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Hutarew G, Alinger-Scharinger B, Sotlar K, Kraus TFJ. Genome-Wide Methylation Analysis in Two Wild-Type Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Subgroups with Negative and High PD-L1 Expression. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1841. [PMID: 38791918 PMCID: PMC11119885 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16101841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We conducted a pilot study to analyze the differential methylation status of 20 primary acinar adenocarcinomas of the lungs. These adenocarcinomas had to be wild type in mutation analysis and had either high (TPS > 50%; n = 10) or negative (TPS < 1%; n = 10) PD-L1 status to be integrated into our study. To examine the methylation of 866,895 specific sites, we utilized the Illumina Infinium EPIC bead chip array. Both hypermethylation and hypomethylation play significant roles in tumor development, progression, and metastasis. They also impact the formation of the tumor microenvironment, which plays a decisive role in tumor differentiation, epigenetics, dissemination, and immune evasion. The gained methylation patterns were correlated with PD-L1 expression. Our analysis has identified distinct methylation patterns in lung adenocarcinomas with high and negative PD-L1 expression. After analyzing the correlation between the methylation results of genes and promoters with their pathobiology, we found that tumors with high expression of PD-L1 tend to exhibit oncogenic effects through hypermethylation. On the other hand, tumors with negative PD-L1 expression show loss of their suppressor functions through hypomethylation. The suppressor functions of hypermethylated genes and promoters are ineffective compared to simultaneously activated dominant oncogenic mechanisms. The tumor microenvironment supports tumor growth in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Hutarew
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University, Müllner Hauptstr. 48, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria; (B.A.-S.); (K.S.); (T.F.J.K.)
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Desai N, Chavda V, Singh TRR, Thorat ND, Vora LK. Cancer Nanovaccines: Nanomaterials and Clinical Perspectives. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401631. [PMID: 38693099 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Cancer nanovaccines represent a promising frontier in cancer immunotherapy, utilizing nanotechnology to augment traditional vaccine efficacy. This review comprehensively examines the current state-of-the-art in cancer nanovaccine development, elucidating innovative strategies and technologies employed in their design. It explores both preclinical and clinical advancements, emphasizing key studies demonstrating their potential to elicit robust anti-tumor immune responses. The study encompasses various facets, including integrating biomaterial-based nanocarriers for antigen delivery, adjuvant selection, and the impact of nanoscale properties on vaccine performance. Detailed insights into the complex interplay between the tumor microenvironment and nanovaccine responses are provided, highlighting challenges and opportunities in optimizing therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the study presents a thorough analysis of ongoing clinical trials, presenting a snapshot of the current clinical landscape. By curating the latest scientific findings and clinical developments, this study aims to serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers and clinicians engaged in advancing cancer immunotherapy. Integrating nanotechnology into vaccine design holds immense promise for revolutionizing cancer treatment paradigms, and this review provides a timely update on the evolving landscape of cancer nanovaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimeet Desai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Vivek Chavda
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, L M College of Pharmacy, Ahmedabad, 380009, India
| | | | - Nanasaheb D Thorat
- Limerick Digital Cancer Research Centre (LDCRC), University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
- Department of Physics, Bernal Institute, Castletroy, Limerick, V94T9PX, Ireland
- Nuffield Department of Women's & Reproductive Health, Medical Science Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Lalitkumar K Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast, BT9 7BL, UK
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Kalniņa Z, Liekniņa I, Skeltona V, Akopjana I, Kazāks A, Tārs K. Preclinical Evaluation of virus-like particle Vaccine Against Carbonic Anhydrase IX Efficacy in a Mouse Breast Cancer Model System. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:1206-1219. [PMID: 38217826 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-01021-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a cancer-associated membrane protein frequently overexpressed in hypoxic solid tumours leading to enhanced tumour cell survival and invasion, and it has been proposed to be an attractive tumour-specific molecule for antibody-mediated targeting. This study aimed to generate a virus-like particle (VLP)-based CAIX vaccine candidate and evaluate its efficacy in a mouse model of breast cancer. The prototype murine vaccine was developed based on the ssRNA bacteriophage Qbeta VLPs with chemically coupled murine CAIX protein catalytic domains on their surfaces. The vaccine was shown to efficiently break the natural B cell tolerance against autologous murine CAIX and to induce high-titre Th1-oriented IgG responses in the BALB/c mice. This vaccine was tested in a therapeutic setting by using a triple-negative breast cancer mouse model system comprising 4T1, 4T1-Car9KI and 4T1-Car9KO cells, the latter representing positive and negative controls for murine CAIX production, respectively. The humoural immune responses induced in tumour-bearing animals were predominantly of Th1-type and higher anti-mCAIXc titres correlated with slower growth and lung metastasis development of 4T1 tumours constitutively expressing mCAIX in vivo in the syngeneic host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Kalniņa
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia.
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Ilva Liekniņa
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Vendija Skeltona
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Ināra Akopjana
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Andris Kazāks
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
| | - Kaspars Tārs
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, Ratsupites 1, k-1, Riga, LV-1067, Latvia
- Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
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Kuo C, Amatruda JF. Seed Becoming Soil: A New Paradigm of the Ewing Sarcoma Tumor Microenvironment. Clin Cancer Res 2023; 29:5002-5004. [PMID: 37796143 PMCID: PMC10873080 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-23-2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Cells in the tumor microenvironment, including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF), contribute to tumor growth and immune evasion. A recent study of Ewing sarcoma identified "CAF-like" tumor cells that mimic the protumorigenic features of CAFs. These findings highlight the role of cell plasticity in tumor growth. See related article by Wrenn et al., p. 5140.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Kuo
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - James F. Amatruda
- Cancer and Blood Disease Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
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Mishra AK, Gupta A, Dagar G, Das D, Chakraborty A, Haque S, Prasad CP, Singh A, Bhat AA, Macha MA, Benali M, Saini KS, Previs RA, Saini D, Saha D, Dutta P, Bhatnagar AR, Darswal M, Shankar A, Singh M. CAR-T-Cell Therapy in Multiple Myeloma: B-Cell Maturation Antigen (BCMA) and Beyond. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1721. [PMID: 38006053 PMCID: PMC10674477 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been achieved in the realm of therapeutic interventions for multiple myeloma (MM), leading to transformative shifts in its clinical management. While conventional modalities such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have improved the clinical outcomes, the overarching challenge of effecting a comprehensive cure for patients afflicted with relapsed and refractory MM (RRMM) endures. Notably, adoptive cellular therapy, especially chimeric antigen receptor T-cell (CAR-T) therapy, has exhibited efficacy in patients with refractory or resistant B-cell malignancies and is now also being tested in patients with MM. Within this context, the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) has emerged as a promising candidate for CAR-T-cell antigen targeting in MM. Alternative targets include SLAMF7, CD38, CD19, the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule CS1, NKG2D, and CD138. Numerous clinical studies have demonstrated the clinical efficacy of these CAR-T-cell therapies, although longitudinal follow-up reveals some degree of antigenic escape. The widespread implementation of CAR-T-cell therapy is encumbered by several barriers, including antigenic evasion, uneven intratumoral infiltration in solid cancers, cytokine release syndrome, neurotoxicity, logistical implementation, and financial burden. This article provides an overview of CAR-T-cell therapy in MM and the utilization of BCMA as the target antigen, as well as an overview of other potential target moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinava K. Mishra
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;
| | - Ashna Gupta
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India; (A.G.); (G.D.); (C.P.P.)
| | - Gunjan Dagar
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India; (A.G.); (G.D.); (C.P.P.)
| | - Dayasagar Das
- Department of Medicine, NYU Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Abhijit Chakraborty
- Department of Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Shabirul Haque
- Feinstein Institute of Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA;
| | - Chandra Prakash Prasad
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India; (A.G.); (G.D.); (C.P.P.)
| | - Archana Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Ajaz A. Bhat
- Precision Medicine in Diabetes, Obesity and Cancer Program, Department of Human Genetics, Sidra Medicine, Doha P.O. Box 26999, Qatar;
| | - Muzafar A. Macha
- Watson-Crick Centre for Molecular Medicine, Islamic University of Science and Technology, Awantipora 192122, India;
| | - Moez Benali
- Fortrea Inc., Durham, NC 27709, USA; (M.B.); (K.S.S.)
| | - Kamal S. Saini
- Fortrea Inc., Durham, NC 27709, USA; (M.B.); (K.S.S.)
- Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Ann Previs
- Labcorp Oncology, Durham, NC 27560, USA;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Deepak Saini
- Department of Materia Medica, State Lal Bahadur Shastri Homoeopathic Medical College, Prayagraj 211013, India;
| | - Dwaipayan Saha
- Pratap Chandra Memorial Homoeopathic Hospital & College, Kolkata 700011, India; (D.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Preyangsee Dutta
- Pratap Chandra Memorial Homoeopathic Hospital & College, Kolkata 700011, India; (D.S.); (P.D.)
| | - Aseem Rai Bhatnagar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Henry Ford Cancer Institute, Detroit, MI 48202, USA;
| | - Mrinalini Darswal
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Huntington Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Abhishek Shankar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India
| | - Mayank Singh
- Department of Medical Oncology (Lab), Dr. BRAIRCH, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi 110029, India; (A.G.); (G.D.); (C.P.P.)
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