep Processing, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qiuping Guo
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiuping Guo
| | - Yehui Duan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Lin
- Guangzhou Tanke Bio-tech Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengjia Ni
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chuanshe Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengna Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Key Laboratory of Agro-ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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