Proteomic and metabolomic signatures of rectal tumor discriminate patients with different responses to preoperative radiotherapy

Blood-based detection of MMP11 as a marker of prostate cancer progression regulated by the ALDH1A1-TGF-β1 signaling mechanism

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common type of tumor diagnosed in men and the fifth leading cause of cancer-related death in male patients. The response of metastatic disease to standard treatment is heterogeneous. As for now, there is no curative treatment option available for metastatic PCa, and the clinical tests capable of predicting metastatic dissemination and metastatic response to the therapies are lacking. Our recent study identified aldehyde dehydrogenases ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 as critical regulators of PCa metastases. Still, the exact mechanisms mediating the role of these proteins in PCa metastatic dissemination remain not fully understood, and plasma-based biomarkers of these metastatic mechanisms are not available.

METHODS

Genetic silencing, gene overexpression, or treatment with different concentrations of the retinoic acid (RA) isomers, which are the products of ALDH catalytic activity, were used to modulate the interplay between retinoic acid receptors (RARs) and androgen receptor (AR). RNA sequencing (RNAseq), reporter gene assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis were employed to validate the role of RARs and AR in the regulation of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGFB1) expression. Gene expression levels of ALDH1A1, ALDH1A3, and the matrix metalloproteinase 11 (MMP11) and their correlation with pathological parameters and clinical outcomes were analysed by mining several publicly available patient datasets as well as our multi-center transcriptomic dataset from patients with high-risk and locally advanced PCa. The level of MMP11 protein was analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in independent cohorts of plasma samples from patients with primary or metastatic PCa and healthy donors, while plasma proteome profiles were obtained for selected subsets of PCa patients.

RESULTS

We could show that ALDH1A1 and ALDH1A3 genes differently regulate TGFB1 expression in a RAR- and AR-dependent manner. We further observed that the TGF-β1 pathway contributes to the regulation of the MMPs, including MMP11. We have confirmed the relevance of MMP11 as a promising clinical marker for PCa using several independent gene expression datasets. Further, we have validated plasma MMP11 level as a prognostic biomarker in patients with metastatic PCa. Finally, we proposed a hypothetical ALDH1A1/MMP11-related plasma proteome-based prognostic signature.

CONCLUSIONS

TGFB1/MMP11 signaling contributes to the ALDH1A1-driven PCa metastases. MMP11 is a promising blood-based biomarker of PCa progression.

Advances in understanding biomarkers and treating neurological diseases - Role of the cerebellar dysfunction and emerging therapies

Cerebellar dysfunction is increasingly recognized as a critical factor in various neurological diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Research has revealed distinct cerebellar atrophy patterns in conditions such as AD and multiple system atrophy, and studies in mice have highlighted its impact on motor control and cognitive functions. Emerging research into autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has identified key targets, such as elevated levels of chemokine receptors and ZIC family genes. Biomarkers, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), genetic markers, and advances in AI and bioinformatics, are enhancing early diagnosis and personalized treatment across neurodegenerative disorders. Notable advancements include improved diagnostic tools, gene therapy, and novel clinical trials. Despite progress, challenges such as the bloodbrain barrier and neuroinflammation persist. Current therapies for AD, PD, HD, and ALS, including antisense oligonucleotides and stem cell treatments, show promise but require further investigation. A comprehensive approach that integrates diagnostic methods and innovative therapies is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes.

Advances in Precision Medicine Approaches for Colorectal Cancer: From Molecular Profiling to Targeted Therapies

Precision medicine is transforming colorectal cancer treatment through the integration of advanced technologies and biomarkers, enhancing personalized and effective disease management. Identification of key driver mutations and molecular profiling have deepened our comprehension of the genetic alterations in colorectal cancer, facilitating targeted therapy and immunotherapy selection. Biomarkers such as microsatellite instability (MSI) and DNA mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) guide treatment decisions, opening avenues for immunotherapy. Emerging technologies such as liquid biopsies, artificial intelligence, and machine learning promise to revolutionize early detection, monitoring, and treatment selection in precision medicine. Despite these advancements, ethical and regulatory challenges, including equitable access and data privacy, emphasize the importance of responsible implementation. The dynamic nature of colorectal cancer, with its tumor heterogeneity and clonal evolution, underscores the necessity for adaptive and personalized treatment strategies. The future of precision medicine in colorectal cancer lies in its potential to enhance patient care, clinical outcomes, and our understanding of this intricate disease, marked by ongoing evolution in the field. The current reviews focus on providing in-depth knowledge on the various and diverse approaches utilized for precision medicine against colorectal cancer, at both molecular and biochemical levels.