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Xu Y, Zhu C, Zhu C, Peng L, Ji D, Wu Q, Bai P, Bai Z, Da M. SQSTM1/p62 promotes the progression of gastric cancer through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24409. [PMID: 38322900 PMCID: PMC10844054 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background SQSTM1/p62 is an autophagy-related receptor protein that participates in regulating tumorigenesis and multiple signaling pathways. Gastric cancer (GC) is a common tumor in the digestive tract and continues to pose a significant threat to human health. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the impact of p62 on gastric cancer. Methods Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were employed to assess the expression level of the p62 protein in gastric cancer tissues and its correlation with prognosis. Subsequently, in vitro cell experiments were conducted to determine the role of p62 in gastric cancer cell proliferation, migration, and metastasis. Result The expression of p62 in gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than in normal tissues. The expression of p62 was positively correlated with poor prognosis in gastric cancer patients. In vitro cell experiments indicated that p62 promotes gastric cancer cell proliferation and migration. Mechanistically, elevated p62 expression induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), leading to upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of N-cadherin and vimentin. Conclusion This study provides novel and robust evidence for the mechanism by which elevated p62 expression promotes the progression of gastric cancer. It offers promising therapeutic targets for anti-tumor treatment strategies in gastric cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou,730000, China
| | - Ciba Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou,730000, China
| | - Chenglou Zhu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lingzhi Peng
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dandan Ji
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou,730000, China
| | - Qiong Wu
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Pengwei Bai
- Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, 750000, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaozhao Bai
- Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, 750000, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxu Da
- The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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2
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Vuletić A, Mirjačić Martinović K, Spasić J. Role of Histone Deacetylase 6 and Histone Deacetylase 6 Inhibition in Colorectal Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2023; 16:54. [PMID: 38258065 PMCID: PMC10818982 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), by deacetylation of multiple substrates and association with interacting proteins, regulates many physiological processes that are involved in cancer development and invasiveness such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, motility, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Due to its ability to remove misfolded proteins, induce autophagy, and regulate unfolded protein response, HDAC6 plays a protective role in responses to stress and enables tumor cell survival. The scope of this review is to discuss the roles of HDCA6 and its implications for the therapy of colorectal cancer (CRC). As HDAC6 is overexpressed in CRC, correlates with poor disease prognosis, and is not essential for normal mammalian development, it represents a good therapeutic target. Selective inhibition of HDAC6 impairs growth and progression without inducing major adverse events in experimental animals. In CRC, HDAC6 inhibitors have shown the potential to reduce tumor progression and enhance the therapeutic effect of other drugs. As HDAC6 is involved in the regulation of immune responses, HDAC6 inhibitors have shown the potential to improve antitumor immunity by increasing the immunogenicity of tumor cells, augmenting immune cell activity, and alleviating immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, HDAC6 inhibitors may represent promising candidates to improve the effect of and overcome resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Vuletić
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Katarina Mirjačić Martinović
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Jelena Spasić
- Clinic for Medical Oncology, Institute of Oncology and Radiology of Serbia, Pasterova 14, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
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3
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Nurzadeh M, Ghalandarpoor-Attar SM, Ghalandarpoor-Attar SN, Rabiei M. The sequestosome 1 protein: therapeutic vulnerabilities in ovarian cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2023; 25:2783-2792. [PMID: 36964889 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-023-03148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is the most deadly tumor that may develop in a woman's reproductive system. It is also one of the most common causes of death among those who have been diagnosed with cancer in women. An adapter protein known as sequestosome 1(SQSTM1) or p62 is primarily responsible for the transportation, degradation, and destruction of a wide variety of proteins. This adapter protein works in conjunction with the autophagy process as well as the ubiquitin proteasome degradation pathway. In addition, the ability of SQSTM1 to interact with multiple binding partners link SQSTM1 to various pathways in the context of antioxidant defense system and inflammation. In this review, we outline the processes underlying the control that SQSTM1 has on these pathways and how their dysregulation contributes to the development of OC. At the final, the therapeutic approaches based on SQSTM1 targeting have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Nurzadeh
- Fetomaternal Department, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Maryam Rabiei
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Zhang X, Dai M, Li S, Li M, Cheng B, Ma T, Zhou Z. The emerging potential role of p62 in cancer treatment by regulating metabolism. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023:S1043-2760(23)00106-6. [PMID: 37349161 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
p62 is an important multifunctional adaptor protein participating in autophagy and many other activities. Many studies have revealed that p62 is highly expressed in multiple cancers and decreasing its level can effectively lower the proliferation ability of cancer cells. Moreover, much research has highlighted the significant role of the regulation of cancer cell metabolism in helping to treat tumors. Recent reports demonstrate that p62 could regulate cancer cell metabolism through various mechanisms. However, the relationship between p62 and cancer cell metabolism as well as the related mechanisms has not been fully elucidated. In this review, we describe glucose, glutamine, and fatty acid metabolism in tumor cells and some signaling pathways that can regulate cancer metabolism and are mediated by p62.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Zhang
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Mengge Dai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shaotong Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Bing Cheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ting Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Zheng Zhou
- Department of Chinese Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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5
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Gupta S, Mathur P, Mishra AK, Medicherla KM, Bandapalli OR, Suravajhala P. Whole Exome-Trio Analysis Reveals Rare Variants Associated with Congenital Pouch Colon. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10050902. [PMID: 37238450 DOI: 10.3390/children10050902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Anorectal malformations (ARM) are individually common, but Congenital Pouch Colon (CPC) is a rare anorectal anomaly that causes a dilated pouch and communication with the genitourinary tract. In this work, we attempted to identify de novo heterozygous missense variants, and further discovered variants of unknown significance (VUS) which could provide insights into CPC manifestation. From whole exome sequencing (WES) performed earlier, the trio exomes were analyzed from those who were admitted to J.K. Lon Hospital, SMS Medical College, Jaipur, India, between 2011 and 2017. The proband exomes were compared with the unaffected sibling/family members, and we sought to ask whether any variants of significant interest were associated with the CPC manifestation. The WES data from a total of 64 samples including 16 affected neonates (11 male and 5 female) with their parents and unaffected siblings were used for the study. We examined the role of rare allelic variation associated with CPC in a 16 proband/parent trio family, comparing the mutations to those of their unaffected parents/siblings. We also performed RNA-Seq as a pilot to find whether or not the genes harboring these mutations were differentially expressed. Our study revealed extremely rare variants, viz., TAF1B, MUC5B and FRG1, which were further validated for disease-causing mutations associated with CPC, further closing the gaps of surgery by bringing intervention in therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonal Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research (BISR), Statue Circle, Jaipur 302021, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur 303002, India
| | - Praveen Mathur
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, SMS Medical College and Hospital, JLN Marg, Jaipur 302004, India
| | | | - Krishna Mohan Medicherla
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research (BISR), Statue Circle, Jaipur 302021, India
- Department of Bioengineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Jaipur Campus, 27-Malaviya Industrial, Area, Jaipur 302017, India
| | | | - Prashanth Suravajhala
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Birla Institute of Scientific Research (BISR), Statue Circle, Jaipur 302021, India
- Bioclues.org, Hyderabad 500072, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Vallikavu, Clappana P.O. Box 690525, Kerala, India
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6
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Inhibition of p62 and/or NFE2L2 induced autophagy impaires esophageal squamous cell cancer metastasis by reversing EMT. Gene 2023; 858:147194. [PMID: 36641074 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.147194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) pathogenesis is influenced by both NFE2L2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and SQSTM1 (sequestosome 1), also known as p62. However, while there is evidence that these two proteins can interact with one another in a range of pathological contexts, whether these interactions govern the development or progression of ESCC remains unknown. In the present study, analyses of the GEPIA database revealed the simultaneous upregulation of both NFE2L2 and p62 in ESCC, as was further confirmed through biochemical analyses conducted with a human tumor microarray. Knocking down the expression of one or both of these factors demonstrated that both p62 and NFE2L2 mediate the progression of ESCC, as such downregulation altered the morphological characteristics of these cells and suppressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Strikingly, these experiments revealed synergistic interactions between NFE2L2 and p62 in the promotion of ESCC invasivity and EMT induction. The treatment of cells with the autophagy inhibitors 3-MA, however, was sufficient to partially reverse the anti-metastatic effects of knocking down p62 and/or NFE2L2. Together, these data illustrate the ability of p62 and NFE2L2 to function in a synergistic manner, promoting ESCC cell metastatic progression and EMT induction through mechanisms linked to autophagic activity. As such, efforts to simultaneously target both of these proteins may represent a viable means of providing new treatment options to ESCC patients.
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7
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Xu H, Xu B, Hu J, Xia J, Tong L, Zhang P, Yang L, Tang L, Chen S, Du J, Wang Y, Li Y. Development of a novel autophagy-related gene model for gastric cancer prognostic prediction. Front Oncol 2022; 12:1006278. [PMID: 36276067 PMCID: PMC9585256 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1006278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is a major global health issue and one of the leading causes of tumor-associated mortality worldwide. Autophagy is thought to play a critical role in the development and progression of GC, and this process is controlled by a set of conserved regulators termed autophagy-related genes (ATGs). However, the complex contribution of autophagy to cancers is not completely understood. Accordingly, we aimed to develop a prognostic model based on the specific role of ATGs in GC to improve the prediction of GC outcomes. First, we screened 148 differentially expressed ATGs between GC and normal tissues in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort. Consensus clustering in these ATGs was performed, and based on that, 343 patients were grouped into two clusters. According to Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, cluster C2 had a worse prognosis than cluster C1. Then, a disease risk model incorporating nine differentially expressed ATGs was constructed based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis, and the ability of this model to stratify patients into high- and low-risk groups was verified. The predictive value of the model was confirmed using both training and validation cohorts. In addition, the results of functional enrichment analysis suggested that GC risk is correlated with immune status. Moreover, autophagy inhibition increased sensitivity to cisplatin and exacerbated reactive oxygen species accumulation in GC cell lines. Collectively, the results indicated that this novel constructed risk model is an effective and reliable tool for predicting GC outcomes and could help with individual treatment through ATG targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Xu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayu Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Xia
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Le Tong
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lusheng Tang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Sufeng Chen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Du
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Du, ; Ying Wang, ; Yanchun Li,
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou first people’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Du, ; Ying Wang, ; Yanchun Li,
| | - Yanchun Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou first people’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jing Du, ; Ying Wang, ; Yanchun Li,
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8
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Li H, Xu B, Du J, Wu Y, Shao F, Gao Y, Zhang P, Zhou J, Tong X, Wang Y, Li Y. Autophagy-related prognostic signature characterizes tumor microenvironment and predicts response to ferroptosis in gastric cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:959337. [PMID: 36052243 PMCID: PMC9424910 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.959337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gastric cancer (GC) is an important disease and the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. Autophagy is an important process for the turnover of intracellular substances. Autophagy-related genes (ARGs) are crucial in cancer. Accumulating evidence indicates the clinicopathological significance of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in predicting prognosis and treatment efficacy. Methods Clinical and gene expression data of GC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. A total of 22 genes with differences in expression and prognosis were screened from 232 ARGs. Three autophagy patterns were identified using an unsupervised clustering algorithm and scored using principal component analysis to predict the value of autophagy in the prognosis of GC patients. Finally, the relationship between autophagy and ferroptosis was validated in gastric cancer cells. Results The expression of ARGs showed obvious heterogeneity in GC patients. Three autophagy patterns were identified and used to predict the overall survival of GC patients. These three patterns were well-matched with the immunophenotype. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses showed that the biological functions of the three autophagy patterns were different. A scoring system was then set up to quantify the autophagy model and further evaluate the response of the patients to the immunotherapy. Patients with high autophagy scores had a more severe tumor mutation burden and better prognosis. High autophagy scores were accompanied by high microsatellite instability. Patients with high autophagy scores had significantly higher PD-L1 expression and increased survival. The experimental results confirmed that the expression of ferroptosis genes was positively correlated with the expression of autophagy genes in different autophagy clusters, and inhibition of autophagy dramatically reversed the decrease in ferroptotic cell death and lipid accumulation. Conclusions Autophagy patterns are involved in TME diversity and complexity. Autophagy score can be used as an independent prognostic biomarker in GC patients and to predict the effect of immunotherapy and ferroptosis-based therapy. This might benefit individualized treatment for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Hangzhou Women’s Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Du
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunyi Wu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangchun Shao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Zhou
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangmin Tong
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Department of Clinical Laboratory, Zhejiang Provincial People’s Hospital (Affiliated People’s Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Tong, ; Ying Wang, ; Yanchun Li,
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Tong, ; Ying Wang, ; Yanchun Li,
| | - Yanchun Li
- Department of Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hangzhou First People’s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Xiangmin Tong, ; Ying Wang, ; Yanchun Li,
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9
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Ren H, Zheng J, Cheng Q, Yang X, Fu Q. Establishment of a Necroptosis-Related Prognostic Signature to Reveal Immune Infiltration and Predict Drug Sensitivity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Genet 2022; 13:900713. [PMID: 35957699 PMCID: PMC9357940 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.900713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common type of primary liver cancer and has a poor prognosis. In recent times, necroptosis has been reported to be involved in the progression of multiple cancers. However, the role of necroptosis in HCC prognosis remains elusive.Methods: The RNA-seq data and clinical information of HCC patients were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and prognosis-related genes were explored, and the nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) clustering algorithm was applied to divide HCC patients into different subtypes. Based on the prognosis-related DEGs, univariate Cox and LASSO Cox regression analyses were used to construct a necroptosis-related prognostic model. The relationship between the prognostic model and immune cell infiltration, tumor mutational burden (TMB), and drug response were explored.Results: In this study, 13 prognosis-related DEGs were confirmed from 18 DEGs and 24 prognostic-related genes. Based on the prognosis-related DEGs, patients in the TCGA cohort were clustered into three subtypes by the NMF algorithm, and patients in C3 had better survival. A necroptosis-related prognostic model was established according to LASSO analysis, and HCC patients in TCGA and ICGC were divided into high- and low-risk groups. Kaplan–Meier (K–M) survival analysis revealed that patients in the high-risk group had a shorter survival time compared to those in the low-risk group. Using univariate and multivariate Cox analyses, the prognostic model was identified as an independent prognostic factor and had better survival predictive ability in HCC patients compared with other clinical biomarkers. Furthermore, the results revealed that the high-risk patients had higher stromal, immune, and ESTIMATE scores; higher TP53 mutation rate; higher TMB; and lower tumor purities compared to those in the low-risk group. In addition, there were significant differences in predicting the drug response between the high- and low-risk groups. The protein and mRNA levels of these prognostic genes were upregulated in HCC tissues compared to normal liver tissues.Conclusion: We established a necroptosis-related prognostic signature that may provide guidance for individualized drug therapy in HCC patients; however, further experimentation is needed to validate our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huili Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianglin Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi Cheng
- Hepatic Surgery Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
| | - Qin Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory for Drug Target Research and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of Hubei Province, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Qin Fu,
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10
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Pouremamali F, Pouremamali A, Dadashpour M, Soozangar N, Jeddi F. An update of Nrf2 activators and inhibitors in cancer prevention/promotion. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:100. [PMID: 35773670 PMCID: PMC9245222 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00906-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein is a basic-region leucine zipper transcription factor that defends against endogenous or exogenous stressors. By inducing several cytoprotective and detoxifying gene expressions, Nrf2 can increase the sensitivity of the cells to oxidants and electrophiles. Transient Nrf2 activation, by its specific activators, has protective roles against carcinogenesis and cancer development. However, permanent activation of Nrf2 promotes various cancer properties, comprising malignant progression, chemo/radio resistance, and poor patient prognosis. Taken together, these findings suggest that reaching an optimal balance between paradoxical functions of Nrf2 in malignancy may render a selective improvement to identify therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment. In this review, we describe lately discovered Nrf2 inducers and inhibitors, and their chemopreventive and/or anticancer activities. The Nrf2 pathway signifies one of the most significant cell defense procedures against exogenous or endogenous stressors. Certainly, by increasing the expression of several cytoprotective genes, the transcription factor Nrf2 can shelter cells and tissues from multiple sources of damage including electrophilic, xenobiotic, metabolic, and oxidative stress. Notably, the aberrant activation or accumulation of Nrf2, a common event in many tumors, confers a selective advantage to cancer cells and is connected to malignant progression, therapy resistance, and poor prognosis. Therefore, lately, Nrf2 has arisen as a hopeful target in treatment of cancer, and many struggles have been made to detect therapeutic strategies intended at disrupting its pro-oncogenic role. By summarizing the outcomes from past and recent studies, this review provided an overview concerning the Nrf2 pathway and the molecular mechanisms causing Nrf2 hyperactivation in cancer cells. Finally, this paper also described some of the most promising therapeutic approaches that have been successfully employed to counteract Nrf2 activity in tumors, with a particular emphasis on the development of natural compounds and the adoption of drug repurposing strategies. Video abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Pouremamali
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Pouremamali
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Dadashpour
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.,Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Narges Soozangar
- Digestive Diseases Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran. .,Zoonoses Research Center, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
| | - Farhad Jeddi
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran.
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11
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Ivey A, Pratt H, Boone BA. Molecular pathogenesis and emerging targets of gastric adenocarcinoma. J Surg Oncol 2022; 125:1079-1095. [PMID: 35481910 PMCID: PMC9069999 DOI: 10.1002/jso.26874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gastric adenocarcinoma (GC) is a devastating disease and is the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. This heterogeneous disease has several different classification systems that consider histological appearance and genomic alterations. Understanding the etiology of GC, including infection, hereditary conditions, and environmental factors, is of particular importance and is discussed in this review. To improve survival in GC, we also must improve our therapeutic strategies. Here, we discuss new targets that warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Ivey
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Hillary Pratt
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Brian A Boone
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- Department of Surgery, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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12
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Philipson E, Engström C, Naredi P, Bourghardt Fagman J. High expression of p62/SQSTM1 predicts shorter survival for patients with pancreatic cancer. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:347. [PMID: 35354432 PMCID: PMC8969328 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-09468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulation of the signal adaptor protein p62 has been demonstrated in many forms of cancer, including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although data from experimental studies suggest that p62 accumulation accelerates the development of PDAC, the association between p62 protein expression and survival in PDAC patients is unclear. METHODS Thirty-three tumor specimens from PDAC patients treated by primary surgery were obtained. Immunohistochemical expression of p62, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3), and nuclear factor-erythroid factor 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) in tumor tissue was examined for associations with clinicopathological characteristics and disease-specific survival (DSS). RESULTS There was no association between p62 expression and any of the clinicopathological variables. However, high p62 protein expression in tumor cells was significantly associated with shorter DSS (7 months vs. 29 months, p = 0.017). The hazard ratio for death in patients with high p62 protein expression in tumor cells was 2.88 (95% confidence interval: 1.17-7.11, p = 0.022). In multivariable analysis, high p62 expression was an independent prognostic factor for shorter DSS (p = 0.020) when follow up time was more than 5 years. LC3 and NRF2 staining was not associated with survival or other clinicopathological parameters. CONCLUSION Our results show that high p62 protein expression in tumor cells is associated with shorter survival following pancreatic tumor resection. This association supports a role for p62 as a prognostic marker in patients with PDAC treated by primary surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Philipson
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska, Vita Stråket 12, paviljong plan 2, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engström
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska, Vita Stråket 12, paviljong plan 2, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Naredi
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska, Vita Stråket 12, paviljong plan 2, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bourghardt Fagman
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Department of Surgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska, Vita Stråket 12, paviljong plan 2, SE-413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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13
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Cuyler J, Murthy P, Spada NG, McGuire TF, Lotze MT, Xie XQ. Sequestsome-1/p62-targeted small molecules for pancreatic cancer therapy. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:362-370. [PMID: 34592447 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by heightened autophagy and systemic immune dysfunction. Modest improvements in clinical outcomes have been demonstrated in completed clinical trials targeting autophagy with combination hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and chemotherapy. Recent mechanistic insights into the role of autophagy-dependent immune evasion have prompted the need for more precise and druggable targets of autophagy inhibition. Sequestosome-1 (SQSTM-1) is a multidomain scaffold protein with well-established roles in autophagy, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)- and NF-κB-related signaling pathways. SQSTM1 overexpression is frequently observed in PDAC, correlating with clinical stage and outcome. Given the unique molecular structure of SQSTM-1 and its diverse activity, identifying means of limiting SQSTM-1-dependent autophagy to promote an effective immune response in PDAC could be a promising treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Cuyler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Pranav Murthy
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Neal G Spada
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Terence F McGuire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Immunology and Bioengineering, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
| | - Xiang-Qun Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Computational Chemical Genomics Screening Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; National Center of Excellence for Computational Drug Abuse Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Computational Biology and Structural Biology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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14
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Expression of Four Autophagy-Related Genes Accurately Predicts the Prognosis of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Asian Patients. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:7253633. [PMID: 34484469 PMCID: PMC8413069 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7253633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are among the most fatal diseases in the world. Numerous studies have demonstrated the relationship between autophagy and development of gastrointestinal cancers. However, whether autophagy-related genes can predict prognosis of GI cancers in individuals of Asian ancestry has not been defined. This study, evaluated the prognostic value of autophagy-related genes in gastrointestinal cancer. Expression profile of autophagy-related genes for 296 gastrointestinal cancer patients of Asian ancestry was downloaded from the TCGA database (TCGA-LIHC, TCGA-STAD, TCGA-ESCA, TCGA-PAAD, TCGA-COAD, TCGA-CHOL, and TCGA-READ). The prognostic value of the autophagy-related genes was evaluated using univariate Cox, LASSO, and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The risk score of the autophagy-related gene signature was calculated to assess its predictive prognostic value for GI cancers. Forty-seven differentially expressed autophagy-related genes, in Asian patients with gastrointestinal cancers, were identified. Of the 47 genes, 4 were associated with prognosis of GI cancer (SQSTM1, BIRC5, NRG3, and CXCR4). A prognostic model for GI cancer, based on the expression of the above 4 genes in the training set, showed that cancer patients were stratified into high-risk and low-risk groups (P < 0.05). The utility of the model for overall survival (OS) of GI cancer patients was consistent across the entire set, training set, and test set (entire set: P = 4.568 × 10−4; train set: P = 5.718 × 10−3; test set: P = 3.516 × 10−2). The sensitivity and specificity of the ROC curve of the above prognostic model in predicting the 5-year prognosis of GI cancer was satisfactory (entire set: 0.728; train set: 0.727; test set: 0.733). Analysis of clinical samples validated the overexpression of the 4 genes (SQSTM1, BIRC5, NRG3, and CXCR4) in tumor tissues relative to paired normal tissues, consistent with bioinformatic findings. Expression of the 4 autophagy-related genes (SQSTM1, BIRC5, NRG3, and CXCR4) can accurately predict the prognosis of gastrointestinal tumors in Asian patients.
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15
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Tang J, Li Y, Xia S, Li J, Yang Q, Ding K, Zhang H. Sequestosome 1/p62: A multitasker in the regulation of malignant tumor aggression (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:77. [PMID: 34414460 PMCID: PMC8425587 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1)/p62 is an adapter protein mainly involved in the transportation, degradation and destruction of various proteins that cooperates with components of autophagy and the ubiquitin-proteasome degradation pathway. Numerous studies have shown that SQSTM1/p62 functions at multiple levels, including involvement in genetic stability or modification, post-transcriptional regulation and protein function. As a result, SQSTM1/p62 is a versatile protein that is a critical core regulator of tumor cell genetic stability, autophagy, apoptosis and other forms of cell death, malignant growth, proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis and chemoradiotherapeutic response, and an indicator of patient prognosis. SQSTM1/p62 regulates these processes via its distinct molecular structure, through which it participates in a variety of activating or inactivating tumor-related and tumor microenvironment-related signaling pathways, particularly positive feedback loops and epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related pathways. Therefore, functioning as a proto-oncogene or tumor suppressor gene in various types of cancer and tumor-associated microenvironments, SQSTM1/p62 is capable of promoting or retarding malignant tumor aggression, giving rise to immeasurable effects on tumor occurrence and development, and on patient treatment and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Tang
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Shuli Xia
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
| | - Jinfan Li
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Kefeng Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery and Oncology, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, Ministry of Education, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China,Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Honghe Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Research Unit of Intelligence Classification of Tumor Pathology and Precision Therapy, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
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16
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The Pathways Underlying the Multiple Roles of p62 in Inflammation and Cancer. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070707. [PMID: 34206503 PMCID: PMC8301319 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p62 is a highly conserved, multi-domain, and multi-functional adaptor protein critically involved in several important cellular processes. Via its pronounced domain architecture, p62 binds to numerous interaction partners, thereby influencing key pathways that regulate tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and several common diseases including cancer. Via binding of ubiquitin chains, p62 acts in an anti-inflammatory manner as an adaptor for the auto-, xeno-, and mitophagy-dependent degradation of proteins, pathogens, and mitochondria. Furthermore, p62 is a negative regulator of inflammasome complexes. The transcription factor Nrf2 regulates expression of a bundle of ROS detoxifying genes. p62 activates Nrf2 by interaction with and autophagosomal degradation of the Nrf2 inhibitor Keap1. Moreover, p62 activates mTOR, the central kinase of the mTORC1 sensor complex that controls cell proliferation and differentiation. Through different mechanisms, p62 acts as a positive regulator of the transcription factor NF-κB, a central player in inflammation and cancer development. Therefore, p62 represents not only a cargo receptor for autophagy, but also a central signaling hub, linking several important pro- and anti-inflammatory pathways. This review aims to summarize knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of p62 in health and disease. In particular, different types of tumors are characterized by deregulated levels of p62. The elucidation of how p62 contributes to inflammation and cancer progression at the molecular level might promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Banerjee A, Mukherjee S, Maji BK. Worldwide flavor enhancer monosodium glutamate combined with high lipid diet provokes metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies: An overview. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:938-961. [PMID: 34026558 PMCID: PMC8120859 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flavor enhancing high lipid diet acts as silent killer. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet alters redox-status. Monosodium glutamate mixed with high lipid diet induces systemic anomalies.
In this fast-food era, people depend on ready-made foods and engage in minimal physical activities that ultimately change their food habits. Majorities of such foods have harmful effects on human health due to higher percentages of saturated fatty acids, trans-fatty acids, and hydrogenated fats in the form of high lipid diet (HLD). Moreover, food manufacturers add monosodium glutamate (MSG) to enhance the taste and palatability of the HLD. Both MSG and HLD induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and thereby alter the redox-homeostasis to cause systemic damage. However, MSG mixed HLD (MH) consumption leads to dyslipidemia, silently develops non-alcoholic fatty liver disease followed by metabolic alterations and systemic anomalies, even malignancies, via modulating different signaling pathways. This comprehensive review formulates health care strategies to create global awareness about the harmful impact of MH on the human body and recommends the daily consumption of more natural foods rich in antioxidants instead of toxic ingredients to counterbalance the MH-induced systemic anomalies.
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18
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Yoon JY, Brezden-Masley C, Streutker CJ. Autophagic Heterogeneity in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:555614. [PMID: 33859932 PMCID: PMC8042205 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.555614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma is a heterogeneous disease, with various etiologies and with tumors encompassing a spectrum of histologic and molecular subtypes. "Autophagy" includes two related but distinct homeostatic processes that promote cell survival under adverse conditions, namely macro- and chaperone-mediated autophagy. There is increasing evidence of the roles autophagy may play in tumorigenesis. Methods Autophagic pathways were examined in the context of the heterogeneity intrinsic to gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma, utilizing immunohistochemistry targeting specific proteins within the pathways (p62, LAMP2A, LC3B). We examined whole sections of normal and dysplastic gastric mucosa, as well as a tissue microarray of adenocarcinomas. Results Dysplastic gastric epithelium was marked by frequent nuclear p62 and aberrant LAMP2A expression compared to normal. Examining the pattern of LC3B/cytoplasmic p62 immuno-reactivity in gastric adenocarcinoma demonstrated a predominant pattern of LC3BHigh/p62High staining (56/86, 65.1%), which has been previously associated with active, but impaired macroautophagy. There were no statistically significant associations seen between LC3B/cytoplasmic p62 staining patterns with tumor grade, histotype, or approximated TCGA molecular subtype. LAMP2A and nuclear p62 and staining patterns were also heterogeneous across the cohort, but with no statistically significant associations seen. The prognostic significance of the three proteins was limited, however high nuclear p62 levels were associated with worse overall survival (log-rank p-value = 0.0396). Conclusion Our data demonstrate the dynamic nature of autophagic proteins in the gastric epithelium, and we expand the biological heterogeneity observed in gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma to include autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yoon Yoon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Catherine J Streutker
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Sánchez-Martín P, Saito T, Komatsu M. p62/SQSTM1: 'Jack of all trades' in health and cancer. FEBS J 2018; 286:8-23. [PMID: 30499183 PMCID: PMC7379270 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
p62 is a stress‐inducible protein able to change among binding partners, cellular localizations and form liquid droplet structures in a context‐dependent manner. This protein is mainly defined as a cargo receptor for selective autophagy, a process that allows the degradation of detrimental and unnecessary components through the lysosome. Besides this role, its ability to interact with multiple binding partners allows p62 to act as a main regulator of the activation of the Nrf2, mTORC1, and NF‐κB signaling pathways, linking p62 to the oxidative defense system, nutrient sensing, and inflammation, respectively. In the present review, we will present the molecular mechanisms behind the control p62 exerts over these pathways, their interconnection and how their deregulation contributes to cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sánchez-Martín
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan.,Department of Physiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Liu PF, Chang HW, Cheng JS, Lee HP, Yen CY, Tsai WL, Cheng JT, Li YJ, Huang WC, Lee CH, Ger LP, Shu CW. Map1lc3b and Sqstm1 Modulated Autophagy for Tumorigenesis and Prognosis in Certain Subsites of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120478. [PMID: 30477228 PMCID: PMC6306869 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common cancer types worldwide and can be divided into three major subsites: buccal mucosal SCC (BMSCC), tongue SCC (TSCC), and lip SCC (LSCC). The autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B) and adaptor sequestosome 1(SQSTM1) are widely used proteins to evaluate autophagy in tumor tissues. However, the role of MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 in OSCC is not fully understood, particularly in certain subsites. With a tissue microarray comprised of 498 OSCC patients, including 181 BMSCC, 244 TSCC, and 73 LSCC patients, we found that the expression levels of MAP1LC3B and cytoplasmic SQSTM1 were elevated in the tumor tissues of three subsites compared with those in adjacent normal tissues. MAP1LC3B was associated with a poor prognosis only in TSCC. SQSTM1 was associated with poor differentiation in three subsites, while the association with lymph node invasion was only observed in BMSCC. Interestingly, MAP1LC3B was positively correlated with SQSTM1 in the tumor tissues of BMSCC, whereas it showed no correlation with SQSTM1 in adjacent normal tissue. The coexpression of higher MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 demonstrated a significantly worse disease-specific survival (DSS) and disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with BMSCC and LSCC, but not TSCC. The knockdown of MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 reduced autophagy, cell proliferation, invasion and tumorspheres of BMSCC cells. Additionally, silencing both MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 enhanced the cytotoxic effects of paclitaxel in the tumorspheres of BMSCC cells. Taken together, MAP1LC3B and SQSTM1 might modulate autophagy to facilitate tumorigenesis and chemoresistance in OSCC, particularly in BMSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Feng Liu
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Optometry, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 82144, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Wei Chang
- Cancer Center, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Science and Environmental Biology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Shiung Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Huai-Pao Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department of Nursing, Meiho University, Pingtung 91202, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Yu Yen
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Section, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan 71004, Taiwan.
- Department of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Lun Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
| | - Jiin-Tsuey Cheng
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jing Li
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chieh Huang
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Hsin Lee
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Luo-Pin Ger
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Wen Shu
- School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan.
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan.
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Cao Y, Luo Y, Zou J, Ouyang J, Cai Z, Zeng X, Ling H, Zeng T. Autophagy and its role in gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2018; 489:10-20. [PMID: 30472237 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, which is tightly regulated by a series of autophagy-related genes (ATGs), is a vital intracellular homeostatic process through which defective proteins and organelles are degraded and recycled under starvation, hypoxia or other specific cellular stress conditions. For both normal cells and tumour cells, autophagy not only sustains cell survival but can also promote cell death. Autophagy-related signalling pathways include mTOR-dependent pathways, such as the AMPK/mTOR and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, and non-mTOR dependent pathways, such as the P53 pathway. Additionally, autophagy plays a dual role in gastric carcinoma (GC), including a tumour-suppressor role and a tumour-promoter role. Long-term Helicobacter pylori infection can impair autophagy, which may eventually promote tumourigenesis of the gastric mucosa. Moreover, Beclin1, LC3 and P62/SQSTM1 are regarded as autophagy-related markers with GC prognostic value. Autophagy inhibitors and autophagy inducers show promise for GC treatment. This review describes research progress regarding autophagy and its significant role in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijing Cao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Yichen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Juan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Jun Ouyang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Zhihong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China
| | - Hui Ling
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (University of South China), College of Hunan Province, Cancer Research Institute, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
| | - Tiebing Zeng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study [Hunan Provincial Education Department document (Approval number: 2014-405)], Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China; Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Key Laboratory of Special Pathogen Prevention and Control of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, PR China.
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22
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Zhu L, Wang Y, He J, Tang J, Lv W, Hu J. Cytoplasmic SQSTM1/ P62 Accumulation Predicates a Poor Prognosis in Patients with Malignant Tumor. J Cancer 2018; 9:4072-4086. [PMID: 30410612 PMCID: PMC6218778 DOI: 10.7150/jca.26399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: SQSTM1/p62, as an autophagy marker, is a key molecule involved in the autophagy process. Recent studies have demonstrated that p62 has a close relationship with tumorigenesis and progression, but the impact of p62 on patients' survival has not been comprehensively understood. Therefore, we conducted this study to assess the expression level of p62 in tumor cells and the prognostic role of p62 expression in various malignant tumors. Methods: We searched PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Embase, Ovid and Web of Science databases and identified 30 eligible studies containing 14,072 patients to include in the meta-analysis. The p62 mRNA and protein expression profiles in various tumor tissues and normal tissues were presented according to the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA). We also tested the association between p62 mRNA level and patients' survival based on the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) databases. Results: The expression levels of p62 mRNA and protein varied in different tissues. The p62 proteins were elevated and mainly located in the cytoplasm in some types of tumor compared with the normal tissues. The pooled results indicated that p62 overexpression in tumor tissues was associated with a worse prognosis. In the subgroup analysis, a significant relationship was observed between cytoplasmic p62 accumulation and both overall survival (HR 1.53, 95% CI: 1.03-2.27, P < 0.05) and disease-specific survival (HR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.15-2.24, P < 0.01). The relationship between p62 and worse survival was more evident in early stage tumors. P62 mRNA expression had no significant effect on the patient's survival except of liver cancer. Conclusions: The findings of this meta-analysis highlight the role of p62 as a useful prognostic biomarker for some types of tumor according to different clinicopathologic features, which may contribute to the selection of effective treatment methods for different malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhai Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jing He
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Wang Lv
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
| | - Jian Hu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, China
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23
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Adams O, Janser FA, Dislich B, Berezowska S, Humbert M, Seiler CA, Kroell D, Slotta-Huspenina J, Feith M, Ott K, Tschan MP, Langer R. A specific expression profile of LC3B and p62 is associated with nonresponse to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in esophageal adenocarcinomas. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197610. [PMID: 29897944 PMCID: PMC5999293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is a powerful chemotherapeutic drug, used for the treatment of many cancer types, including esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC). Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation process maintaining cellular homeostasis. Defective autophagy has been implicated in cancer biology and therapy resistance. We aimed to assess the impact of autophagy on chemotherapy response in EAC, with a special focus on paclitaxel. Responsiveness of EAC cell lines, OE19, FLO-1, OE33 and SK-GT-4, to paclitaxel was assessed using Alamar Blue assays. Autophagic flux upon paclitaxel treatment in vitro was assessed by immunoblotting of LC3B-II and quantitative assessment of WIP1 mRNA. Immunohistochemistry for the autophagy markers LC3B and p62 was applied on tumor tissue from 149 EAC patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, including pre- and post-therapeutic samples (62 matched pairs). Tumor response was assessed by histology. For comparison, previously published data on 114 primary resected EAC cases were used. EAC cell lines displayed differing responsiveness to paclitaxel treatment; however this was not associated with differential autophagy regulation. High p62 cytoplasmic expression on its own (p ≤ 0.001), or in combination with low LC3B (p = 0.034), was associated with nonresponse to chemotherapy, regardless of whether or not the regiments contained paclitaxel, but there was no independent prognostic value of LC3B or p62 expression patterns for EAC after neoadjuvant treatment. p62 and related pathways, most likely other than autophagy, play a role in chemotherapeutic response in EAC in a clinical setting. Therefore p62 could be a novel therapeutic target to overcome chemoresistance in EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Adams
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Félice A. Janser
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Dislich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Magali Humbert
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian A. Seiler
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dino Kroell
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Marcus Feith
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, München, Germany
| | - Katja Ott
- Department of Surgery, RoMED Klinikum, Rosenheim, Germany
| | - Mario P. Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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24
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Lu Y, Wang Q, Zhou Y, Sun L, Hu B, Xue H, Li M, Zhang K, Ren C, Duan N, Liu H, Zhang C, Li Z, Ma T. Overexpression of p62 is associated with poor prognosis and aggressive phenotypes in osteosarcoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9889-9895. [PMID: 29928361 PMCID: PMC6004647 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
p62 (also known as sequestosome 1) protein, is a small regulatory protein that accumulates in autophagy-defective cells that has been demonstrated to be involved in the prognosis and survival of patients with several types of cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, there have been no such studies for osteosarcoma (OS). In the present study, the expression of p62 in 70 OS samples was determined using immunohistochemistry and its association with various clinicopathological factors was assessed. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of p62 protein was detected in 77.1% (54/70) samples, and the expression levels were significantly associated with tumor size (P=0.001), metastasis (P=0.036), clinical staging (P=0.003) and poor prognosis (P=0.0058). Furthermore, suppression of the p62 expression by short hairpin RNA interference in F5M2 and F4 cells lines led to decreased cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. These results suggested that increased expression of p62 may be involved in OS progression, and therefore the excess expression of p62 may serve as a novel prognostic biomarker for patients with OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710038, P.R. China
| | - Liang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Hematology, Xi'an Gao Xin Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, P.R. China
| | - Hanzhong Xue
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Ning Duan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Congming Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
| | - Teng Ma
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, P.R. China
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25
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Shi C, Pan BQ, Shi F, Xie ZH, Jiang YY, Shang L, Zhang Y, Xu X, Cai Y, Hao JJ, Wang MR. Sequestosome 1 protects esophageal squamous carcinoma cells from apoptosis via stabilizing SKP2 under serum starvation condition. Oncogene 2018; 37:3260-3274. [PMID: 29551772 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0217-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the malignancies in digestive system, with a low 5-year survival rate. We previously revealed that Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1/p62) protein levels were upregulated in ESCC tissues. However, it is unclear about the function of p62 and the underlying mechanism. Here, we used immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry to investigate the expression of p62 in ESCC. Western blotting, quantitative RT-PCR, colony formation assay, flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation and xenograft tumor assay were used to analyze the role of p62 in vitro and vivo. Here, we showed that p62 serves as a regulator of cell apoptosis under serum starvation condition in ESCC cells. Through activating the protein kinase C iota (PKCiota)-S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (SKP2) signaling pathway, p62 enhances cell apoptosis resistance and colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in mouse models. Through interaction with the domains PB1, p62 upregulated the expression of PKCiota and then depressed the ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation of SKP2. p62-silencing combined with a PKCiota inhibitor ATM significantly enhanced cell apoptosis and inhibited cell survival. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a positive association between the expression of p62 and SKP2 in primary ESCC tissues. And importantly, p62 presented a markedly cytoplasmic translocation in cancerous cells, including in 16 (30.76%) tumors at stage T1, as compared with its nuclear location in normal esophageal epithelial cells. In summary, p62 plays an anti-apoptotic role in ESCC cells via stabilizing SKP2 under serum starvation condition. These data suggest that p62 might be an early biomarker and a candidate therapeutic target of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Bei-Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan-Yi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Yan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China
| | - Jia-Jie Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China.
| | - Ming-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100021, China.
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26
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Adams O, Dislich B, Berezowska S, Schläfli AM, Seiler CA, Kröll D, Tschan MP, Langer R. Prognostic relevance of autophagy markers LC3B and p62 in esophageal adenocarcinomas. Oncotarget 2018; 7:39241-39255. [PMID: 27250034 PMCID: PMC5129929 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal adenocarcinomas (EAC) are aggressive tumors with considerable rates of chemoresistance. Autophagy is a lysosome-dependent degradation process, characterized by the formation of vesicles called autophagosomes, and has been implicated in cancer. Protein light chain 3 B (LC3B) and p62 are associated with autophagosomal membranes and degraded. We aimed to assess the impact of basal autophagy on EAC. In EAC cell lines, an increase in LC3B and p62 was observed with increasing concentrations of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine, which indicates functional basal autophagy. LC3B and p62 immunohistochemistry was performed on primary resected EAC. High LC3B and p62 expression was associated with earlier tumor stages (p < 0.05). High nuclear and cytoplasmic p62 staining were associated with a better prognosis (p = 0.006; p = 0.028). Various combinations of p62 expression with or without LC3B expression identified different prognostic groups. Tumors with low total p62 (p = 0.007) or low LC3B/low p62 expression had the worst outcome (p = 0.007; p = 0.005). A combination score of dot-like/cytoplasmic p62 and nuclear p62 staining was an independent prognostic parameter (p = 0.033; HR = 0.6). This study highlights the potential significance of basal autophagy in EAC biology. Tumors with low LC3B and p62 expression show the most aggressive behavior and may be candidates for autophagy regulating therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Adams
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bastian Dislich
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Anna M Schläfli
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christian A Seiler
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Dino Kröll
- Department of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital University Hospital Bern and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mario P Tschan
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert Langer
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Chang HH, Moro A, Takakura K, Su HY, Mo A, Nakanishi M, Waldron RT, French SW, Dawson DW, Hines OJ, Li G, Go VLW, Sinnett-Smith J, Pandol SJ, Lugea A, Gukovskaya AS, Duff MO, Rosenberg DW, Rozengurt E, Eibl G. Incidence of pancreatic cancer is dramatically increased by a high fat, high calorie diet in KrasG12D mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184455. [PMID: 28886117 PMCID: PMC5590955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiologic data has linked obesity to a higher risk of pancreatic cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. To allow for detailed mechanistic studies in a relevant model mimicking diet-induced obesity and pancreatic cancer, a high-fat, high-calorie diet (HFCD) was given to P48+/Cre;LSL-KRASG12D (KC) mice carrying a pancreas-specific oncogenic Kras mutation. The mice were randomly allocated to a HFCD or control diet (CD). Cohorts were sacrificed at 3, 6, and 9 months and tissues were harvested for further analysis. Compared to CD-fed mice, HFCD-fed animals gained significantly more weight. Importantly, the cancer incidence was remarkably increased in HFCD-fed KC mice, particularly in male KC mice. In addition, KC mice fed the HFCD showed more extensive inflammation and fibrosis, and more advanced PanIN lesions in the pancreas, compared to age-matched CD-fed animals. Interestingly, we found that the HFCD reduced autophagic flux in PanIN lesions in KC mice. Further, exome sequencing of isolated murine PanIN lesions identified numerous genetic variants unique to the HFCD. These data underscore the role of sustained inflammation and dysregulated autophagy in diet-induced pancreatic cancer development and suggest that diet-induced genetic alterations may contribute to this process. Our findings provide a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the obesity-cancer link in males and females, and will facilitate the development of interventions targeting obesity-associated pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Chang
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Aune Moro
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Kazuki Takakura
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Hsin-Yuan Su
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Allen Mo
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Masako Nakanishi
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Richard T. Waldron
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Samuel W. French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, United States of America
- Southern California Research Center for ALPD and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - David W. Dawson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - O. Joe Hines
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Vay Liang W. Go
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - James Sinnett-Smith
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Pancreatic Research Group, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Anna S. Gukovskaya
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael O. Duff
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Daniel W. Rosenberg
- Center for Molecular Oncology, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Enrique Rozengurt
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Guido Eibl
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Qi L, Xin Q, Wenjun J. Inhibition of iNOS protects cardiomyocytes against coxsackievirus B3-induced cell injury by suppressing autophagy. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:673-679. [PMID: 28499238 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of the picornavirus family, is one of the major causative enteroviruses of viral myocarditis. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of iNOS and autophagy in CVB3 infected cardiomyocytes. METHODS Myocardial cell H9c2 were randomly divided into four groups: control group, CVB3 group, CVB3+L-NAME group and the CVB3+iNOS siRNA group. Cell proliferation was detected by MTT method and cell apoptosis was determined by flow cytometric. The protein expression levels were determined by Western blot. Anisomycin was used to activate JNK pathway in CVB3 infected H9c2 cells. RESULTS The results demonstrated that the inhibition of iNOS significantly elevated cell proliferation and suppressed cell apoptosis of CVB3-induced H9c2 cells. The production of MDA was obviously decreased, while the activity of SOD was increased by the addition of L-NAME or iNOS siRNA compared with the CVB3 group. Expression of the autophagy marker proteins LC3 II and Beclin 1 was significantly decreased, and the autophagy substrate p62 was dramatically increased in iNOS inhibition groups compared with the CVB3 group. Moreover, iNOS inhibition suppressed the JNK pathway in CVB3-infected H9c2 cells. Furthermore, administration of the JNK pathway stimulator, anisomycin, counteracted the effect of iNOS inhibition in CVB3-infected H9c2 cells. CONCLUSION The inhibition of iNOS protects cardiomyocytes against CVB3-induced cell injury by regulating autophagy and the JNK pathway, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for treating CVB3-induced myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Qi Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China.
| | - Jia Wenjun
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin 300121, China
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29
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Aigelsreiter A, Neumann J, Pichler M, Halasz J, Zatloukal K, Berghold A, Douschan P, Rainer F, Stauber R, Haybaeck J, Denk H, Lackner C. Hepatocellular carcinomas with intracellular hyaline bodies have a poor prognosis. Liver Int 2017; 37:600-610. [PMID: 27885796 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Mallory-Denk bodies (MDBs) and intracellular hyaline bodies (IHBs) are cytoplasmic inclusions found in a subset of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). MDBs are mainly composed of the intermediate filament proteins keratin (K) 8 and K18, the cellular stress- and adapter-protein sequestosome 1/p62 (p62) and ubiquitin, whereas IHBs consist of p62 and/or ubiquitin. Of note, cytoplasmic inclusions containing p62 can serve as markers of suppressed autophagy, which in turn has been associated with poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic significance of p62-containing MDB and IHB in patients with HCC. METHODS Ninety resected HCCs were assessed by H&E histology for MDB or IHB, and their presence was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using K8/18, p62 and ubiquitin antibodies. The prognostic impact of inclusions was assessed using Kaplan-Meier and multivariate Cox proportional model. RESULTS Mallory-Denk bodies and/or IHB were found in about 50% of HCC. Both types of inclusions were seen in 21%, MDB only in 19% and IHB only in 10% of cases. The presence of MDB in tumours was associated with the steatohepatitic variant of HCC, which also showed fatty change, ballooning of tumour cells, MDBs, inflammation and pericellular fibrosis (P<.001). In contrast, IHBs were not associated with steatohepatitic morphology but were associated with significantly shorter overall survival (P=.006). Multivariate analysis revealed macroscopic vascular invasion (P=.045) and presence of IHB in HCC cells (P=.005) as independently associated with overall survival. CONCLUSIONS Intracellular hyaline bodies and macroscopic vascular invasion identify a subset of HCC patients with poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jens Neumann
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Pathology, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Pichler
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Halasz
- 2nd Department of Pathology, Semmelweis University of Budapest, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kurt Zatloukal
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Berghold
- Institute for Medical Informatics Statistics and Documentation, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Douschan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Florian Rainer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Rudolf Stauber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Denk
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Carolin Lackner
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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30
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Qian HR, Yang Y. Functional role of autophagy in gastric cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 7:17641-51. [PMID: 26910278 PMCID: PMC4951239 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic pathway responsible for the degradation of long-lived proteins and damaged intracellular organelles. Perturbations in autophagy are found in gastric cancer. In host gastric cells, autophagy can be induced by Helicobacter pylori (or H. pylori) infection, which is associated with the oncogenesis of gastric cancer. In gastric cancer cells, autophagy has both pro-survival and pro-death functions in determining cell fate. Besides, autophagy modulates gastric cancer metastasis by affecting a wide range of pathological events, including extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), tumor angiogenesis, and tumor microenvironment. In addition, some of the autophagy-related proteins, such as Beclin 1, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (MAP1-LC3), and p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) have certain prognostic values for gastric cancer. In this article, we review the recent studies regarding the functional role of autophagy in gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-ran Qian
- Department of General Surgery, Institute of Micro-Invasive Surgery of Zhejiang University, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical College of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hangzhou Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, PR China
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Kun Z, Hanqing G, Hailing T, Yuan Y, Jun Z, Lingxia Z, Kun H, Xin Z. Gastrin Enhances Autophagy and Promotes Gastric Carcinoma Proliferation via Inducing AMPKα. Oncol Res 2017; 25:1399-1407. [PMID: 28059052 PMCID: PMC7841241 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14823648620870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most frequent epithelial malignancies worldwide. The gastrointestinal (GI) peptide gastrin is an important regulator of the secretion and release of gastric acid from stomach parietal cells, and it also plays a vital role in the development and progression of GC. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of gastrin and autophagy in regulating GC tumorigenesis. Gastrin-17 amide (G-17) was applied in the GC cell lines SGC7901 and MGC-803. The results showed that G-17 maintained the high viability of SGC7901 and MGC-803. The expression of autophagy marker proteins LC3II and Beclin1 was significantly increased, while the autophagy substrate p62 was obviously decreased in the gastrin group compared with the control group. Moreover, G-17 strengthened the expressions of AMPKα, Ras, Raf, MEK, and ERK1/2. Additionally, administration of AMPKα siRNA counteracted the effect of gastrin in SGC7901 cells. Finally, in an in vivo study of the tumor growth and survival rate of rats, the levels of AMPKα/Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK were significantly increased in the gastrin group and decreased following AMPKα shRNA injection. In conclusion, these findings indicate that gastrin plays a tumorigenic role by promoting autophagy in GC and may provide a novel therapeutic target for GC treatment.
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Petibone DM, Majeed W, Casciano DA. Autophagy function and its relationship to pathology, clinical applications, drug metabolism and toxicity. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:23-37. [PMID: 27682190 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular process that facilitates nutrient turnover and removal of expended macromolecules and organelles to maintain homeostasis. The recycling of cytosolic macromolecules and damaged organelles by autophagosomes occurs through the lysosomal degradation pathway. Autophagy can also be upregulated as a prosurvival pathway in response to stress stimuli such as starvation, hypoxia or cell damage. Over the last two decades, there has been a surge in research revealing the basic molecular mechanisms of autophagy in mammalian cells. A corollary of an advanced understanding of autophagy has been a concurrent expansion of research into understanding autophagic function and dysfunction in pathology. Recent studies have revealed a pivotal role for autophagy in drug toxicity, and for utilizing autophagic components as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets in treating disease and cancer. In this review, advances in understanding the molecular basis of mammalian autophagy, methods used to induce and evaluate autophagy, and the diverse interactions between autophagy and drug toxicity, disease progression and carcinogenesis are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayton M Petibone
- National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Waqar Majeed
- Center of Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
| | - Daniel A Casciano
- Center of Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
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Taniguchi K, Yamachika S, He F, Karin M. p62/SQSTM1-Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde that prevents oxidative stress but promotes liver cancer. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2375-97. [PMID: 27404485 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
p62/SQSTM1 is a multifunctional signaling hub and autophagy adaptor with many binding partners, which allow it to activate mTORC1-dependent nutrient sensing, NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses, and the NRF2-activated antioxidant defense. p62 recognizes polyubiquitin chains via its C-terminal domain and binds to LC3 via its LIR motif, thereby promoting the autophagic degradation of ubiquitinated cargos. p62 accumulates in many human liver diseases, including nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where it is a component of Mallory-Denk bodies and intracellular hyaline bodies. Chronic p62 elevation contributes to HCC development by preventing oncogene-induced senescence and death of cancer-initiating cells and enhancing their proliferation. In this review, we discuss p62-mediated signaling pathways and their roles in liver pathophysiology, especially NASH and HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yamachika
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Feng He
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael Karin
- Laboratory of Gene Regulation and Signal Transduction, Departments of Pharmacology and Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Schmitz KJ, Ademi C, Bertram S, Schmid KW, Baba HA. Prognostic relevance of autophagy-related markers LC3, p62/sequestosome 1, Beclin-1 and ULK1 in colorectal cancer patients with respect to KRAS mutational status. World J Surg Oncol 2016; 14:189. [PMID: 27444698 PMCID: PMC4957418 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-016-0946-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Autophagy is a cellular pathway that regulates transportation of cytoplasmic macromolecules and organelles to lysosomes for degradation. Autophagy is involved in both tumorigenesis and tumour suppression. Here we investigated the potential prognostic value of the autophagy-related proteins Beclin-1, p62, LC3 and uncoordinated (UNC) 51-like kinase 1 (ULK1) in a cohort of colorectal cancer (CRC) specimens. Methods In this study, we analysed the immunoexpression of the autophagy-related proteins p62, LC3, Beclin-1 and ULK1 in 127 CRC patients with known KRAS mutational status and detailed clinical follow-up. Results Survival analysis of p62 staining showed a significant correlation of cytoplasmic (not nuclear) p62 expression with a favourable tumour-specific overall survival (OS). The prognostic power of cytoplasmic p62 was found in the KRAS-mutated subgroup but was lost in the KRAS wildtype subgroup. Survival analysis of Beclin-1 staining did not show an association with OS in the complete cohort. LC3 overexpression demonstrated a slight, though not significant, association with decreased OS. Upon stratifying cases by KRAS mutational status, nuclear (not cytoplasmic) Beclin-1 staining was associated with a significantly decreased OS in the KRAS-mutated subgroup but not in the KRAS wildtype CRCs. In addition, LC3 overexpression was significantly associated with decreased OS in the KRAS-mutated CRC subgroup. ULK1 expression was not correlated to survival. Conclusions Immunohistochemical analyses of LC3, p62 and Beclin-1 may constitute promising novel prognostic markers in CRC, especially in KRAS-mutated CRCs. This strategy might help in identifying high-risk patients who would benefit from autophagy-related anticancer drugs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12957-016-0946-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Juergen Schmitz
- Institute of Pathology, Mühlenstrasse 31, 45659, Recklinghausen, Germany. .,Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, 45147, Germany.
| | - Ceflije Ademi
- Department of Senology, Prosper Hospital Recklinghausen, Mühlenstrasse 27, 45659, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Bertram
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, 45147, Germany
| | - Kurt Werner Schmid
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, 45147, Germany
| | - Hideo Andreas Baba
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, Essen, 45147, Germany
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Koehler BC, Jassowicz A, Scherr AL, Lorenz S, Radhakrishnan P, Kautz N, Elssner C, Weiss J, Jaeger D, Schneider M, Schulze-Bergkamen H. Pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor Obatoclax is a potent late stage autophagy inhibitor in colorectal cancer cells independent of canonical autophagy signaling. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:919. [PMID: 26585594 PMCID: PMC4653869 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1929-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third most common malignancy in humans and novel therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Autophagy is an evolutionarily highly conserved cellular process by which cells collect unnecessary organelles or misfolded proteins and subsequently degrade them in vesicular structures in order to refuel cells with energy. Dysregulation of the complex autophagy signaling network has been shown to contribute to the onset and progression of cancer in various models. The Bcl-2 family of proteins comprises central regulators of apoptosis signaling and has been linked to processes involved in autophagy. The antiapoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family of proteins have been identified as promising anticancer drug targets and small molecules inhibiting those proteins are in clinical trials. METHODS Flow cytometry and colorimetric assays were used to assess cell growth and cell death. Long term 3D cell culture was used to assess autophagy in a tissue mimicking environment in vitro. RNA interference was applied to modulate autophagy signaling. Immunoblotting and q-RT PCR were used to investigate autophagy signaling. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy were used to detect autophagosome formation and autophagy flux. RESULTS This study demonstrates that autophagy inhibition by obatoclax induces cell death in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells in an autophagy prone environment. Here, we demonstrate that pan-Bcl-2 inhibition by obatoclax causes a striking, late stage inhibition of autophagy in CRC cells. In contrast, ABT-737, a Mcl-1 sparing Bcl-2 inhibitor, failed to interfere with autophagy signaling. Accumulation of p62 as well as Light Chain 3 (LC3) was observed in cells treated with obatoclax. Autophagy inhibition caused by obatoclax is further augmented in stressful conditions such as starvation. Furthermore, our data demonstrate that inhibition of autophagy caused by obatoclax is independent of the essential pro-autophagy proteins Beclin-1, Atg7 and Atg12. CONCLUSIONS The objective of this study was to dissect the contribution of Bcl-2 proteins to autophagy in CRC cells and to explore the potential of Bcl-2 inhibitors for autophagy modulation. Collectively, our data argue for a Beclin-1 independent autophagy inhibition by obatoclax. Based on this study, we recommend the concept of autophagy inhibition as therapeutic strategy for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christian Koehler
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Adam Jassowicz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anna-Lena Scherr
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Lorenz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Praveen Radhakrishnan
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Nicole Kautz
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Christin Elssner
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johanna Weiss
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dirk Jaeger
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Martin Schneider
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Henning Schulze-Bergkamen
- National Center for Tumor Diseases, Department of Medical Oncology, Internal Medicine VI, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine II, Marien-Hospital, Wesel, Germany.
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Wang X, Du Z, Li L, Shi M, Yu Y. Beclin 1 and p62 expression in non-small cell lung cancer: relation with malignant behaviors and clinical outcome. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2015; 8:10644-10652. [PMID: 26617774 PMCID: PMC4637589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a complicated role in tumorigenesis in a variety of cancers. Recently, many studies report that some autophagy-related markers could be detected in several types of human tumors. However, fewer studies have been conducted to evaluate the relationship between autophagy and lung cancer, especially in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In this study, the expression levels of autophagy-related markers Beclin 1 and p62 were detected by Western blot analysis and cell immunofluorescence staining in three human NSCLC cell lines A549, H1299 and HCC827. Then, tissue microarray and immunohistochemical staining were used to determine Beclin 1 and p62 expression in 104 NSCLC specimens collected from patients. Beclin 1 and p62 were observed to primarily distribute in the cytoplasm of the cells. Beclin 1 was expressed more predominantly in male and heavy-smoker and its expression was significantly correlated with the differentiation and lymph node metastasis. p62 expression was negatively correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis. Univariate Cox regression analysis revealed that low expression of Beclin 1 and high expression of p62 were significantly associated with shorter survival. Meanwhile, multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that Beclin 1 and p62 were independent risk factors related to overall survival for patients with NSCLC. Collectively, our study suggests that Beclin 1 and p62 could serve as potential indicators for the prognosis of patients with NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/metabolism
- Adenocarcinoma/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma/secondary
- Adenocarcinoma/therapy
- Adenocarcinoma of Lung
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Autophagy
- Beclin-1
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/mortality
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/secondary
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/therapy
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/secondary
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/mortality
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/therapy
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Male
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Multivariate Analysis
- Neoplasm Staging
- Proportional Hazards Models
- Risk Factors
- Sequestosome-1 Protein
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Ziyan Du
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Experimental Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Minhua Shi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, PR China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhou 215004, PR China
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