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Kubala JM, Laursen KB, Schreiner R, Williams RM, van der Mijn JC, Crowley MJ, Mongan NP, Nanus DM, Heller DA, Gudas LJ. NDUFA4L2 reduces mitochondrial respiration resulting in defective lysosomal trafficking in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2023; 24:2170669. [PMID: 36722045 PMCID: PMC9897797 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2023.2170669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC), activation of hypoxic signaling induces NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 4-like 2 (NDUFA4L2) expression. Over 90% of ccRCCs exhibit overexpression of NDUFA4L2, which we previously showed contributes to ccRCC proliferation and survival. The function of NDUFA4L2 in ccRCC has not been fully elucidated. NDUFA4L2 was reported to reduce mitochondrial respiration via mitochondrial complex I inhibition. We found that NDUFA4L2 expression in human ccRCC cells increases the extracellular acidification rate, indicative of elevated glycolysis. Conversely, NDUFA4L2 expression in non-cancerous kidney epithelial cells decreases oxygen consumption rate while increasing extracellular acidification rate, suggesting that a Warburg-like effect is induced by NDUFA4L2 alone. We performed mass-spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics of NDUFA4L2 associated complexes. Comparing RCC4-P (parental) ccRCC cells with RCC4 in which NDUFA4L2 is knocked out by CRISPR-Cas9 (RCC4-KO-643), we identified 3,215 proteins enriched in the NDUFA4L2 immunoprecipitates. Among the top-ranking pathways were "Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer" and "Glycolysis Activation in Cancer (Warburg Effect)." We also show that NDUFA4L2 enhances mitochondrial fragmentation, interacts with lysosomes, and increases mitochondrial-lysosomal associations, as assessed by high-resolution fluorescence microscopy and live cell imaging. We identified 161 lysosomal proteins, including Niemann-Pick Disease Type C Intracellular Cholesterol Transporters 1 and 2 (NPC1, NPC2), that are associated with NDUFA4L2 in RCC4-P cells. RCC4-P cells have larger and decreased numbers of lysosomes relative to RCC4 NDUFA4L2 knockout cells. These findings suggest that NDUFA4L2 regulates mitochondrial-lysosomal associations and potentially lysosomal size and abundance. Consequently, NDUFA4L2 may regulate not only mitochondrial, but also lysosomal functions in ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn M. Kubala
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Ryan Schreiner
- Division of Regenerative Medicine Research, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ryan M. Williams
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, the City College of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Michael J. Crowley
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nigel P. Mongan
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Center for Cancer Sciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - David M. Nanus
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology; New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel A. Heller
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lorraine J. Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Urology; New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Ye N, Wang Y, Jiang P, Jiang H, Ding W, Zhang Z, Xi C. Hypoxia-induced the upregulation of NDUFA4L2 promoted colon adenocarcinoma progression through ROS-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway. Cytotechnology 2023; 75:461-472. [PMID: 37841958 PMCID: PMC10575837 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-023-00590-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex 4-like 2 (NDUFA4L2) gene has been reported to be upregulated in colorectal cancer (CRC) and is associated with worse prognosis. However, the specific function and underlying mechanism of NDUFA4L2 in colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) under hypoxia has never been investigated. Our study discovered that hypoxia promoted the viability, metastasis, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of COAD cells. Besides, hypoxia-induced HIF-1α upregulated the expression of NDUFA4L2 which served as an oncogene and an independent diagnostic and prognostic marker in COAD. Under hypoxic environment, NDUFA4L2 mediated the viability, metastasis, and epithelial-EMT of COAD cells. Additionally, the ROS-dependent PI3K/Akt signaling was activated by NDUFA4L2 in COAD in hypoxia and NDUFA4L2 facilitated the malignant behaviors of hypoxia-treated COAD cells by elevating ROS production. Collectively, abundant NDUFA4L2 expression induced by HIF-1α under hypoxia promoted the development of COAD through activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling in a ROS-dependent manner, indicating NDUFA4L2 as a promising target in COAD diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianyuan Ye
- Department of Oncology, Wujin People Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, and Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, No.2 Yongning North Road, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Yibo Wang
- Department of Oncology, Wujin People Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, and Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, No.2 Yongning North Road, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Wujin People Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, and Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, No.2 Yongning North Road, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Huaji Jiang
- Department of Oncology, Wujin People Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, and Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, No.2 Yongning North Road, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Ding
- Department of Oncology, Wujin People Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, and Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, No.2 Yongning North Road, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Wujin People Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, and Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, No.2 Yongning North Road, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
| | - Cheng Xi
- Department of Oncology, Wujin People Hospital Affiliated with Jiangsu University, and Wujin Clinical College of Xuzhou Medical University, No.2 Yongning North Road, Tianning District, Changzhou, 213000 Jiangsu China
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Lin Y, Xie H, Zhao W, Li Y, Zhang Z. NDUFA4L2 is a novel biomarker for colorectal cancer through bioinformatics analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35893. [PMID: 37933010 PMCID: PMC10627684 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. NDUFAL42 is an important mitochondrial respiratory chain subunit that plays a critical role in cellular energy metabolism. However, the role of NDUFA4L2 in CRC remains unclear. Therefore, we used the data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to prove the relationship between NDUFA4L2 and CRC. The expression levels of NDUFA4L2 in CRC tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining of NDUFA4L2 from the HPA database. Wilcoxon rank sum test, Chi-square test, Fisher exact test and logistic regression were used to evaluate relationships between clinical-pathologic features and NDUFA4L2 expression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to describe binary classifier value of NDUFA4L2 using area under curve (AUC) score. Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression analysis were used to evaluate factors contributing to prognosis. Gene oncology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis were used to predict the function of differentially expressed genes associated with NDUFA4L2. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to predict canonical pathways associated with NDUFA4L2.Immune infiltration analysis was performed to identify the significantly involved functions of NDUFA4L2. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were established and 20 hub genes identified with Cytoscape software. Increased NDUFA4L2 expression in CRC was associated with T stage (P = .019), N stage (P < .001), Pathologic stage (P = .020), Residual tumor (P = .023), Perineural invasion (P = .039), Lymphatic invasion (P = .007), Histological type(P < .001), PFI event (P = .007) and DSS event (P = .004).ROC curve suggested the significant diagnostic and prognostic ability of NDUFA4L2 (AUC = 0.878). High NDUFA4L2 expression predicted a poorer Overall-survival (P = .021), poorer progression-free interval (P = .001), and poorer Disease Specific Survival (P = .002). GO, KEGG, GSEA and immune infiltration analysis showed that NDUFA4L2 expression was correlated with regulating the function of DNA and some types of immune infiltrating cells. NDUFA4L2 expression was significantly correlated with poor survival and immune infiltrations in CRC, and it may be a promising prognostic biomarker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuning Lin
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Biomarker Translational Medicine, Medical Laboratory of Xiamen Humanity Hospital Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hongyan Xie
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Biomarker Translational Medicine, Medical Laboratory of Xiamen Humanity Hospital Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenzhen Zhao
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Biomarker Translational Medicine, Medical Laboratory of Xiamen Humanity Hospital Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Li
- Ultrasonography Department, Women and Children’s Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen university, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongying Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Biomarker Translational Medicine, Medical Laboratory of Xiamen Humanity Hospital Fujian Medical University, Xiamen, China
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Zeng Q, Gao H, Yin S, Peng Y, Yang F, Fu Y, Deng X, Chen Y, Hou X, Wang Q, Jin Z, Song G, He J, Yin Y, Xu K. Genome-Wide Association Study and Identification of Candidate Genes for Intramuscular Fat Fatty Acid Composition in Ningxiang Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3192. [PMID: 37893916 PMCID: PMC10603709 DOI: 10.3390/ani13203192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ningxiang pigs exhibit a diverse array of fatty acids, making them an intriguing model for exploring the genetic underpinnings of fatty acid metabolism. We conducted a genome-wide association study using a dataset comprising 50,697 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and samples from over 600 Ningxiang pigs. Our investigation yielded novel candidate genes linked to five saturated fatty acids (SFAs), four monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), and five polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Significant associations with SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs were found for 37, 21, and 16 SNPs, respectively. Notably, some SNPs have significant PVE, such as ALGA0047587, which can explain 89.85% variation in Arachidic acid (C20:0); H3GA0046208 and DRGA0016063 can explain a total of 76.76% variation in Elaidic Acid (C18:1n-9(t)), and the significant SNP ALGA0031262 of Arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) can explain 31.76% of the variation. Several significant SNPs were positioned proximally to previously reported genes. In total, we identified 11 candidate genes (hnRNPU, CEPT1, ATP1B1, DPT, DKK1, PRKG1, EXT2, MEF2C, IL17RA, ITGA1 and ALOX5), six candidate genes (ALOX5AP, MEDAG, ISL1, RXRB, CRY1, and CDKAL1), and five candidate genes (NDUFA4L2, SLC16A7, OTUB1, EIF4E and ROBO2) associated with SFAs, MUFAs, and PUFAs, respectively. These findings hold great promise for advancing breeding strategies aimed at optimizing meat quality and enhancing lipid metabolism within the intramuscular fat (IMF) of Ningxiang pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghua Zeng
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hu Gao
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shishu Yin
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yinglin Peng
- Hunan Institute of Animal & Veterinary Science, Changsha 410131, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yawei Fu
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Deng
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yue Chen
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Xiaohong Hou
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Zhao Jin
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Gang Song
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Jun He
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Animal Nutrition Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kang Xu
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Physiology and Metabolism, The Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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5
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van der Mijn JC, Laursen KB, Fu L, Khani F, Dow LE, Nowak DG, Chen Q, Gross SS, Nanus DM, Gudas LJ. Novel genetically engineered mouse models for clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8246. [PMID: 37217526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35106-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are important immunocompetent models for research into the roles of individual genes in cancer and the development of novel therapies. Here we use inducible CRISPR-Cas9 systems to develop two GEMMs which aim to model the extensive chromosome p3 deletion frequently observed in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). We cloned paired guide RNAs targeting early exons of Bap1, Pbrm1, and Setd2 in a construct containing a Cas9D10A (nickase, hSpCsn1n) driven by tetracycline (tet)-responsive elements (TRE3G) to develop our first GEMM. The founder mouse was crossed with two previously established transgenic lines, one carrying the tet-transactivator (tTA, Tet-Off) and one with a triple-mutant stabilized HIF1A-M3 (TRAnsgenic Cancer of the Kidney, TRACK), both driven by a truncated, proximal tubule-specific γ-glutamyltransferase 1 (ggt or γGT) promoter, to create triple-transgenic animals. Our results indicate that this model (BPS-TA) induces low numbers of somatic mutations in Bap1 and Pbrm1 (but not in Setd2), known tumor suppressor genes in human ccRCC. These mutations, largely restricted to kidneys and testis, induced no detectable tissue transformation in a cohort of 13 month old mice (N = 10). To gain insights into the low frequencies of insertions and deletions (indels) in BPS-TA mice we analyzed wild type (WT, N = 7) and BPS-TA (N = 4) kidneys by RNAseq. This showed activation of both DNA damage and immune response, suggesting activation of tumor suppressive mechanisms in response to genome editing. We then modified our approach by generating a second model in which a ggt-driven, cre-regulated Cas9WT(hSpCsn1) was employed to introduce Bap1, Pbrm1, and Setd2 genome edits in the TRACK line (BPS-Cre). The BPS-TA and BPS-Cre lines are both tightly controlled in a spatiotemporal manner with doxycycline (dox) and tamoxifen (tam), respectively. In addition, whereas the BPS-TA line relies on paired guide RNAs (gRNAs), the BPS-Cre line requires only single gRNAs for gene perturbation. In the BPS-Cre we identified increased Pbrm1 gene-editing frequencies compared to the BPS-TA model. Whereas we did not detect Setd2 edits in the BPS-TA kidneys, we found extensive editing of Setd2 in the BPS-Cre model. Bap1 editing efficiencies were comparable between the two models. Although no gross malignancies were observed in our study, this is the first reported GEMM which models the extensive chromosome 3p deletion frequently observed in kidney cancer patients. Further studies are required (1) to model more extensive 3p deletions, e.g. impacting additional genes, and (2) to increase the cellular resolution, e.g. by employing single-cell RNAseq to ascertain the effects of specific combinatorial gene inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes C van der Mijn
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kristian B Laursen
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Paratus Sciences, Alexandria Bld. West, New York, USA
| | - Leiping Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Pathology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Lukas E Dow
- Department of Biochemistry, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Dawid G Nowak
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Qiuying Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Steven S Gross
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - David M Nanus
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Lorraine J Gudas
- Department of Pharmacology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1300 York Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Meyer Cancer Center, New York, USA.
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Wang D, Zhang P, Liu Z, Xing Y, Xiao Y. NXPH4 Promotes Gemcitabine Resistance in Bladder Cancer by Enhancing Reactive Oxygen Species and Glycolysis Activation through Modulating NDUFA4L2. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14153782. [PMID: 35954445 PMCID: PMC9367313 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14153782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent kinds of cancer worldwide, and resistance to gemcitabine is a major problem for patients. The pathogenesis of bladder cancer and mechanism of resistance to chemotherapy remain to be explored. Through bioinformatics analysis, we first found that NXPH4 was independently related to the prognosis of patients with bladder cancer. Through wound healing assays, transwell invasion assays, and plate clone formation assays, we found that NXPH4 promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of bladder cancer cells. The induced gemcitabine resistance cell line also showed a higher expression of NXPH4. A glycolytic activity assay demonstrated that the expression of NXPH4 was positively related to glycolysis. A higher level of reactive oxygen species caused by enhanced levels of NXPH4 was found in gemcitabine-resistant cell lines. NDUFA4L2, glycolysis, and reactive oxygen species were shown to be essential for NXPH4-regulated functions through rescue assays in cell lines. The roles of NXPH4-regulated glycolysis, gemcitabine resistance, and NDUFA4L2 were validated in vivo as well. Our results imply that NXPH4 contributes to the proliferation, migration, and invasion of bladder cancer by maintaining the stability of NDUFA4L2 and consequently activating reactive oxygen species and glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Decai Wang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China; (D.W.); (P.Z.)
| | - Pu Zhang
- Department of Urology Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China; (D.W.); (P.Z.)
| | - Zijian Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China;
| | - Yifei Xing
- Department of Urology Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China; (D.W.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yajun Xiao
- Department of Urology Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan 430022, China; (D.W.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.X.); (Y.X.)
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