Exosomal miR-4800-3p Aggravates the Progression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma via Regulating the Hippo Signaling Pathway by Targeting STK25

Exosomatic miR-1246 Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression via FSTL5 and ERK/p38 MAPK Pathway

BACKGROUND

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. Unfortunately, the effective targeted therapies for HCC are lacking at present. While the regulation of microRNA-1246 (miR-1246) has been identified in HCC, its specific mechanism in exosomes derived from HCC remains elusive. This study aimed to explore the regulation of tumor-derived exosome miR-1246 in HCC cell invasion, migration, proliferation, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).

METHODS

Exosomes secreted by HepG2 cells were characterized via Western blotting, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and transmission electron microscopy, followed by transfection with a miR-1246 inhibitor. RT-qPCR was employed for measuring the miR-1246 levels. Also, the impacts of the exosome miR-1246 inhibitor on HepG2 cell migration, invasion, proliferation, and EMT were evaluated.

RESULTS

The findings revealed elevated miR-1246 levels in HCC tissues relative to adjacent non-cancerous tissues, with a greater enrichment of miR-1246 in HepG2-derived exosomes than in HepG2 cells. HCC cell invasion, migration, proliferation, and EMT were significantly enhanced by HCC-derived exosomes, while exosomes loaded with miR-1246 inhibitor inhibited these biological functions. Further mechanistic studies illustrated an association of the regulatory role of miR-1246 with FSTL5 and ERK/p38 MAPK signaling.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, tumor-derived miR-1246 enters hepatocellular carcinoma cells in the form of exosomes and promotes cancer cell invasion, EMT, and migration. The potential mechanism of miR-1246 is potentially relevant to the targeted gene FSTL5 as well as the ERK/p38 signaling.

Research progress on the role of adipocyte exosomes in cancer progression

Exosomes, minute vesicles ubiquitously released by diverse cell types, serve as critical mediators in intercellular communication. Their pathophysiological relevance, especially in malignancies, has garnered significant attention. A meticulous exploration of the exosomal impact on cancer development has unveiled avenues for innovative and clinically valuable techniques. The cargo conveyed by exosomes exerts transformative effects on both local and distant microenvironments, thereby influencing a broad spectrum of biological responses in recipient cells. These membrane-bound extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a pivotal role in delivering bioactive molecules among cells and organs. Cellular and biological processes in recipient cells, ranging from stromal cell reprogramming to immunological responses, extracellular matrix formation, and modulation of cancer cell activation, expansion, and metastasis, are subject to exosome-mediated cell-to-cell communication. Moreover, exosomes have been implicated in endowing cancer cells with resistance to treatment. Extensive research has explored the potential of exosomes as therapeutic targets and diagnostic indicators. This comprehensive review seeks to provide an in-depth understanding of the pivotal components and roles of exosomes in tumorigenesis, growth, progression, and therapeutic responses. The insights into the multifaceted involvement of exosomes in malignant cancers are essential for the scientific community, fostering the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies in the relentless pursuit of cancer.

Extracellular vesicles and cancer stemness in hepatocellular carcinoma - is there a link?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly aggressive malignancy, with high recurrence rates and notorious resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Cancer stemness refers to the stem-cell-like phenotype of cancer cells and has been recognized to play important roles in different aspects of hepatocarcinogenesis. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are small membranous particles secreted by cells that can transfer bioactive molecules, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and metabolites, to neighboring or distant cells. Recent studies have highlighted the role of sEVs in modulating different aspects of the cancer stemness properties of HCC. Furthermore, sEVs derived from diverse cellular sources, such as cancer cells, stromal cells, and immune cells, contribute to the maintenance of the cancer stemness phenotype in HCC. Through cargo transfer, specific signaling pathways are activated within the recipient cells, thus promoting the stemness properties. Additionally, sEVs can govern the secretion of growth factors from non-cancer cells to further maintain their stemness features. Clinically, plasma sEVs may hold promise as potential biomarkers for HCC diagnosis and treatment prediction. Understanding the underlying mechanisms by which sEVs promote cancer stemness in HCC is crucial, as targeting sEV-mediated communication may offer novel strategies in treatment and improve patient outcome.

STK25: a viable therapeutic target for cancer treatments?

Serine/threonine protein kinase 25 (STK25) is a critical regulator of ectopic lipid storage, glucose and insulin homeostasis, fibrosis, and meta-inflammation. More and more studies have revealed a strong correlation between STK25 and human diseases. On the one hand, STK25 can affect glucose and fatty acid metabolism in normal cells or tumors. On the other hand, STK25 participates in autophagy, cell polarity, cell apoptosis, and cell migration by activating various signaling pathways. This article reviews the composition and function of STK25, the energy metabolism and potential drugs that may target STK25, and the research progress of STK25 in the occurrence and development of tumors, to provide a reference for the clinical treatment of tumors.

YAP1 affects the prognosis through the regulation of stemness in endometrial cancer

Background

Endometrial cancer stem-like cells (ECSCs) have been proven to be responsible for recurrence, metastasis, and drug-resistance in patients with endometrial cancer. The HIPPO pathway has been shown to play an important role in the development and maintenance of stemness in a variety of tumors. While there was less research about its function in ECSCs. The aim of this study was to explore the role of YAP1, a core molecular of HIPPO pathway, in the stemness of endometrial cancer and to reveal its influence on prognosis.

Methods

We collected specimens and clinical data from 774 patients with endometrial cancer to analyze the correlation between YAP1 expression and prognosis. We then examined the expression of YAP1 in ECSCs and EC cell lines (Ishikawa; HEC1-A) in vitro experiments. Changes in the stemness of cell lines were detected after YAP1 silencing by siRNA. Finally, high-throughput sequencing was used to predict the potential molecular interactions and mechanisms of YAP1's effect on stemness.

Result

Down-regulation of YAP1 significantly suppresses the stemness of EC cell lines. High expression of YAP1 leads to poor prognosis in EC by regulation of stemness.

Conclusion

YAP1 plays an important role in the prognosis of patients with EC by regulation of stemness.

The pivotal role of EMT-related noncoding RNAs regulatory axes in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a major health problem worldwide, being the leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with limited treatment options, especially in its advanced stages. Tumor resistance is closely associated with the activation of the EMT phenomenon and its reversal, being modulated by different molecules, including noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). Noncoding RNAs have the potential to function as both tumor suppressors and oncogenic molecules, controlling the malignant potential of HCC cells. Basically, these molecules circulate in the tumor microenvironment, encapsulated in exosomes. Their impact on cell biology is more significant than originally expected, which makes related research rather complex. The temporal and spatial expression patterns, precise roles and mechanisms of specific ncRNAs encapsulated in exosomes remain primarily unknown in different stages of the disease. This review aims to highlight the recent advances in ncRNAs related to EMT and classifies the described mechanism as direct and indirect, for a better summarization. Moreover, we provide an overview of current research on the role of ncRNAs in several drug resistance-related pathways, including the emergence of resistance to sorafenib, doxorubicin, cisplatin and paclitaxel therapy. Nevertheless, we comprehensively discuss the underlying regulatory mechanisms of exosomal ncRNAs in EMT-HCC via intercellular communication pathways.

Little things with significant impact: miRNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has developed into one of the most lethal, aggressive, and malignant cancers worldwide. Although HCC treatment has improved in recent years, the incidence and lethality of HCC continue to increase yearly. Therefore, an in-depth study of the pathogenesis of HCC and the search for more reliable therapeutic targets are crucial to improving the survival quality of HCC patients. Currently, miRNAs have become one of the hotspots in life science research, which are widely present in living organisms and are non-coding RNAs involved in regulating gene expression. MiRNAs exert their biological roles by suppressing the expression of downstream genes and are engaged in various HCC-related processes, including proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, the expression status of miRNAs is related to the drug resistance mechanism of HCC, which has important implications for the systemic treatment of HCC. This paper reviews the regulatory role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of HCC and the clinical applications of miRNAs in HCC in recent years.

Role of exosomes in hepatocellular carcinoma and the regulation of traditional Chinese medicine

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) usually occurs on the basis of chronic liver inflammatory diseases and cirrhosis. The liver microenvironment plays a vital role in the tumor initiation and progression. Exosomes, which are nanometer-sized membrane vesicles are secreted by a number of cell types. Exosomes carry multiple proteins, DNAs and various forms of RNA, and are mediators of cell-cell communication and regulate the tumor microenvironment. In the recent decade, many studies have demonstrated that exosomes are involved in the communication between HCC cells and the stromal cells, including endothelial cells, macrophages, hepatic stellate cells and the immune cells, and serve as a regulator in the tumor proliferation and metastasis, immune evasion and immunotherapy. In addition, exosomes can also be used for the diagnosis and treatment HCC. They can potentially serve as specific biomarkers for early diagnosis and drug delivery vehicles of HCC. Chinese herbal medicine, which is widely used in the prevention and treatment of HCC in China, may regulate the release of exosomes and exosomes-mediated intercellular communication. In this review, we summarized the latest progresses on the role of the exosomes in the initiation, progression and treatment of HCC and the potential value of Traditional Chinese medicine in exosomes-mediated biological behaviors of HCC.

Advances in prognostic and therapeutic targets for hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: The hippo signaling pathway

Primary liver cancer is the sixth most frequently diagnosed cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer-related death. The majority of the primary liver cancer cases are hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Worldwide, there is an increasing incidence of primary liver cancer cases due to multiple risk factors ranging from parasites and viruses to metabolic diseases and lifestyles. Often, patients are diagnosed at advanced stages, depriving them of surgical curability benefits. Moreover, the efficacy of the available chemotherapeutics is limited in advanced stages. Furthermore, tumor metastases and recurrence make primary liver cancer management exceptionally challenging. Thus, exploring the molecular mechanisms for the development and progression of primary liver cancer is critical in improving diagnostic, treatment, prognostication, and surveillance modalities. These mechanisms facilitate the discovery of specific targets that are critical for novel and more efficient treatments. Consequently, the Hippo signaling pathway executing a pivotal role in organogenesis, hemostasis, and regeneration of tissues, regulates liver cells proliferation, and apoptosis. Cell polarity or adhesion molecules and cellular metabolic status are some of the biological activators of the pathway. Thus, understanding the mechanisms exhibited by the Hippo pathway is critical to the development of novel targeted therapies. This study reviews the advances in identifying therapeutic targets and prognostic markers of the Hippo pathway for primary liver cancer in the past six years.