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Khalikova M, Jireš J, Horáček O, Douša M, Kučera R, Nováková L. What is the role of current mass spectrometry in pharmaceutical analysis? MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:560-609. [PMID: 37503656 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The role of mass spectrometry (MS) has become more important in most application domains in recent years. Pharmaceutical analysis is specific due to its stringent regulation procedures, the need for good laboratory/manufacturing practices, and a large number of routine quality control analyses to be carried out. The role of MS is, therefore, very different throughout the whole drug development cycle. While it dominates within the drug discovery and development phase, in routine quality control, the role of MS is minor and indispensable only for selected applications. Moreover, its role is very different in the case of analysis of small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals. Our review explains the role of current MS in the analysis of both small-molecule chemical drugs and biopharmaceuticals. Important features of MS-based technologies being implemented, method requirements, and related challenges are discussed. The differences in analytical procedures for small molecule pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals are pointed out. While a single method or a small set of methods is usually sufficient for quality control in the case of small molecule pharmaceuticals and MS is often not indispensable, a large panel of methods including extensive use of MS must be used for quality control of biopharmaceuticals. Finally, expected development and future trends are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Jireš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, UCT Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Douša
- Department of Development, Zentiva, k. s., Praha, Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Chaniad P, Chukaew A, Na-Ek P, Yusakul G, Chuaboon L, Phuwajaroanpong A, Plirat W, Konyanee A, Septama AW, Punsawad C. In vivo antimalarial effect of 1-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone isolated from Mammea siamensis T. Anders. flowers: pharmacokinetic and acute toxicity studies. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:129. [PMID: 38521901 PMCID: PMC10960464 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The potent antiplasmodial activity of 1-hydroxy-5,6,7-trimethoxyxanthone (HTX), isolated from Mammea siamensis T. Anders. flowers, has previously been demonstrated in vitro. However, its in vivo activity has not been reported. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimalarial activity and acute toxicity of HTX in a mouse model and to evaluate the pharmacokinetic profile of HTX following a single intraperitoneal administration. METHODS The in vivo antimalarial activity of HTX was evaluated using a 4-day suppressive test. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain and given HTX daily for 4 days. To detect acute toxicity, mice received a single dose of HTX and were observed for 14 days. Additionally, the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney functions as well as the histopathology of liver and kidney tissues were examined. HTX pharmacokinetics after intraperitoneal administration was also investigated in a mouse model. Liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry was used to quantify plasma HTX and calculate pharmacokinetic parameters with the PKSolver software. RESULTS HTX at 10 mg/kg body weight significantly suppressed parasitemia in malaria-infected mice by 74.26%. Mice treated with 3 mg/kg HTX showed 46.88% suppression, whereas mice treated with 1 mg/kg displayed 34.56% suppression. Additionally, no symptoms of acute toxicity were observed in the HTX-treated groups. There were no significant alterations in the biochemical parameters of the liver and kidney functions and no histological changes in liver or kidney tissues. Following intraperitoneal HTX administration, the pharmacokinetic profile exhibited a maximum concentration (Cmax) of 94.02 ng/mL, time to attain Cmax (Tmax) of 0.5 h, mean resident time of 14.80 h, and elimination half-life of 13.88 h. CONCLUSIONS HTX has in vivo antimalarial properties against P. berghei infection. Acute toxicity studies of HTX did not show behavioral changes or mortality. The median lethal dose was greater than 50 mg/kg body weight. Pharmacokinetic studies showed that HTX has a long elimination half-life; hence, shortening the duration of malaria treatment may be required to minimize toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapaporn Chaniad
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Arnon Chukaew
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suratthani Rajabhat University, Surat Tani, 84100, Thailand
| | - Prasit Na-Ek
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Gorawit Yusakul
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Litavadee Chuaboon
- School of Pharmacy, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Arisara Phuwajaroanpong
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Walaiporn Plirat
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Atthaphon Konyanee
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand
| | - Abdi Wira Septama
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient and Traditional Medicine, Cibinong Science Center, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), West Java, 16915, Indonesia
| | - Chuchard Punsawad
- School of Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
- Research Center in Pathobiology and Tropical Medicine, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, 80160, Thailand.
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Zaid A, Hassan NH, Marriott PJ, Wong YF. Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography as a Bioanalytical Platform for Drug Discovery and Analysis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041121. [PMID: 37111606 PMCID: PMC10140985 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) has emerged as a significant separation tool for high-resolution analysis of disease-associated metabolites and pharmaceutically relevant molecules. This review highlights recent advances of GC×GC with different detection modalities for drug discovery and analysis, which ideally improve the screening and identification of disease biomarkers, as well as monitoring of therapeutic responses to treatment in complex biological matrixes. Selected recent GC×GC applications that focus on such biomarkers and metabolite profiling of the effects of drug administration are covered. In particular, the technical overview of recent GC×GC implementation with hyphenation to the key mass spectrometry (MS) technologies that provide the benefit of enhanced separation dimension analysis with MS domain differentiation is discussed. We conclude by highlighting the challenges in GC×GC for drug discovery and development with perspectives on future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atiqah Zaid
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Norfarizah Hanim Hassan
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Philip J. Marriott
- Australian Centre for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Yong Foo Wong
- Centre for Research on Multidimensional Separation Science, School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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Watson DJ, Laing L, Beteck RM, Gibhard L, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. The evaluation of ADME and pharmacokinetic properties of decoquinate derivatives for the treatment of malaria. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:957690. [PMID: 36091789 PMCID: PMC9450014 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.957690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) parasite strains tolerant of the artemisinin component and resistant to the other drug component in artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) used for treatment now markedly complicates malaria control. Thus, development of new combination therapies are urgently required. For the non-artemisinin component, the quinolone ester decoquinate (DQ) that possesses potent activities against blood stage Pf and acts on a distinct target, namely the Pf cytochrome bc1 complex, was first considered. However, DQ has poor drug properties including high lipophilicity and exceedingly poor aqueous solubility (0.06 μg/ml), rendering it difficult to administer. Thus, DQ was chemically modified to provide the secondary amide derivative RMB005 and the quinoline O-carbamate derivatives RMB059 and RMB060. The last possesses sub-nanomolar activities against multidrug resistant blood stages of Pf, and P. berghei sporozoite liver stages. Here we present the results of ADME analyses in vitro and pharmacokinetic analyses using C57BL/6 mice. The amide RMB005 had a maximum mean whole blood concentration of 0.49 ± 0.02 µM following oral administration; however, the area under the curve (AUC), elimination half-life (t1/2) and bioavailability (BA) were not significantly better than those of DQ. Surprisingly, the quinoline O-carbamates which can be recrystallized without decomposition were rapidly converted into DQ in human plasma and blood samples. The maximum concentrations of DQ reached after oral administration of RMB059 and RMB060 were 0.23 ± 0.05 and 0.11 ± 0.01 µM, the DQ elimination half-lives were 4.79 ± 1.66 and 4.66 ± 1.16 h, and the DQ clearance were 19.40 ± 3.14 and 21.50 ± 3.38 respectively. Under these assay conditions, the BA of DQ could not be calculated Overall although RMB059 and -060 are labile in physiological medium with respect to the DQ parent, the potential to apply these as prodrugs is apparent from the current data coupled with their ease of preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Watson
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lizahn Laing
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard M. Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Liezl Gibhard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Lubbe Wiesner,
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Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of Decoquinate: A Review of Its Pharmaceutical Potential and Future Perspectives. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14071383. [PMID: 35890280 PMCID: PMC9315532 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14071383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Decoquinate (DQ) is an antimicrobial agent commonly used as a feed additive for birds for human consumption. Its use as an additive is well established, but DQ has the potential for therapy as an antimicrobial drug for veterinary treatment and its optimized derivatives and/or formulations, mainly nanoformulations, have antimicrobial activity against pathogens that infect humans. However, DQ has a high partition coefficient and low solubility in aqueous fluids, and these biopharmaceutical properties have limited its use in humans. In this review, we highlight the antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetic properties of DQ and highlight the solutions currently under investigation to overcome these drawbacks. A literature search was conducted focusing on the use of decoquinate against various infectious diseases in humans and animals. The search was conducted in several databases, including scientific and patent databases. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology and medicinal chemistry are the tools of choice to achieve human applications, and most of these applications have been able to improve the biopharmaceutical properties and pharmacokinetic profile of DQ. Based on the results presented here, DQ prototypes could be tested in clinical trials for human application in the coming years.
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Dhivya LS, Sarvesh S, S AS. Inhibition of Mycobacterium tuberculosis InhA (Enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase) by synthetic Chalcones: a molecular modelling analysis and in-vitro evidence. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022:1-19. [PMID: 35751128 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2086922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 1.8 million people die each year from TB, with 10 million new cases being registered each year. In this study, 50 Chalcones were developed, five of which were synthesized, and their inhibitory effects against Mtb were studied. The discovery of new powerful inhibitors with IC50 values in the sub-micro molar range resulted from the development of structure-activity relationships (SAR). The goal of the molecular modelling studies was to uncover the most important structural criteria underpinning the binding affinity and selectivity of this class of inhibitors as possible anti-TB drugs. Because of their great efficacy and selectivity, our developed nitro and benzyloxy substituted Chalcones compounds appear to be promising anti-TB therapies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Dhivya
- Dr. APJ Kalam Research Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sabarathinam Sarvesh
- Drug Testing Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine (IIISM), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ankul Singh S
- Department of Pharmacology, SRM College of Pharmacy, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, India
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In Silico Drug Discovery Strategies Identified ADMET Properties of Decoquinate RMB041 and Its Potential Drug Targets against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0231521. [PMID: 35352998 PMCID: PMC9045315 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02315-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly adaptive cellular response of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to various antibiotics and the high costs for clinical trials, hampers the development of novel antimicrobial agents with improved efficacy and safety. Subsequently, in silico drug screening methods are more commonly being used for the discovery and development of drugs, and have been proven useful for predicting the pharmacokinetics, toxicities, and targets, of prospective new antimicrobial agents. In this investigation we used a reversed target fishing approach to determine potential hit targets and their possible interactions between M. tuberculosis and decoquinate RMB041, a propitious new antituberculosis compound. Two of the 13 identified targets, Cyp130 and BlaI, were strongly proposed as optimal drug-targets for dormant M. tuberculosis, of which the first showed the highest comparative binding affinity to decoquinate RMB041. The metabolic pathways associated with the selected target proteins were compared to previously published molecular mechanisms of decoquinate RMB041 against M. tuberculosis, whereby we confirmed disrupted metabolism of proteins, cell wall components, and DNA. We also described the steps within these pathways that are inhibited and elaborated on decoquinate RMB041’s activity against dormant M. tuberculosis. This compound has previously showed promising in vitro safety and good oral bioavailability, which were both supported by this in silico study. The pharmacokinetic properties and toxicity of this compound were predicted and investigated using the online tools pkCSM and SwissADME, and Discovery Studio software, which furthermore supports previous safety and bioavailability characteristics of decoquinate RMB041 for use as an antimycobacterial medication. IMPORTANCE This article elaborates on the mechanism of action of a novel antibiotic compound against both, active and dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and describes its pharmacokinetics (including oral bioavailability and toxicity). Information provided in this article serves useful during the search for drugs that shorten the treatment regimen for Tuberculosis and cause minimal adverse effects.
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Tanner L, Mashabela GT, Omollo CC, de Wet TJ, Parkinson CJ, Warner DF, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. Intracellular Accumulation of Novel and Clinically Used TB Drugs Potentiates Intracellular Synergy. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0043421. [PMID: 34585951 PMCID: PMC8557888 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00434-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic repertoire for tuberculosis (TB) remains limited despite the existence of many TB drugs that are highly active in in vitro models and possess clinical utility. Underlying the lack of efficacy in vivo is the inability of TB drugs to penetrate microenvironments inhabited by the causative agent, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including host alveolar macrophages. Here, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1 previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. We also investigated the extent of permeation into uninfected and M. tuberculosis-infected human macrophage-like Tamm-Horsfall protein 1 (THP-1) cells directly and by comparing to results obtained in vitro in synergy assays. Our data indicate that PhX1 (4,750 ± 127.2 ng/ml) penetrates more effectively into THP-1 cells than do the clinically used anti-TB agents, rifampin (3,050 ± 62.9 ng/ml), moxifloxacin (3,374 ± 48.7 ng/ml), bedaquiline (4,410 ± 190.9 ng/ml), and linezolid (770 ± 14.1 ng/ml). Compound efficacy in infected cells correlated with intracellular accumulation, reinforcing the perceived importance of intracellular penetration as a key drug property. Moreover, we detected synergies deriving from redox-stimulatory combinations of PhX1 or clofazimine with the novel prenylated amino-artemisinin WHN296. Finally, we used compound synergies to elucidate the relationship between compound intracellular accumulation and efficacy, with PhX1/WHN296 synergy levels shown to predict drug efficacy. Collectively, our data support the utility of the applied assays in identifying in vitro active compounds with the potential for clinical development. IMPORTANCE This study addresses the development of novel therapeutic compounds for the eventual treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Tuberculosis continues to progress, with cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) resistance to first-line medications increasing. We assess new combinations of drugs with both oxidant and redox properties coupled with a third partner drug, with the focus here being on the potentiation of M. tuberculosis-active combinations of compounds in the intracellular macrophage environment. Thus, we determined the ability of the phenoxazine PhX1, previously shown to be active against M. tuberculosis in vitro, to differentially penetrate murine compartments, including plasma, epithelial lining fluid, and isolated epithelial lining fluid cells. In addition, the extent of permeation into human macrophage-like THP-1 cells and H37Rv-infected THP-1 cells was measured via mass spectrometry and compared to in vitro two-dimensional synergy and subsequent intracellular efficacy. Collectively, our data indicate that development of new drugs will be facilitated using the methods described herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gabriel T. Mashabela
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charles C. Omollo
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Timothy J. de Wet
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Digby F. Warner
- SAMRC/NHLS/UCT Molecular Mycobacteriology Research Unit, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard K. Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Yaqub N, Wayne G, Birchall M, Song W. Recent advances in human respiratory epithelium models for drug discovery. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 54:107832. [PMID: 34481894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium is intimately associated with the pathophysiologies of highly infectious viral contagions and chronic illnesses such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder, presently the third leading cause of death worldwide with a projected economic burden of £1.7 trillion by 2030. Preclinical studies of respiratory physiology have almost exclusively utilised non-humanised animal models, alongside reductionistic cell line-based models, and primary epithelial cell models cultured at an air-liquid interface (ALI). Despite their utility, these model systems have been limited by their poor correlation to the human condition. This has undermined the ability to identify novel therapeutics, evidenced by a 15% chance of success for medicinal respiratory compounds entering clinical trials in 2018. Consequently, preclinical studies require new translational efficacy models to address the problem of respiratory drug attrition. This review describes the utility of the current in vivo (rodent), ex vivo (isolated perfused lungs and precision cut lung slices), two-dimensional in vitro cell-line (A549, BEAS-2B, Calu-3) and three-dimensional in vitro ALI (gold-standard and co-culture) and organoid respiratory epithelium models. The limitations to the application of these model systems in drug discovery research are discussed, in addition to perspectives of the future innovations required to facilitate the next generation of human-relevant respiratory models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheem Yaqub
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Gareth Wayne
- Novel Human Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Martin Birchall
- The Ear Institute, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London WC1X 8EE, UK.
| | - Wenhui Song
- UCL Centre for Biomaterials in Surgical Reconstruction and Regeneration, Department of Surgical Biotechnology, Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London NW3 2PF, UK.
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Knoll KE, Lindeque Z, Adeniji AA, Oosthuizen CB, Lall N, Loots DT. Elucidating the Antimycobacterial Mechanism of Action of Decoquinate Derivative RMB041 Using Metabolomics. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:693. [PMID: 34200519 PMCID: PMC8228794 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), still remains one of the leading causes of death from a single infectious agent worldwide. The high prevalence of this disease is mostly ascribed to the rapid development of drug resistance to the current anti-TB drugs, exacerbated by lack of patient adherence due to drug toxicity. The aforementioned highlights the urgent need for new anti-TB compounds with different antimycobacterial mechanisms of action to those currently being used. An N-alkyl quinolone; decoquinate derivative RMB041, has recently shown promising antimicrobial activity against Mtb, while also exhibiting low cytotoxicity and excellent pharmacokinetic characteristics. Its exact mechanism of action, however, is still unknown. Considering this, we used GCxGC-TOFMS and well described metabolomic approaches to analyze and compare the metabolic alterations of Mtb treated with decoquinate derivative RMB041 by comparison to non-treated Mtb controls. The most significantly altered pathways in Mtb treated with this drug include fatty acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, glycerol metabolism, and the urea cycle. These changes support previous findings suggesting this drug acts primarily on the cell wall and secondarily on the DNA metabolism of Mtb. Additionally, we identified metabolic changes suggesting inhibition of protein synthesis and a state of dormancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E. Knoll
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Zander Lindeque
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Adetomiwa A. Adeniji
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Carel B. Oosthuizen
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.B.O.); (N.L.)
| | - Namrita Lall
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa; (C.B.O.); (N.L.)
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag x6001, Box 269, Potchefstroom 2531, South Africa; (K.E.K.); (Z.L.); (A.A.A.)
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Cho JM, Yang EH, Quan W, Nam EH, Cheon HG. Discovery of a novel fibroblast activation protein (FAP) inhibitor, BR103354, with anti-diabetic and anti-steatotic effects. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21280. [PMID: 33277568 PMCID: PMC7718273 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77978-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 21 is a class of hepatokines that plays a protective role against obesity, insulin resistance, and liver damage. Despite this, protective effects of FGF21 in human appear to be minimal, possibly due to its proteolytic cleavage by the fibroblast activation protein (FAP). Here, we presented a novel FAP inhibitor, BR103354, and described its pharmacological activities as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of metabolic disorders. BR103354 inhibited FAP with an IC50 value of 14 nM, showing high selectivity against dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP)-related enzymes and prolyl oligopeptidase (PREP). In differentiated 3T3/L1 adipocytes, the addition of FAP diminished hFGF21-induced Glut1 and phosphorylated levels of ERK, which were restored by BR103354. BR103354 exhibited good pharmacokinetic properties as evidenced by oral bioavailability of 48.4% and minimal hERG inhibition. Single co-administration of BR103354 with hFGF21 reduced nonfasting blood glucose concentrations, in association with increased intact form of hFGF21 in ob/ob mice. Additionally, chronic treatment of BR103354 for 4 weeks reduced nonfasting blood glucose concentrations with improved glucose tolerance and with reduced triglyceride (TG) content in liver of ob/ob mice. Consistently, BR103354 improved hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in a choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined, high-fat diet (CDAHFD)-induced non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) mouse model. FAP inhibitory effects of BR103354 were confirmed in normal cynomolgus monkeys. Together, BR103354 acts as an effective FAP inhibitor in vitro and in vivo, thereby demonstrating its potential application as an anti-diabetic and anti-NASH agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Cho
- Innovative Drug Research Institute, Boryung Pharm. Co., Ltd, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15425, South Korea.,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea
| | - Eun Hee Yang
- Innovative Drug Research Institute, Boryung Pharm. Co., Ltd, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15425, South Korea
| | - Wenying Quan
- Innovative Drug Research Institute, Boryung Pharm. Co., Ltd, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15425, South Korea
| | - Eun Hye Nam
- Innovative Drug Research Institute, Boryung Pharm. Co., Ltd, Danwon-gu, Ansan-si, Gyeonggi-do, 15425, South Korea
| | - Hyae Gyeong Cheon
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, 21999, South Korea.
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12
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Tanner L, Haynes RK, Wiesner L. Accumulation of TB-Active Compounds in Murine Organs Relevant to Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:724. [PMID: 32508649 PMCID: PMC7248252 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death due to an infectious agent, requires prolonged and costly drug treatments. With the rise in incidence of MDR and XDR TB, newer more efficacious treatments which are better able to permeate into the deeper recesses of the human lung where bacteria reside are urgently required. To this end, two new promising drug candidates, the decoquinate derivative RMB041 and the phenoxazine PhX1, were assessed for their abilities to permeate into specific murine organs. In particular, PhX1 permeation into the lungs and heart was notably efficient, as reflected in the high relative AUC values of 9669 ± 120.2 min/nmol/mg and 12450 ± 45.2 min/nmol/mg for lung and heart tissue, respectively. However, neither compound maintained a free concentration in the lung which exceeded the compound’s respective MIC90 values, indicating the importance of correcting for organ specific binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Tanner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard K Haynes
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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13
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Potential anti-TB investigational compounds and drugs with repurposing potential in TB therapy: a conspectus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:5633-5662. [PMID: 32372202 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10606-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The latest WHO report estimates about 1.6 million global deaths annually from TB, which is further exacerbated by drug-resistant (DR) TB and comorbidities with diabetes and HIV. Exiguous dosing, incomplete treatment course, and the ability of the tuberculosis bacilli to tolerate and survive current first-line and second-line anti-TB drugs, in either their latent state or active state, has resulted in an increased prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and totally drug-resistant TB (TDR-TB). Although a better understanding of the TB microanatomy, genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome, has resulted in the discovery of a few novel promising anti-TB drug targets and diagnostic biomarkers of late, no new anti-TB drug candidates have been approved for routine therapy in over 50 years, with only bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid recently receiving tentative regulatory approval. Considering this, alternative approaches for identifying possible new anti-TB drug candidates, for effectively eradicating both replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are still urgently required. Subsequently, several antibiotic and non-antibiotic drugs with known treatment indications (TB targeted and non-TB targeted) are now being repurposed and/or derivatized as novel antibiotics for possible use in TB therapy. Insights gathered here reveal that more studies focused on drug-drug interactions between licensed and potential lead anti-TB drug candidates need to be prioritized. This write-up encapsulates the most recent findings regarding investigational compounds with promising anti-TB potential and drugs with repurposing potential in TB therapy.
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14
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Veale CGL, Müller R. Recent Highlights in Anti-infective Medicinal Chemistry from South Africa. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:809-826. [PMID: 32149446 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Global advancements in biological technologies have vastly increased the variety of and accessibility to bioassay platforms, while simultaneously improving our understanding of druggable chemical space. In the South African context, this has resulted in a rapid expansion in the number of medicinal chemistry programmes currently operating, particularly on university campuses. Furthermore, the modern medicinal chemist has the advantage of being able to incorporate data from numerous related disciplines into the medicinal chemistry process, allowing for informed molecular design to play a far greater role than previously possible. Accordingly, this review focusses on recent highlights in drug-discovery programmes, in which South African medicinal chemistry groups have played a substantive role in the design and optimisation of biologically active compounds which contribute to the search for promising agents for infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Ronel Müller
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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15
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Beccaria M, Cabooter D. Current developments in LC-MS for pharmaceutical analysis. Analyst 2020; 145:1129-1157. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02145k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography (LC) based techniques in combination with mass spectrometry (MS) detection have had a large impact on the development of new pharmaceuticals in the past decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Beccaria
- KU Leuven
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven
- Department for Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences
- Pharmaceutical Analysis
- Leuven
- Belgium
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16
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In Vitro Efficacies, ADME, and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Phenoxazine Derivatives Active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.01010-19. [PMID: 31427302 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01010-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, remains a leading infectious killer globally, demanding the urgent development of faster-acting drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Riminophenazines such as clofazimine are clinically efficacious against both drug-susceptible and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis We determined the in vitro anti-M. tuberculosis activities, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion properties, and in vivo mouse pharmacokinetics of a series of structurally related phenoxazines. One of these, PhX1, displayed promising drug-like properties and potent in vitro efficacy, supporting its further investigation in an M. tuberculosis-infected animal model.
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