1
|
Grande Gutiérrez N, Alber M, Kahn AM, Burns JC, Mathew M, McCrindle BW, Marsden AL. Computational modeling of blood component transport related to coronary artery thrombosis in Kawasaki disease. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009331. [PMID: 34491991 PMCID: PMC8448376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery thrombosis is the major risk associated with Kawasaki disease (KD). Long-term management of KD patients with persistent aneurysms requires a thrombotic risk assessment and clinical decisions regarding the administration of anticoagulation therapy. Computational fluid dynamics has demonstrated that abnormal KD coronary artery hemodynamics can be associated with thrombosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of clot formation are not yet fully understood. Here we present a new model incorporating data from patient-specific simulated velocity fields to track platelet activation and accumulation. We use a system of Reaction-Advection-Diffusion equations solved with a stabilized finite element method to describe the evolution of non-activated platelets and activated platelet concentrations [AP], local concentrations of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and poly-phosphate (PolyP). The activation of platelets is modeled as a function of shear-rate exposure and local concentration of agonists. We compared the distribution of activated platelets in a healthy coronary case and six cases with coronary artery aneurysms caused by KD, including three with confirmed thrombosis. Results show spatial correlation between regions of higher concentration of activated platelets and the reported location of the clot, suggesting predictive capabilities of this model towards identifying regions at high risk for thrombosis. Also, the concentration levels of ADP and PolyP in cases with confirmed thrombosis are higher than the reported critical values associated with platelet aggregation (ADP) and activation of the intrinsic coagulation pathway (PolyP). These findings suggest the potential initiation of a coagulation pathway even in the absence of an extrinsic factor. Finally, computational simulations show that in regions of flow stagnation, biochemical activation, as a result of local agonist concentration, is dominant. Identifying the leading factors to a pro-coagulant environment in each case—mechanical or biochemical—could help define improved strategies for thrombosis prevention tailored for each patient. Computational studies aiming to model thrombosis often rely on an arterial wall injury. Collagen and other extracellular matrix components are exposed to the bloodstream, which facilitates platelet adhesion to the wall and subsequent clot formation. However, these models are not adequate to explain thrombosis in other settings where even in the absence of a focal lesion, clots may still form under certain flow conditions. Coronary artery aneurysm thrombosis following KD is an example of the need to understand the mechanisms of thrombus initiation in the absence of an extrinsic factor. This study provides a new framework to investigate thrombus initiation in KD from a patient-specific perspective, which integrates fluid mechanics and biochemistry and which could help quantify the pro-coagulant environment induced by the aneurysm and become a predictive tool. The work presented here has broad relevance to other clinical situations where flow stagnation and transport are driving factors in thrombus formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Grande Gutiérrez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Mark Alber
- Department of Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Center for Quantitative Modeling in Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew M. Kahn
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mathew Mathew
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian W. McCrindle
- The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alison L. Marsden
- Department of Pediatrics, Bioengineering and Institute for Computational and Mathematical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen Y, Ji P, Ma G, Song Z, Tang BQ, Li T. Simultaneous determination of cellular adenosine nucleotides, malondialdehyde, and uric acid using HPLC. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5156. [PMID: 33955024 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Adenine nucleotides and malondialdehyde (MDA) are key components involved in energy metabolism and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Measuring the levels of these components at the same time would be critical in studying mitochondrial functions. We have established a HPLC method to simultaneously measure adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine monophosphate, MDA, and uric acid (UA). The samples were treated with perchloric acid followed by centrifugation. After neutralization, the supernatant was subjected to HPLC determination. HPLC was performed using a C18 chromatographic column, isocratic elusion, and UV detection. The detection and quantification limits for these components were determined with standard solutions. The precision, repeatability, and 24-h stability were evaluated using cellular samples, and their relative standard deviations were all within 2%. The reproducibility and efficiency were confirmed with sample recovery tests and the observed oxidative effects of H2 O2 on Jurkat cells. With this method, we discovered the dependence of energy and oxidative states on the density of Jurkat cells cultured in suspension. We also found a significant correlation between UA in serum and that in saliva. These results indicate that this method has good accuracy and applicability. It can be used in biological, pharmacological, and clinical studies, especially those involving mitochondria, ROS, and purinergic signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Chen
- Ennova Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
| | - Peng Ji
- Ennova Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
| | - Guangyin Ma
- Ennova Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
| | - Zehua Song
- Ennova Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
| | - Bruce Qing Tang
- Ennova Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
| | - Tongju Li
- Ennova Institute of Life Science and Technology, ENN Group, Langfang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gordin D, Shah H, Shinjo T, St-Louis R, Qi W, Park K, Paniagua SM, Pober DM, Wu IH, Bahnam V, Brissett MJ, Tinsley LJ, Dreyfuss JM, Pan H, Dong Y, Niewczas MA, Amenta P, Sadowski T, Kannt A, Keenan HA, King GL. Characterization of Glycolytic Enzymes and Pyruvate Kinase M2 in Type 1 and 2 Diabetic Nephropathy. Diabetes Care 2019; 42:1263-1273. [PMID: 31076418 PMCID: PMC6609957 DOI: 10.2337/dc18-2585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Elevated glycolytic enzymes in renal glomeruli correlated with preservation of renal function in the Medalist Study, individuals with ≥50 years of type 1 diabetes. Specifically, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activation protected insulin-deficient diabetic mice from hyperglycemia-induced glomerular pathology. This study aims to extend these findings in a separate cohort of individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and discover new circulatory biomarkers for renal protection through proteomics and metabolomics of Medalists' plasma. We hypothesize that increased glycolytic flux and improved mitochondrial biogenesis will halt the progression of diabetic nephropathy. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Immunoblots analyzed selected glycolytic and mitochondrial enzymes in postmortem glomeruli of non-Medalists with type 1 diabetes (n = 15), type 2 diabetes (n = 19), and no diabetes (n = 5). Plasma proteomic (SOMAscan) (n = 180) and metabolomic screens (n = 214) of Medalists with and without stage 3b chronic kidney disease (CKD) were conducted and significant markers validated by ELISA. RESULTS Glycolytic (PKM1, PKM2, and ENO1) and mitochondrial (MTCO2) enzymes were significantly elevated in glomeruli of CKD- versus CKD+ individuals with type 2 diabetes. Medalists' plasma PKM2 correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (r 2 = 0.077; P = 0.0002). Several glucose and mitochondrial enzymes in circulation were upregulated with corresponding downregulation of toxic metabolites in CKD-protected Medalists. Amyloid precursor protein was also significantly upregulated, tumor necrosis factor receptors downregulated, and both confirmed by ELISA. CONCLUSIONS Elevation of enzymes involved in the metabolism of intracellular free glucose and its metabolites in renal glomeruli is connected to preserving kidney function in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The renal profile of elevated glycolytic enzymes and reduced toxic glucose metabolites is reflected in the circulation, supporting their use as biomarkers for endogenous renal protective factors in people with diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gordin
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Abdominal Center Nephrology, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hetal Shah
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Ronald St-Louis
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Weier Qi
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Translational Research and Early Clinical Development, Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - David M Pober
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Pan
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA
| | | | - Monika A Niewczas
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Amenta
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Aimo Kannt
- Sanofi Deutschland GmbH, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hillary A Keenan
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.,Sanofi-Genzyme, Cambridge, MA
| | - George L King
- Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nakahira K, Hisata S, Choi AMK. The Roles of Mitochondrial Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns in Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:1329-50. [PMID: 26067258 PMCID: PMC4685486 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondria, vital cellular power plants to generate energy, are involved in immune responses. Mitochondrial damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are molecules that are released from mitochondria to extracellular space during cell death and include not only proteins but also DNA or lipids. Mitochondrial DAMPs induce inflammatory responses and are critically involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Recent studies elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial DAMPs are released and initiate immune responses by use of genetically modulated cells or animals. Importantly, the levels of mitochondrial DAMPs in patients are often associated with severity and prognosis of human diseases, such as infection, asthma, ischemic heart disease, and cancer. CRITICAL ISSUES Although mitochondrial DAMPs can represent proinflammatory molecules in various experimental models, their roles in human diseases may be multifunctional and complex. It remains unclear where and how mitochondrial DAMPs are liberated into extracellular spaces and exert their biological functions particularly in vivo. In addition, while mitochondria can secrete several types of DAMPs during cell death, the interaction of each mitochondrial DAMP (e.g., synergistic effects) remains unclear. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Regulation of mitochondrial DAMP-mediated immune responses may be important to alter the progression of human diseases. In addition, measuring mitochondrial DAMPs in patients may be clinically useful as biomarkers to predict prognosis or response to therapies. Further studies of the mechanisms by which mitochondrial DAMPs impact the initiation and progression of diseases may lead to the development of therapeutics specifically targeting this pathway. Antioxid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiichi Nakahira
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Shu Hisata
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- 1 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College and New York-Presbyterian Hospital , New York, New York.,2 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College , New York, New York
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jalkanen J, Yegutkin GG, Hollmén M, Aalto K, Kiviniemi T, Salomaa V, Jalkanen S, Hakovirta H. Aberrant circulating levels of purinergic signaling markers are associated with several key aspects of peripheral atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Circ Res 2015; 116:1206-15. [PMID: 25645301 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Purinergic signaling plays an important role in inflammation and vascular integrity, but little is known about purinergic mechanisms during the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis in humans. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to study markers of purinergic signaling in a cohort of patients with peripheral artery disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma ATP and ADP levels and serum nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase-1 (NTPDase1/CD39) and ecto-5'-nucleotidase/CD73 activities were measured in 226 patients with stable peripheral artery disease admitted for nonurgent invasive imaging and treatment. The major findings were that ATP, ADP, and CD73 values were higher in atherosclerotic patients than in controls without clinically evident peripheral artery disease (P<0.0001). Low CD39 activity was associated with disease progression (P=0.01). In multivariable linear regression models, high CD73 activity was associated with chronic hypoxia (P=0.001). Statin use was associated with lower ADP (P=0.041) and tended to associate with higher CD73 (P=0.054), while lower ATP was associated with the use of angiotensin receptor blockers (P=0.015). CONCLUSIONS Purinergic signaling plays an important role in peripheral artery disease progression. Elevated levels of circulating ATP and ADP are especially associated with atherosclerotic diseases of younger age and smoking. The antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory effects of statins may partly be explained by their ability to lower ADP. We suggest that the prothrombotic nature of smoking could be a cause of elevated ADP, and this may explain why cardiovascular patients who smoke benefit from platelet P2Y12 receptor antagonists more than their nonsmoking peers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juho Jalkanen
- From the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.J., H.H.) and Heart Center (T.K.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y., M.H., K.A., S.J.); and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S.)
| | - Gennady G Yegutkin
- From the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.J., H.H.) and Heart Center (T.K.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y., M.H., K.A., S.J.); and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S.)
| | - Maija Hollmén
- From the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.J., H.H.) and Heart Center (T.K.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y., M.H., K.A., S.J.); and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S.)
| | - Kristiina Aalto
- From the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.J., H.H.) and Heart Center (T.K.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y., M.H., K.A., S.J.); and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S.)
| | - Tuomas Kiviniemi
- From the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.J., H.H.) and Heart Center (T.K.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y., M.H., K.A., S.J.); and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S.)
| | - Veikko Salomaa
- From the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.J., H.H.) and Heart Center (T.K.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y., M.H., K.A., S.J.); and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S.)
| | - Sirpa Jalkanen
- From the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.J., H.H.) and Heart Center (T.K.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y., M.H., K.A., S.J.); and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S.).
| | - Harri Hakovirta
- From the Department of Vascular Surgery (J.J., H.H.) and Heart Center (T.K.), Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; Medicity Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland (G.G.Y., M.H., K.A., S.J.); and National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland (V.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ectoenzymes in leukocyte migration and their therapeutic potential. Semin Immunopathol 2014; 36:163-76. [PMID: 24638888 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-014-0417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation causes or accompanies a huge variety of diseases. Migration of leukocytes from the blood into the tissues, in the tissues, and from the tissues to lymphatic vasculature is crucial in the formation and resolution of inflammatory infiltrates. In addition to classical adhesion and activation molecules, several other molecules are known to contribute to the leukocyte traffic. Several of them belong to ectoenzymes, which are cell surface molecules having catalytically active sites outside the cell. We will review here how several ectoenzymes present on leukocytes or endothelial cell surface function as adhesins and/or modulate the extravasation cascade through their enzymatic activities. Moreover, their therapeutic potential as immune modulators in different experimental inflammation models and in clinical trials will be discussed.
Collapse
|