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Zhou N, Cao Y, Luo Y, Wang L, Li R, Di H, Gu T, Cao Y, Zeng T, Zhu J, Chen L, An D, Ma Y, Xu W, Tian Y, Lu L. The Effects of Resveratrol and Apigenin on Jejunal Oxidative Injury in Ducks and on Immortalized Duck Intestinal Epithelial Cells Exposed to H 2O 2. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:611. [PMID: 38790716 PMCID: PMC11117746 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress increases the apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells and impairs intestinal epithelial cell renewal, which further promotes intestinal barrier dysfunction and even death. Extensive evidence supports that resveratrol and apigenin have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative properties. Here, we investigated the ability of these two compounds to alleviate diquat-induced jejunal oxidative stress and morphological injury, using the duck as a model, as well as the effects of apigenin on oxidative stress induced by H2O2 in immortalized duck intestinal epithelial cells (IDECs). Ducks were randomly assigned to the following four groups, with five replicates: a control (CON) group, a diquat-challenged (DIQ) group, a resveratrol (500 mg/kg) + diquat (RES) group, and an apigenin (500 mg/kg) + diquat (API) group. We found that serum catalase (CAT) activity and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) markedly reduced in the RES and API groups as compared to the DIQ group (p < 0.05); moreover, serum S superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels increased significantly in the API group as compared to the DIQ group (p < 0.05). In jejunal mucosa, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the RES and API groups decreased more than that in the DIQ group (p < 0.05). In addition, the jejunal expression levels of the NRF2 and GCLM genes in the RES and API groups increased notably compared with those in the DIQ group (p < 0.05); meanwhile, CAT activity in the RES and API groups was markedly elevated compared with that in the CON group (p < 0.05). In IDECs, apigenin significantly restrained the H2O2-mediated increase in MDA content and decrease in CAT levels (p < 0.05). Furthermore, apigenin increased the protein expression of p-NRF2, NRF2, p-AKT, and p-P38; downregulated that of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-9; and reduced the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in H2O2-treated IDECs (p < 0.05). In conclusion, resveratrol and apigenin can be used as natural feed additives to protect against jejunal oxidative stress in ducks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- College of Pet Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (H.D.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (D.A.); (Y.M.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yongqing Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (T.G.); (T.Z.); (L.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Youwen Luo
- College of Pet Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (H.D.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (D.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Lihua Wang
- College of Pet Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (H.D.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (D.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Ruiqing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (T.G.); (T.Z.); (L.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Heshuang Di
- College of Pet Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (H.D.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (D.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Tiantian Gu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (T.G.); (T.Z.); (L.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Yun Cao
- College of Pet Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (H.D.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (D.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Tao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (T.G.); (T.Z.); (L.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Jianping Zhu
- College of Pet Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (H.D.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (D.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Li Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (T.G.); (T.Z.); (L.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Dong An
- College of Pet Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (H.D.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (D.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Pet Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (H.D.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (D.A.); (Y.M.)
| | - Wenwu Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (T.G.); (T.Z.); (L.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Yong Tian
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (T.G.); (T.Z.); (L.C.); (W.X.)
| | - Lizhi Lu
- College of Pet Sciences, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 225300, China; (N.Z.); (Y.L.); (L.W.); (H.D.); (Y.C.); (J.Z.); (D.A.); (Y.M.)
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Animal Science & Veterinary, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, China; (Y.C.); (R.L.); (T.G.); (T.Z.); (L.C.); (W.X.)
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Yin G, Hu ZQ, Li JY, Wen ZY, Du YQ, Zhou P, Wang L. Shengmai injection inhibits palmitic acid-induced myocardial cell inflammatory death via regulating NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21522. [PMID: 38027923 PMCID: PMC10660519 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To determine the protective effect of Shengmai injection (SMI) on myocardial injury in diabetic rats and its mechanism based on NLRP3/Caspase1 signaling pathway. Materials and methods Rat H9c2 cardiomyocytes were cultured in vitro, and the cell survival rate of different concentrations of palmitate acid (PA) and different concentrations of SMI were detected by CCK-8. The myocardial injury cell model was induced with PA, treated with SMI, and combined with NLRP3 specific inhibitor (MCC950) to interfere with the high-fat-induced rat H9c2 myocardial cell injury model. The cell changes were observed by Hoechst/PI staining and the expression levels of MDA, SOD, and ROS in each group were detected. The protein and gene changes of the NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway were detected by Western blot and RT-qPCR, respectively. Results 200 μmol/L of PA were selected to induce the myocardial injury cell model and 25 μL/mL of SMI was selected for intervention concentration. SMI could significantly reduce MDA expression, increase SOD level, and decrease ROS production. SMI could decrease the gene expression levels of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, and GSDMD, and the protein expressions of NLRP3, ASC, Cleaved Caspase-1, GSDMD, and GSDMD-N. Conclusion SMI can inhibit the high-fat-induced activation of the NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway, intervene in cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, and prevent diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yin
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Zi-qing Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Jing-ya Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Zhong-yu Wen
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Yong-qin Du
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
- Research Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, 230012, China
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Wang Y, Zhao S, Jia N, Shen Z, Huang D, Wang X, Wu Y, Pei C, Shi S, He Y, Wang Z. Pretreatment with rosavin attenuates PM2.5-induced lung injury in rats through antiferroptosis via PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2023; 37:195-210. [PMID: 36097321 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress caused by fine particulate matter (PM2.5) increase the incidence and mortality rates of respiratory disorders. Rosavin is the main chemical component of Rhodiola plants, which exerts anti-oxidative and antiinflammatory effects. In this research, the potential therapeutic effect of rosavin was investigated by the PM2.5-induced lung injury rat model. Rats were instilled with PM2.5 (7.5 mg/kg) suspension intratracheally, while rosavin (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) was delivered by intraperitoneal injection before the PM2.5 injection. It was observed that rosavin could prevent lung injury caused by PM2.5. PM2.5 showed obvious ferroptosis-related ultrastructural alterations, which were significantly corrected by rosavin. The pretreatment with rosavin downregulated the levels of tissue iron, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxynonenal, and increased the levels of glutathione. The expression of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was upregulated by rosavin, together with other ferroptosis-related proteins. RSL3, a specific ferroptosis agonist, reversed the beneficial impact of rosavin. The network pharmacology approach predicted the activation of rosavin on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway. LY294002, a potent PI3K inhibitor, decreased the upregulation of Nrf2 induced by rosavin. In conclusion, rosavin prevented lung injury induced by PM2.5 stimulation and suppressed ferroptosis via upregulating PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Sijing Zhao
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Jia
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zherui Shen
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Demei Huang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongcan Wu
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Caixia Pei
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shihua Shi
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yacong He
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Nrf2 Regulates Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122377. [PMID: 36552584 PMCID: PMC9774301 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is characterized by acute ischemia in a certain part of the brain, which leads to brain cells necrosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, etc. At present, there are limited effective clinical treatments for cerebral ischemic stroke, and the recovery of cerebral blood circulation will lead to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Cerebral ischemic stroke involves many pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as one of the most critical antioxidant transcription factors in cells, can coordinate various cytoprotective factors to inhibit oxidative stress. Targeting Nrf2 is considered as a potential strategy to prevent and treat cerebral ischemia injury. During cerebral ischemia, Nrf2 participates in signaling pathways such as Keap1, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, NF-κB, and HO-1, and then alleviates cerebral ischemia injury or CIRI by inhibiting oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, protecting the blood-brain barrier, and inhibiting ferroptosis. In this review, we have discussed the structure of Nrf2, the mechanisms of Nrf2 in cerebral ischemic stroke, the related research on the treatment of cerebral ischemia through the Nrf2 signaling pathway in recent years, and expounded the important role and future potential of the Nrf2 pathway in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Zhu D, Zhong J, Gong X, Wu X. Augmenter of liver regeneration reduces mitochondria-derived ROS and NLRP3 inflammasome activation through PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal tubular injury. Apoptosis 2022; 28:335-347. [PMID: 36370259 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-022-01794-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is one of the main causes of acute kidney disease (AKI). Several studies have shown that mitochondrial damage, which leads to increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), plays a vital role in the pathogenesis of IR-induced AKI. Increased ROS production can cause oxidative damage and activate the inflammasome in renal tubular cells, ultimately resulting in apoptosis or necrosis. Mitophagy is a type of selective autophagy that plays a protective role in AKI by regulating the quality of mitochondria and reducing the production of ROS. We previously reported that the augmenter of liver regeneration (ALR) exhibits antiapoptotic and antioxidant functions, although the precise mechanisms of action need to be studied further. In the current study, ALR was overexpressed and an in vitro model of IR injury was constructed. The overexpression of ALR reduced the production of mitochondria-derived ROS (mtROS), the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, and the rate of apoptosis. Moreover, this suppression of mtROS production and inflammasome activation was mediated through the PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1)/Parkin pathway of mitophagy. These results suggest that ALR can alleviate IR-induced apoptosis via the PINK1/Parkin mitophagy pathway to reduce the production of mtROS and limit the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongju Zhu
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Xuefeng Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Panzhihua University, Panzhihua, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiang Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, China.
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Huang WY, Heo W, Jeong I, Kim MJ, Han BK, Shin EC, Kim YJ. Ameliorative Effect of Citrus junos Tanaka Waste (By-Product) Water Extract on Particulate Matter 10-Induced Lung Damage. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112270. [PMID: 35684069 PMCID: PMC9183116 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus junos Tanaka (CJ)-related products are well-accepted by consumers worldwide; thus, they generate huge amounts of waste (peel, pulp, and seed) through CJ processing. Although some CJ by-products (CJBs) are recycled, their use is limited owing to the limited understanding of their nutritional and economic value. The exposure to particulate matter (PM) increases the risk of respiratory diseases. In this study, we investigated the ameliorative effects of CJB extracts (100, 200 mg/kg/day, 7 days) on PM10-induced (10 mg/kg, intranasal, 6 h) lung damage in BALB/c mice. Cell type-specific signaling pathways are examined using the A549 (PM10, 200 μg/mL, 6 h) and RAW264.7 (LPS, 100 ng/mL, 6 h) cell lines. The CJB extracts significantly attenuated PM10-induced pulmonary damage and inflammatory cell infiltration in a mouse model. The essential protein markers in inflammatory signaling pathways, such as AKT, ERK, JNK, and NF-κB for PM10-induced phosphorylation, were dramatically reduced by CJB extract treatment in both the mouse and cell models. Furthermore, the CJB extracts reduced the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in a dose-dependent manner in the cells. Comprehensively, the CJB extracts were effective in reducing PM10-induced lung injuries by suppressing pulmonary inflammation, potentially due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yan Huang
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (W.-Y.H.); (I.J.); (M.-J.K.); (B.-K.H.)
- BK21 FOUR Research Education Team for Omics-Based Bio-Health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Wan Heo
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Seowon University, Cheongju 28647, Korea;
| | - Inhye Jeong
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (W.-Y.H.); (I.J.); (M.-J.K.); (B.-K.H.)
- BK21 FOUR Research Education Team for Omics-Based Bio-Health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
| | - Mi-Jeong Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (W.-Y.H.); (I.J.); (M.-J.K.); (B.-K.H.)
| | - Bok-Kyung Han
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (W.-Y.H.); (I.J.); (M.-J.K.); (B.-K.H.)
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea;
| | - Young-Jun Kim
- Department of Food and Biotechnology, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea; (W.-Y.H.); (I.J.); (M.-J.K.); (B.-K.H.)
- BK21 FOUR Research Education Team for Omics-Based Bio-Health in Food Industry, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-44-860-1040
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Chen Z, Wu J, Li S, Liu C, Ren Y. Inhibition of Myocardial Cell Apoptosis Is Important Mechanism for Ginsenoside in the Limitation of Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:806216. [PMID: 35300297 PMCID: PMC8921549 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.806216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease has a high mortality, and the recommended therapy is reperfusion. Nevertheless, the restoration of blood flow to ischemic tissue leads to further damage, namely, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury (MIRI). Apoptosis is an essential pathogenic factor in MIRI, and ginsenosides are effective in inhibiting apoptosis and alleviating MIRI. Here, we reviewed published studies on the anti-apoptotic effects of ginsenosides and their mechanisms of action in improving MIRI. Each ginsenoside can regulate multiple pathways to protect the myocardium. Overall, the involved apoptotic pathways include the death receptor signaling pathway, mitochondria signaling pathway, PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, NF-κB signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Ginsenosides, with diverse chemical structures, regulate different apoptotic pathways to relieve MIRI. Summarizing the effects and mechanisms of ginsenosides contributes to further mechanism research studies and structure-function relationship research studies, which can help the development of new drugs. Therefore, we expect that this review will highlight the importance of ginsenosides in improving MIRI via anti-apoptosis and provide references and suggestions for further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihan Chen
- School of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingping Wu
- Department of Medical Cosmetology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Sijing Li
- School of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Caijiao Liu
- School of Acupuncture Moxibustion and Tuina, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yulan Ren
- School of Chinese Classics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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