Fibroblast-Induced Paradoxical PI3K Pathway Activation in PTEN-Competent Colorectal Cancer: Implications for Therapeutic PI3K/mTOR Inhibition

Bcl-2 dependent modulation of Hippo pathway in cancer cells

INTRODUCTION

Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are the most studied anti-apoptotic members of Bcl-2 family proteins. We previously characterized both of them, not only for their role in regulating apoptosis and resistance to therapy in cancer cells, but also for their non-canonical functions, mainly including promotion of cancer progression, metastatization, angiogenesis, and involvement in the crosstalk among cancer cells and components of the tumor microenvironment. Our goal was to identify transcriptional signature and novel cellular pathways specifically modulated by Bcl-2.

METHODS

We performed RNAseq analysis of siRNA-mediated transient knockdown of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL in human melanoma cells and gene ontology analysis to identify a specific Bcl-2 transcriptional signature. Expression of genes modulated by Bcl-2 and associated to Hippo pathway were validated in human melanoma, breast adenocarcinoma and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines by qRT-PCR. Western blotting analysis were performed to analyse protein expression of upstream regulators of YAP and in relation to different level of Bcl-2 protein. The effects of YAP silencing in Bcl-2 overexpressing cancer cells were evaluated in migration and cell viability assays in relation to different stiffness conditions. In vitro wound healing assays and co-cultures were used to evaluate cancer-specific Bcl-2 ability to activate fibroblasts.

RESULTS

We demonstrated the Bcl-2-dependent modulation of Hippo Pathway in cancer cell lines from different tumor types by acting on upstream YAP regulators. YAP inhibition abolished the ability of Bcl-2 to increase tumor cell migration and proliferation on high stiffness condition of culture, to stimulate in vitro fibroblasts migration and to induce fibroblasts activation.

CONCLUSIONS

We discovered that Bcl-2 regulates the Hippo pathway in different tumor types, promoting cell migration, adaptation to higher stiffness culture condition and fibroblast activation. Our data indicate that Bcl-2 inhibitors should be further investigated to counteract cancer-promoting mechanisms.

Small-molecule drugs of colorectal cancer: Current status and future directions

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the world's fourth most deadly cancer. CRC, as a genetic susceptible disease, faces significant challenges in optimizing prognosis through optimal drug treatment modalities. In recent decades, the development of innovative small-molecule drugs is expected to provide targeted interventions that accurately address the different molecular characteristics of CRC. Although the clinical application of single-target drugs is limited by the heterogeneity and high metastasis of CRC, novel small-molecule drug treatment strategies such as dual/multiple-target drugs, drug repurposing, and combination therapies can help overcome these challenges and provide new insights for improving CRC treatment. In this review, we focus on the current status of a range of small molecule drugs that are being considered for CRC therapy, including single-target drugs, dual/multiple-target drugs, drug repurposing and combination strategies, which will pave the way for targeting CRC vulnerabilities with small-molecule drugs in future personalized treatment.

Exosomes Derived from Hypoxic Glioma Cells Reduce the Sensitivity of Glioma Cells to Temozolomide Through Carrying miR-106a-5p

Background

Hypoxia is a frequent feature of solid tumors which significantly affects the efficacy of treatments such as chemotherapy. In addition, exosomes from hypoxic cancer cells could contribute to the chemoresistance of tumor cells through carrying miRNAs. It has been shown that miR-106-5p level was upregulated in glioma. However, whether exosomes derived from hypoxic glioma cells could affect temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in glioma through carrying miR-106a-5p remains unexplored.

Methods

Exosomes were isolated from glioma cells under normoxia or hypoxia condition. EdU staining and flow cytometry assays were used to assess the cell proliferation and cell apoptosis. The relation between miR-106a-5p and PTEN was investigated by dual luciferase assay.

Results

MiR-106a-5p was enriched in exosomes derived from hypoxic glioma cells compared to exosomes from cells under normoxia condition. Additionally, hypoxic glioma cells were able to transfer exosomes to glioma cells, resulting in a significant increase of miR-106a-5p level in cells. TMZ remarkably suppressed glioma cell proliferation and triggered cell apoptosis. However, hypoxic glioma cell-derived exosomes markedly promoted the proliferation and suppressed the apoptosis in TMZ-treated glioma cells, and miR-106a-5p inhibitor was able to abolish these phenomena. Meanwhile, PTEN was verified to be a direct target of miR-106a-5p. Furthermore, TMZ elevated PTEN and Bax level and reduced p-Akt level in glioma cells, whereas these changes were reversed by hypoxia glioma cell-derived exosomes. Furthermore, hypoxia glioma cell-derived exosomes reduced the sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ in vivo via downregulating PTEN.

Conclusion

Collectively, exosomal miR-106a-5p derived from hypoxia glioma cells could reduce the sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ through downregulating PTEN. Thus, our study might provide new strategies for improving the clinical efficacy of TMZ on glioma.