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Bhushan B, Iranpour R, Eshtiaghi A, da Silva Rosa SC, Lindsey BW, Gordon JW, Ghavami S. Transforming Growth Factor Beta and Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma: A Challenge of Tumor Differentiation and Chemotherapy Response. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2791. [PMID: 38474036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (ARMS), an invasive subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), is associated with chromosomal translocation events resulting in one of two oncogenic fusion genes, PAX3-FOXO1 or PAX7-FOXO1. ARMS patients exhibit an overexpression of the pleiotropic cytokine transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β). This overexpression of TGF-β1 causes an increased expression of a downstream transcription factor called SNAIL, which promotes epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). Overexpression of TGF-β also inhibits myogenic differentiation, making ARMS patients highly resistant to chemotherapy. In this review, we first describe different types of RMS and then focus on ARMS and the impact of TGF-β in this tumor type. We next highlight current chemotherapy strategies, including a combination of the FDA-approved drugs vincristine, actinomycin D, and cyclophosphamide (VAC); cabozantinib; bortezomib; vinorelbine; AZD 1775; and cisplatin. Lastly, we discuss chemotherapy agents that target the differentiation of tumor cells in ARMS, which include all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and 5-Azacytidine. Improving our understanding of the role of signaling pathways, such as TGF-β1, in the development of ARMS tumor cells differentiation will help inform more tailored drug administration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Bhushan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada
| | - Rosa Iranpour
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Amirmohammad Eshtiaghi
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Simone C da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Benjamin W Lindsey
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Joseph W Gordon
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0W2, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
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2
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Szczepanek J, Tretyn A. MicroRNA-Mediated Regulation of Histone-Modifying Enzymes in Cancer: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1590. [PMID: 38002272 PMCID: PMC10669115 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, significant advances in molecular research have provided a deeper understanding of the intricate regulatory mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis. MicroRNAs, short non-coding RNA sequences, exert substantial influence on gene expression by repressing translation or inducing mRNA degradation. In the context of cancer, miRNA dysregulation is prevalent and closely associated with various stages of carcinogenesis, including initiation, progression, and metastasis. One crucial aspect of the cancer phenotype is the activity of histone-modifying enzymes that govern chromatin accessibility for transcription factors, thus impacting gene expression. Recent studies have revealed that miRNAs play a significant role in modulating these histone-modifying enzymes, leading to significant implications for genes related to proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in cancer cells. This article provides an overview of current research on the mechanisms by which miRNAs regulate the activity of histone-modifying enzymes in the context of cancer. Both direct and indirect mechanisms through which miRNAs influence enzyme expression are discussed. Additionally, potential therapeutic implications arising from miRNA manipulation to selectively impact histone-modifying enzyme activity are presented. The insights from this analysis hold significant therapeutic promise, suggesting the utility of miRNAs as tools for the precise regulation of chromatin-related processes and gene expression. A contemporary focus on molecular regulatory mechanisms opens therapeutic pathways that can effectively influence the control of tumor cell growth and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepanek
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Andrzej Tretyn
- Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, ul. Lwowska 1, 87-100 Torun, Poland;
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Pomella S, Danielli SG, Alaggio R, Breunis WB, Hamed E, Selfe J, Wachtel M, Walters ZS, Schäfer BW, Rota R, Shipley JM, Hettmer S. Genomic and Epigenetic Changes Drive Aberrant Skeletal Muscle Differentiation in Rhabdomyosarcoma. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:2823. [PMID: 37345159 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15102823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), the most common soft-tissue sarcoma in children and adolescents, represents an aberrant form of skeletal muscle differentiation. Both skeletal muscle development, as well as regeneration of adult skeletal muscle are governed by members of the myogenic family of regulatory transcription factors (MRFs), which are deployed in a highly controlled, multi-step, bidirectional process. Many aspects of this complex process are deregulated in RMS and contribute to tumorigenesis. Interconnected loops of super-enhancers, called core regulatory circuitries (CRCs), define aberrant muscle differentiation in RMS cells. The transcriptional regulation of MRF expression/activity takes a central role in the CRCs active in skeletal muscle and RMS. In PAX3::FOXO1 fusion-positive (PF+) RMS, CRCs maintain expression of the disease-driving fusion oncogene. Recent single-cell studies have revealed hierarchically organized subsets of cells within the RMS cell pool, which recapitulate developmental myogenesis and appear to drive malignancy. There is a large interest in exploiting the causes of aberrant muscle development in RMS to allow for terminal differentiation as a therapeutic strategy, for example, by interrupting MEK/ERK signaling or by interfering with the epigenetic machinery controlling CRCs. In this review, we provide an overview of the genetic and epigenetic framework of abnormal muscle differentiation in RMS, as it provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of RMS malignancy, its remarkable phenotypic diversity and, ultimately, opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pomella
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Sara G Danielli
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rita Alaggio
- Department of Pathology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Willemijn B Breunis
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ebrahem Hamed
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Joanna Selfe
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 FNG, UK
| | - Marco Wachtel
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Zoe S Walters
- Translational Epigenomics Team, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Beat W Schäfer
- Department of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital of Zurich, 8032 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rossella Rota
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS Istituto Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesu, Viale San Paolo 15, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Janet M Shipley
- Sarcoma Molecular Pathology Team, Divisions of Molecular Pathology and Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SM2 FNG, UK
| | - Simone Hettmer
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Comprehensive Cancer Centre Freiburg (CCCF), University Medical Center Freiburg, 790106 Freiburg, Germany
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Chin DH, Osman I, Porch J, Kim H, Buck KK, Rodriguez J, Carapia B, Yan D, Moura SB, Sperry J, Nakashima J, Altman K, Altman D, Gryder BE. BET Bromodomain Degradation Disrupts Function but Not 3D Formation of RNA Pol2 Clusters. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:199. [PMID: 37259348 PMCID: PMC9966215 DOI: 10.3390/ph16020199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusion-positive rhabdomyosarcoma (FP-RMS) is driven by a translocation that creates the chimeric transcription factor PAX3-FOXO1 (P3F), which assembles de novo super enhancers to drive high levels of transcription of other core regulatory transcription factors (CRTFs). P3F recruits co-regulatory factors to super enhancers such as BRD4, which recognizes acetylated lysines via BET bromodomains. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition or degradation of BRD4 leads to global decreases in transcription, and selective downregulation of CRTFs. We also show that the BRD4 degrader ARV-771 halts transcription while preserving RNA Polymerase II (Pol2) loops between super enhancers and their target genes, and causes the removal of Pol2 only past the transcriptional end site of CRTF genes, suggesting a novel effect of BRD4 on Pol2 looping. We finally test the most potent molecule, inhibitor BMS-986158, in an orthotopic PDX mouse model of FP-RMS with additional high-risk mutations, and find that it is well tolerated in vivo and leads to an average decrease in tumor size. This effort represents a partnership with an FP-RMS patient and family advocates to make preclinical data rapidly accessible to the family, and to generate data to inform future patients who develop this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana H. Chin
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Issra Osman
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Jadon Porch
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | | | | | | | - Deborah Yan
- Certis Oncology Solutions, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | | | | | - Kasey Altman
- Kasey Altman Research Fund, Rein in Sarcoma, Fridley, MN 55432, USA
| | - Delsee Altman
- Kasey Altman Research Fund, Rein in Sarcoma, Fridley, MN 55432, USA
| | - Berkley E. Gryder
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Nohira N, Shinji S, Nakamura S, Nihashi Y, Shimosato T, Takaya T. Myogenetic Oligodeoxynucleotides as Anti-Nucleolin Aptamers Inhibit the Growth of Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2691. [PMID: 36359210 PMCID: PMC9687923 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma (ERMS) is the muscle-derived tumor retaining myogenic ability. iSN04 and AS1411, which are myogenetic oligodeoxynucleotides (myoDNs) serving as anti-nucleolin aptamers, have been reported to inhibit the proliferation and induce the differentiation of myoblasts. The present study investigated the effects of iSN04 and AS1411 in vitro on the growth of multiple patient-derived ERMS cell lines, ERMS1, KYM1, and RD. RT-PCR and immunostaining revealed that nucleolin was abundantly expressed and localized in nucleoplasm and nucleoli in all ERMS cell lines, similar to myoblasts. Both iSN04 and AS1411 at final concentrations of 10-30 μM significantly decreased the number of all ERMS cells; however, their optimal conditions were different among the cell lines. In all ERMS cell lines, iSN04 at a final concentration of 10 μM markedly reduced the ratio of EdU+ cells, indicating the inhibition of cell proliferation. Quantitative RT-PCR or immunostaining of phosphorylated histone H3 and myosin heavy chain demonstrated that iSN04 suppressed the cell cycle and partially promoted myogenesis but did not induce apoptosis in ERMS cells. Finally, both iSN04 and AS1411 at final concentrations of 10-30 μM disrupted the formation and outgrowth of RD tumorspheres in three-dimensional culture mimicking in vivo tumorigenesis. In conclusion, ERMS cells expressed nucleolin, and their growth was inhibited by the anti-nucleolin aptamers, iSN04 and AS1411, which modulates several cell cycle-related and myogenic gene expression. The present study provides evidence that anti-nucleolin aptamers can be used as nucleic acid drugs for chemotherapy against ERMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nohira
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Sayaka Shinji
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Shunichi Nakamura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Yuma Nihashi
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
| | - Tomohide Takaya
- Department of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minami-minowa, Kami-ina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan
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Loss of Chemerin in Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells Polarizes Adjacent Monocytes to an Immunosuppressive Phenotype. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102610. [PMID: 36289872 PMCID: PMC9599404 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemerin is a multifunctional adipokine that regulates adipogenesis, insulin signaling and blood pressure and has thus a central function in metabolism. Mounting evidence confirmed a function of chemerin in various cancers. In this study, we investigated the role of chemerin in rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS), an aggressive soft tissue cancer that affects mainly children and young adults. We found chemerin expression in 93.8% (90 of 96) of RMS cases, with a range of 86.7–96.7% for the four RMS subgroups. While chemerin is uniformly expressed in normal skeletal muscle, its expression in RMS is patchy with interspersed areas that are devoid of chemerin. This variable chemerin expression is reflected by RMS cell lines as two of them (Rh41 and Rd18) were found to secrete chemerin while the two other ones (JR1 and RD) were negative. Deletion of chemerin in Rh41 and Rd18 cells did not alter their growth rate or morphology. We investigated the potential influence of chemerin on immune surveillance by coculturing parental and chemerin-deficient RMS cells with resting- or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated human peripheral monocytes. The absence of chemerin in the RMS cells led to increased expression levels of the coinhibitory molecules PD-L1 and PD-L2 while levels of the costimulatory molecule CD86 were not changed. Further, the absence of chemerin enhanced the secretion of cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF) that have been shown to support RMS pathogenesis. These data indicate that the loss of chemerin expression by RMS cells repolarizes monocytes in the tumor microenvironment to supporting tumor progression.
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