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Zhang F, Wei Y, Weng R, Xu Q, Li R, Yu Y, Xu G. Paraventricular thalamus-insular cortex circuit mediates colorectal visceral pain induced by neonatal colonic inflammation in mice. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14534. [PMID: 37994678 PMCID: PMC11017444 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, particularly the involvements of central nervous system sensitization in colorectal visceral pain. Our study was to investigate whether the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) projected to the insular cortex (IC) to regulate colorectal visceral pain in neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI) mice and underlying mechanisms. METHODS We applied optogenetic, chemogenetic, or pharmacological approaches to manipulate the glutamatergicPVT-IC pathway. Fiber photometry was used to assess neuronal activity. Electromyography activities in response to colorectal distension (CRD) were measured to evaluate the colorectal visceral pain. RESULTS NCI enhanced c-Fos expression and calcium activity upon CRD in the ICGlu, and optogenetic manipulation of them altered colorectal visceral pain responses accordingly. Viral tracing indicated that the PVTGlu projected to the ICGlu. Optogenetic manipulation of PVTGlu changed colorectal visceral pain responses. Furthermore, selective optogenetic modulation of PVT projections in the IC influenced colorectal visceral pain, which was reversed by chemogenetic manipulation of downstream ICGlu. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a novel PVT-IC neural circuit playing a critical role in colorectal visceral pain in a mouse model of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu‐Chao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Ying‐Xue Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Rui‐Xia Weng
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Qi‐Ya Xu
- Department of AnesthesiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of GastroenterologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuP. R. China
| | - Guang‐Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of NeuroscienceSoochow UniversitySuzhouJiangsuP. R. China
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Cheng J, Wang W, Xia Y, Li Y, Jia J, Xiao G. Regulators of phagocytosis as pharmacologic targets for stroke treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122527. [PMID: 37601043 PMCID: PMC10433754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, causes massive cell death in the brain, which is followed by secondary inflammatory injury initiated by disease-associated molecular patterns released from dead cells. Phagocytosis, a cellular process of engulfment and digestion of dead cells, promotes the resolution of inflammation and repair following stroke. However, professional or non-professional phagocytes also phagocytose stressed but viable cells in the brain or excessively phagocytose myelin sheaths or prune synapses, consequently exacerbating brain injury and impairing repair following stroke. Phagocytosis includes the smell, eating and digestion phases. Notably, efficient phagocytosis critically depends on phagocyte capacity to take up dead cells continually due to the limited number of phagocytes vs. dead cells after injury. Moreover, phenotypic polarization of phagocytes occurring after phagocytosis is also essential to the proresolving and prorepair properties of phagocytosis. Much has been learned about the molecular signals and regulatory mechanisms governing the sense and recognition of dead cells by phagocytes during the smell and eating phase following stroke. However, some key areas remain extremely understudied, including the mechanisms involved in digestion regulation, continual phagocytosis and phagocytosis-induced phenotypic switching following stroke. Here, we summarize new discoveries related to the molecular mechanisms and multifaceted effects of phagocytosis on brain injury and repair following stroke and highlight the knowledge gaps in poststroke phagocytosis. We suggest that advancing the understanding of poststroke phagocytosis will help identify more biological targets for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Xiao
- Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Yuan D, Chu J, Lin H, Zhu G, Qian J, Yu Y, Yao T, Ping F, Chen F, Liu X. Mechanism of homocysteine-mediated endothelial injury and its consequences for atherosclerosis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 9:1109445. [PMID: 36727029 PMCID: PMC9884709 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1109445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediate amino acid formed during the conversion from methionine to cysteine. When the fasting plasma Hcy level is higher than 15 μmol/L, it is considered as hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). The vascular endothelium is an important barrier to vascular homeostasis, and its impairment is the initiation of atherosclerosis (AS). HHcy is an important risk factor for AS, which can promote the development of AS and the occurrence of cardiovascular events, and Hcy damage to the endothelium is considered to play a very important role. However, the mechanism by which Hcy damages the endothelium is still not fully understood. This review summarizes the mechanism of Hcy-induced endothelial injury and the treatment methods to alleviate the Hcy induced endothelial dysfunction, in order to provide new thoughts for the diagnosis and treatment of Hcy-induced endothelial injury and subsequent AS-related diseases.
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Weng RX, Wei YX, Li YC, Xu X, Zhuang JB, Xu GY, Li R. Folic acid attenuates chronic visceral pain by reducing clostridiales abundance and hydrogen sulfide production. Mol Pain 2023; 19:17448069221149834. [PMID: 36550612 PMCID: PMC9830571 DOI: 10.1177/17448069221149834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) related chronic visceral pain affects 20% of people worldwide. The treatment options are very limited. Although the scholarly reviews have appraised the potential effects of the intestinal microbiota on intestinal motility and sensation, the exact mechanism of intestinal microbiota in IBS-like chronic visceral pain remains largely unclear. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether Folic Acid (FA) attenuated visceral pain and its possible mechanisms. Chronic visceral hyperalgesia was induced in rats by neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI). 16S rDNA analysis of fecal samples from human subjects and rats was performed. Patch clamp recording was used to determine synaptic transmission of colonic-related spinal dorsal horn. Alpha diversity of intestinal flora was increased in patients with IBS, as well as the obviously increased abundance of Clostridiales order (a main bacteria producing hydrogen sulfide). The hydrogen sulfide content was positive correlation with visceral pain score in patients with IBS. Consistently, NCI increased Clostridiales frequency and hydrogen sulfide content in feces of adult rats. Notably, the concentration of FA was markedly decreased in peripheral blood of IBS patients compared with non-IBS human subjects. FA supplement alleviated chronic visceral pain and normalized the Clostridiales frequency in NCI rats. In addition, FA supplement significantly reduced the frequency of sEPSCs of neurons in the spinal dorsal horn of NCI rats. Folic Acid treatment attenuated chronic visceral pain of NCI rats through reducing hydrogen sulfide production from Clostridiales in intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xia Weng
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China,Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China,Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Xue Wei
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yong-Chang Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xue Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Bo Zhuang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The People’s Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, P. R. China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, P. R. China,Guang-Yin Xu, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 199 Renai Rd, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Rui Li
- Guang-Yin Xu, Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, 199 Renai Rd, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China.
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Lucarini E, Micheli L, Pagnotta E, Matteo R, Parisio C, Toti A, Ferrara V, Ciampi C, Martelli A, Testai L, Calderone V, Savino M, Russo M, Pecchioni N, Ghelardini C, Di Cesare Mannelli L. Beneficial Effects of Eruca sativa Defatted Seed Meal on Visceral Pain and Intestinal Damage Resulting from Colitis in Rats. Foods 2022; 11:foods11040580. [PMID: 35206057 PMCID: PMC8870774 DOI: 10.3390/foods11040580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most therapies used in patients affected by inflammatory bowel diseases are ineffective in preventing the development of chronic visceral hypersensitivity, mainly due to inflammation-induced enteric neuroplasticity. Glucosinolates, secondary metabolites mainly of Brassicaceae with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, are effective in treating both neuropathic and arthritis pain through H2S release and Kv7 potassium channel activation. The aim of this work was to investigate the protective and anti-hyperalgesic efficacy of a defatted seed meal from Eruca sativa Mill. (Brassicaceae), rich in glucosinolates, in a rat model of colitis induced by 2,4-dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS). The mechanisms of action were also investigated. Visceral pain was assessed by measuring the abdominal response to colorectal distension. Fifteen days after colitis induction, the acute administration of E. sativa defatted seed meal (0.1–1 g kg−1 p.o.) dose-dependently relieved pain. This effect was hampered by co-administering an H2S scavenger or a selective Kv7 blocker. Administering E. sativa (1 g kg−1) for 14 days, starting after DNBS injection, contributed to counteracting visceral pain persistence in the post-inflammatory phase of colitis by promoting colon healing from the damage and reducing enteric gliosis. E. sativa defatted seed meal might be employed as a nutraceutical tool for supporting abdominal pain relief in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lucarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Laura Micheli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Eleonora Pagnotta
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (E.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Matteo
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 40128 Bologna, Italy; (E.P.); (R.M.)
| | - Carmen Parisio
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Alessandra Toti
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Valentina Ferrara
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Clara Ciampi
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.T.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Lara Testai
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.T.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (A.M.); (L.T.); (V.C.)
- Interdepartmental Research Centre Nutraceuticals and Food for Health (NUTRAFOOD), University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
- Interdepartmental Research Centre of Ageing Biology and Pathology, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Michele Savino
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Mario Russo
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Nicola Pecchioni
- CREA-Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (M.S.); (M.R.); (N.P.)
| | - Carla Ghelardini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.G.)
| | - Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA), Pharmacology and Toxicology Section, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (E.L.); (L.M.); (C.P.); (A.T.); (V.F.); (C.C.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Wu YY, Zhang HL, Lu X, Du H, Li YC, Zhang PA, Xu GY. Targeting GATA1 and p2x7r Locus Binding in Spinal Astrocytes Suppresses Chronic Visceral Pain by Promoting DNA Demethylation. Neurosci Bull 2021; 38:359-372. [PMID: 34890016 PMCID: PMC9068853 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-021-00799-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a gastrointestinal disorder of unknown etiology characterized by widespread, chronic abdominal pain associated with altered bowel movements. Increasing amounts of evidence indicate that injury and inflammation during the neonatal period have long-term effects on tissue structure and function in the adult that may predispose to gastrointestinal diseases. In this study we aimed to investigate how the epigenetic regulation of DNA demethylation of the p2x7r locus guided by the transcription factor GATA binding protein 1 (GATA1) in spinal astrocytes affects chronic visceral pain in adult rats with neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI). The spinal GATA1 targeting to DNA demethylation of p2x7r locus in these rats was assessed by assessing GATA1 function with luciferase assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation, patch clamp, and interference in vitro and in vivo. In addition, a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide was designed and applied to determine the influence of GATA1 on the DNA methylation of a p2x7r CpG island. We showed that NCI caused the induction of GATA1, Ten-eleven translocation 3 (TET3), and purinergic receptors (P2X7Rs) in astrocytes of the spinal dorsal horn, and demonstrated that inhibiting these molecules markedly increased the pain threshold, inhibited the activation of astrocytes, and decreased the spinal sEPSC frequency. NCI also markedly demethylated the p2x7r locus in a manner dependent on the enhancement of both a GATA1–TET3 physical interaction and GATA1 binding at the p2x7r promoter. Importantly, we showed that demethylation of the p2x7r locus (and the attendant increase in P2X7R expression) was reversed upon knockdown of GATA1 or TET3 expression, and demonstrated that a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide that selectively blocked the GATA1 binding site increased the methylation of a CpG island in the p2x7r promoter. These results demonstrate that chronic visceral pain is mediated synergistically by GATA1 and TET3 via a DNA-demethylation mechanism that controls p2x7r transcription in spinal dorsal horn astrocytes, and provide a potential therapeutic strategy by targeting GATA1 and p2x7r locus binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hai-Long Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaomin Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Haian Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226600, China
| | - Han Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yong-Chang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215600, China.
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215600, China.
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The Role of H 2S in the Gastrointestinal Tract and Microbiota. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1315:67-98. [PMID: 34302689 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0991-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathways and mechanisms of the production of H2S in the gastrointestinal tract are briefly described, including endogenous H2S produced by the organism and H2S from microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, the physiological regulatory functions of H2S on gastrointestinal motility, sensation, secretion and absorption, endocrine system, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, and the possible mechanisms involved are introduced. In view of the complexity of biosynthesis, physiological roles, and the mechanism of H2S, this chapter focuses on the interactions and dynamic balance among H2S, gastrointestinal microorganisms, and the host. Finally, we focus on some clinical gastrointestinal diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, functional gastrointestinal disease, which might occur or develop when the above balance is broken. Pharmacological regulation of H2S or the intestinal microorganisms related to H2S might provide new therapeutic approaches for some gastrointestinal diseases.
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Zhou C, Shang W, Yin SK, Shi H, Ying W. Malate-Aspartate Shuttle Plays an Important Role in LPS-Induced Neuroinflammation of Mice Due to its Effect on STAT3 Phosphorylation. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:655687. [PMID: 34381810 PMCID: PMC8350486 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.655687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key pathological factor in numerous neurological disorders. Cumulating evidence has indicated critical roles of NAD+/NADH metabolism in multiple major diseases, while the role of malate-aspartate shuttle (MAS) - a major NADH shuttle - in inflammation has remained unclear. In this study we investigated the roles of MAS in LPS-induced neuroinflammation both in vivo and in vitro. Immunofluorescence staining, Western blot assay and Real-time PCR assays were conducted to determine the activation of Iba-1, the protein levels of iNOS and COX2 and the mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in vivo, showing that both pre-treatment and post-treatment of aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA) - an MAS inhibitor - profoundly decreased the LPS-induced neuroinflammation in mice. BV2 microglia was also used as a cellular model to investigate the mechanisms of this finding, in which such assays as Western blot assay and nitrite assay. Our study further indicated that AOAA produced its effects on LPS-induced microglial activation by its effects on MAS: Pyruvate treatment reversed the effects of AOAA on the cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio, which also restored the LPS-induced activation of the AOAA-treated microglia. Moreover, the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) inhibitor GSK2837808A blocked the effects of pyruvate on the AOAA-produced decreases in both the cytosolic NAD+/NADH ratio and LPS-induced microglial activation. Our study has further suggested that AOAA produced inhibition of LPS-induced microglial activation at least partially by decreasing STAT3 phosphorylation. Collectively, our findings have indicated AOAA as a new and effective drug for inhibiting LPS-induced neuroinflammation. Our study has also indicated that MAS is a novel mediator of LPS-induced neuroinflammation due to its capacity to modulate LPS-induced STAT3 phosphorylation, which has further highlighted a critical role of NAD+/NADH metabolism in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiyan Zhou
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wangsong Shang
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan-Kai Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Shi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weihai Ying
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Epigenetic upregulation of acid-sensing ion channel 1 contributes to gastric hypersensitivity in adult offspring rats with prenatal maternal stress. Pain 2021; 161:989-1004. [PMID: 31895269 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Functional dyspepsia is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder. Gastric hypersensitivity (GHS) is a hallmark of this disorder, but the cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Stressors during gestational period could have effects on the offspring's tissue structure and function, which may predispose to gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to test whether prenatal maternal stress (PMS) induces GHS and to investigate role of acid-sensing ion channel (ASIC)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling by examining Asic1 methylation status in adult offspring rats. Gastric hypersensitivity in response to gastric distension was examined by electromyography recordings. Changes in neuronal excitability were determined by whole-cell patch-clamp recording techniques. Demethylation of CpG islands of Asic1 was determined by methylation-specific PCR and bisulfite sequencing assay. Prenatal maternal stress produced GHS in adult offspring rats. Treatment with amiloride, an inhibitor of ASICs, significantly attenuated GHS and reversed hyperexcitability of gastric-specific dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons labeled by the dye DiI. Expression of ASIC1 and NF-κBp65 was markedly enhanced in T7 to T10 DRGs. Furthermore, PMS led to a significant demethylation of CpG islands in the Asic1 promoter. A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay showed that PMS also enhanced the ability of NF-κBp65 to bind the promoter of Asic1 gene. Blockade of NF-κB using lentiviral-p65shRNA reversed upregulation of ASIC1 expression, GHS, and the hyperexcitability of DRG neurons. These data suggest that upregulation of ASIC1 expression is attributed to Asic1 promoter DNA demethylation and NF-κB activation, and that the enhanced interaction of the Asic1 and NF-κBp65 contributes to GHS induced by PMS.
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Weng RX, Chen W, Tang JN, Sun Q, Li M, Xu X, Zhang PA, Zhang Y, Hu CY, Xu GY. Targeting spinal TRAF6 expression attenuates chronic visceral pain in adult rats with neonatal colonic inflammation. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920918059. [PMID: 32299285 PMCID: PMC7168780 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920918059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome is one of the most common gastrointestinal disorders. It is featured by abdominal pain in conjunction with altered bowel habits. However, the pathophysiology of the syndrome remains largely unknown. Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) has been reported to be involved in neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to investigate roles and mechanisms of TRAF6 in the chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Methods Visceral hypersensitivity was induced by neonatal colonic inflammation and was identified by colorectal distention. The protein level, RNA level, and cellular distribution of TRAF6 and its related molecules were detected with Western blot, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and immunofluorescence. In vitro spinal cord slice recording technique was performed to determine the synaptic transmission activities. Results Neonatal colonic inflammation rats displayed visceral hypersensitivity at the age of six weeks. The expression of TRAF6 was obviously upregulated in spinal cord dorsal horn of neonatal colonic inflammation rats at the age of six weeks. Immunofluorescence study showed that TRAF6 was dominantly expressed in spinal astrocytes. Intrathecal injection of TRAF6 small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly reduced the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents at the spinal dorsal horn level. Furthermore, knockdown of TRAF6 led to a significant downregulation of cystathionine β synthetase expression in the spinal dorsal horn of neonatal colonic inflammation rats. Importantly, intrathecal injection of TRAF6 siRNA remarkably alleviated visceral hypersensitivity of neonatal colonic inflammation rats. Conclusions Our results suggested that the upregulation of TRAF6 contributed to visceral pain hypersensitivity, which is likely mediated by regulating cystathionine β synthetase expression in the spinal dorsal horn. Our findings suggest that TRAF6 might act as a potential target for the treatment of chronic visceral pain in irritable bowel syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Xia Weng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- People's Hospital of Suzhou National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Ni Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qian Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Meng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xue Xu
- People's Hospital of Suzhou National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ying Zhang
- People's Hospital of Suzhou National New & Hi-Tech Industrial Development Zone, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chuang-Ying Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, P.R. China
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11
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Li YC, Tian YQ, Wu YY, Xu YC, Zhang PA, Sha J, Xu GY. Upregulation of Spinal ASIC1 and NKCC1 Expression Contributes to Chronic Visceral Pain in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:611179. [PMID: 33584200 PMCID: PMC7874109 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.611179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To determine whether acid-sensing ion channel 1 (ASIC1)–sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) signaling pathway participates in chronic visceral pain of adult rats with neonatal maternal deprivation (NMD). Methods: Chronic visceral pain was detected by colorectal distension (CRD). Western blotting and Immunofluorescence were performed to detect the expression and location of ASIC1 and NKCC1. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings were performed to record spinal synaptic transmission. Results: The excitatory synaptic transmission was enhanced and the inhibitory synaptic transmission was weakened in the spinal dorsal horn of NMD rats. ASIC1 and NKCC1 protein expression in the spinal dorsal horn was significantly up-regulated in NMD rats. Incubation of Amiloride reduced the amplitude of mEPSCs. Incubation of Bumetanide (BMT) increased the amplitude of mIPSCs. Intrathecal injection of ASIC1 or NKCC1 inhibitors reversed the threshold of CRD in NMD rats. Also, Amiloride treatment significantly reversed the expression of NKCC1 in the spinal dorsal horn of NMD rats. Conclusion: Our data suggest that the ASIC1-NKCC1 signaling pathway is involved in chronic visceral pain in NMD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Chang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Sha
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jingjiang People's Hospital, Jingjiang, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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12
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Fan F, Chen Y, Chen Z, Guan L, Ye Z, Tang Y, Chen A, Lin C. Blockade of BK channels attenuates chronic visceral hypersensitivity in an IBS-like rat model. Mol Pain 2021; 17:17448069211040364. [PMID: 34407673 PMCID: PMC8381452 DOI: 10.1177/17448069211040364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral hypersensitivity in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is still poorly understood, despite that chronic abdominal pain is the most common symptoms in IBS patients. To study effects of BK channels on visceral hypersensitivity in IBS rats and the underlying mechanisms, IBS rats were established by colorectal distention (CRD) in postnatal rats. The expression of large-conductance calcium and voltage-dependent potassium ion channels (BK channels) of the thoracolumbar spinal cord was examined in IBS and control rats. The effects of BK channel blockade on visceral hypersensitivity were evaluated. The interaction of BK channels and N-methyl-D-aspartate acid (NMDA) receptors was explored, and synaptic transmission at superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons of the thoracolumbar spinal cord was recorded by whole-cell patch clamp in IBS rats. RESULTS The expression of the BK channels of the thoracolumbar spinal cord in IBS rats was significantly reduced. The blockade of BK channels could reduce the visceral hypersensitivity in IBS rats. There was an interaction between BK channels and NMDA receptors in the spinal cord. The frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sIPSCs) in SDH neurons is significantly reduced in IBS rats. The blockade of BK channels depolarizes the inhibitory interneuron membrane and increases their excitability in IBS rats. CONCLUSIONS BK channels could interact with NMDA receptors in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of rats and regulate visceral hypersensitivity in IBS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fan
- Nursing Department, Fujian Health College, China
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases,
Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Y Chen
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases,
Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Z Chen
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases,
Fujian Medical University, China
| | - L Guan
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases,
Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Z Ye
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases,
Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Y Tang
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases,
Fujian Medical University, China
| | - A Chen
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases,
Fujian Medical University, China
| | - C Lin
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research,
Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases,
Fujian Medical University, China
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13
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Xu X, Li YC, Wu YY, Xu YC, Weng RX, Wang CL, Zhang PA, Zhang Y, Xu GY. Upregulation of spinal ASIC1 by miR-485 mediates enterodynia in adult offspring rats with prenatal maternal stress. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:244-255. [PMID: 33314662 PMCID: PMC7816206 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disease characterized by abdominal pain. Our recent study has shown that the acid‐sensitive ion channel 1 (ASIC1) in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is involved in stomachache of adult offspring rats subjected with prenatal maternal stress (PMS). MiR‐485 is predicted to target the expression of ASIC1. The aim of the present study was designed to determine whether miR‐485/ASIC1 signaling participates in enterodynia in the spinal dorsal horn of adult offspring rats with PMS. Methods Enterodynia was measured by colorectal distension (CRD). Western blotting, qPCR, and in situ hybridization were performed to detect the expression of ASICs and related miRNAs. Spinal synaptic transmission was also recorded by patch clamping. Results PMS offspring rats showed that spinal ASIC1 protein expression and synaptic transmission were significantly enhanced. Administration of ASICs antagonist amiloride suppressed the synaptic transmission and enterodynia. Besides, PMS induced a significant reduction in the expression of miR‐485. Upregulating the expression markedly attenuated enterodynia, reversed the increase in ASIC1 protein and synaptic transmission. Furthermore, ASIC1 and miR‐485 were co‐expressed in NeuN‐positive spinal dorsal horn neurons. Conclusions Overall, these data suggested that miR‐485 participated in enterodynia in PMS offspring, which is likely mediated by the enhanced ASIC1 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xu
- The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China.,Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yong-Chang Li
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Wu
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Xu
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui-Xia Weng
- The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China.,Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Cai-Lin Wang
- The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China.,Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Center for Translational Pain Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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14
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Fan F, Tang Y, Dai H, Cao Y, Sun P, Chen Y, Chen A, Lin C. Blockade of BDNF signalling attenuates chronic visceral hypersensitivity in an IBS-like rat model. Eur J Pain 2020; 24:839-850. [PMID: 31976585 PMCID: PMC7154558 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional disease characterized by chronic abdominal pain and changes in bowel movements. Effective therapy for visceral hypersensitivity in IBS patients remains challenging. This study investigated the roles of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tyrosine kinase receptor B (TrkB) and the effect of ANA‐12 (a selective antagonist of TrkB) on chronic visceral hypersensitivity in an IBS‐like rat model. Methods An IBS‐like rat model was established through neonatal maternal separation (NMS), and visceral hypersensitivity was assessed by electromyographic (EMG) responses of the abdominal external oblique muscles to colorectal distention (CRD). Different doses of ANA‐12 were injected intrathecally to investigate the effect of that drug on visceral hypersensitivity, and the open field test was performed to determine whether ANA‐12 had side effects on movement. Thoracolumbar spinal BDNF, TrkB receptor and Protein kinase Mζ (PKMζ) expression were measured to investigate their roles in chronic visceral hypersensitivity. Whole‐cell recordings were made from thoracolumbar superficial dorsal horn (SDH) neurons of lamina II. Results The expression of BDNF and TrkB was enhanced in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of the NMS animals. ANA‐12 attenuated visceral hypersensitivity without side effects on motricity in NMS rats. PKMζ expression significantly decreased after the administration of ANA‐12. The frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) increased in the thoracolumbar SDH neurons of lamina II in NMS rats. The amplitude and frequency of sEPSCs were reduced after perfusion with ANA‐12 in NMS rats. Conclusions Neonatal maternal separation caused visceral hypersensitivity and increased synaptic activity by activating BDNF‐TrkB‐PKMζ signalling in the thoracolumbar spinal cord of adult rats. PKMζ was able to potentiate AMPA receptor (AMPAR)‐mediated sEPSCs in NMS rats. ANA‐12 attenuated visceral hypersensitivity and synaptic activity by blocking BDNF/TrkB signalling in NMS rats. Significance ANA‐12 attenuates visceral hypersensitivity via BDNF‐TrkB‐PKMζ signalling and reduces synaptic activity through AMPARs in NMS rats. This knowledge suggests that ANA‐12 could represent an interesting novel therapeutic medicine for chronic visceral hypersensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Fan
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ying Tang
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hengfen Dai
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China.,Affiliated Fuzhou First Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Cao
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Pei Sun
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Aiqin Chen
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Chun Lin
- School of basic Medical Sciences, Laboratory of Pain Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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15
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Wu R, Zhang PA, Liu X, Zhou Y, Xu M, Jiang X, Yan J, Xu GY. Decreased miR-325-5p Contributes to Visceral Hypersensitivity Through Post-transcriptional Upregulation of CCL2 in Rat Dorsal Root Ganglia. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:791-801. [PMID: 30980241 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-019-00372-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic visceral hypersensitivity is an important type of chronic pain with unknown etiology and pathophysiology. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic regulation plays an important role in the development of chronic pain conditions. However, the role of miRNA-325-5p in chronic visceral pain remains unknown. The present study was designed to determine the roles and mechanism of miRNA-325-5p in a rat model of chronic visceral pain. This model was induced by neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI). In adulthood, NCI led to a significant reduction in the expression of miRNA-325-5p in colon-related dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), starting to decrease at the age of 4 weeks and being maintained to 8 weeks. Intrathecal administration of miRNA-325-5p agomir significantly enhanced the colorectal distention (CRD) threshold in a time-dependent manner. NCI also markedly increased the expression of CCL2 (C-C motif chemokine ligand 2) in colon-related DRGs at the mRNA and protein levels relative to age-matched control rats. The expression of CXCL12, IL33, SFRS7, and LGI1 was not significantly altered in NCI rats. CCL2 was co-expressed in NeuN-positive DRG neurons but not in glutamine synthetase-positive glial cells. Furthermore, CCL2 was mainly expressed in isolectin B4-binding- and calcitonin gene-related peptide-positive DRG neurons but in few NF-200-positive cells. More importantly, CCL2 was expressed in miR-325-5p-positive DRG neurons. Intrathecal injection of miRNA-325-5p agomir remarkably reduced the upregulation of CCL2 in NCI rats. Administration of Bindarit, an inhibitor of CCL2, markedly raised the CRD threshold in NCI rats in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These data suggest that NCI suppresses miRNA-325-5p expression and enhances CCL2 expression, thus contributing to visceral hypersensitivity in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ping-An Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xuelian Liu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Meijie Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jun Yan
- The Second Affiliated of Hospital Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, China
| | - Guang-Yin Xu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Affiliated Zhangjiagang Hospital of Soochow University, Zhangjiagang, 215600, China.
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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