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Behavioral variation according to feeding organ diversification in glossiphoniid leeches (Phylum: Annelida). Sci Rep 2021; 11:10940. [PMID: 34035418 PMCID: PMC8149456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive radiation is a phenomenon in which various organs are diversified morphologically or functionally as animals adapt to environmental inputs. Leeches exhibit a variety of ingestion behaviors and morphologically diverse ingestion organs. In this study, we investigated the correlation between behavioral pattern and feeding organ structure of leech species. Among them, we found that Alboglossiphonia sp. swallows prey whole using its proboscis, whereas other leeches exhibit typical fluid-sucking behavior. To address whether the different feeding behaviors are intrinsic, we investigated the behavioral patterns and muscle arrangements in the earlier developmental stage of glossiphoniid leeches. Juvenile Glossiphoniidae including the Alboglossiphonia sp. exhibit the fluid ingestion behavior and have the proboscis with the compartmentalized muscle layers. This study provides the characteristics of leeches with specific ingestion behaviors, and a comparison of structural differences that serves as the first evidence of the proboscis diversification.
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Chai S, Tian R, Rong X, Li G, Chen B, Ren W, Xu S, Yang G. Evidence of Echolocation in the Common Shrew from Molecular Convergence with Other Echolocating Mammals. Zool Stud 2020; 59:e4. [PMID: 32494297 PMCID: PMC7262541 DOI: 10.6620/zs.2020.59-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Along with sophisticated echolocation found in bats and toothed whales, the common shrew (Sorex araneus) was confirmed to possess echolocation ability based on behavioral and experimental evidence such as high-frequency twittering and close-range spatial orientation. However, whether echolocation in the common shrew is convergent with bats and dolphins at the molecular level remains poorly understood. In this study, we gathered the coding region sequences of 11 hearing-related genes from genome data and previous studies. Convergent evolutionary analyses identified 13 amino acid residues (seven in CDH23, five in OTOF, and one in PRESTIN) under strong convergent evolution shared among the common shrew and other echolocating mammals (bats and dolphins). Furthermore, a phylogenetic tree was constructed based on the combined amino acid dataset of convergent/parallel substitutions, sites with parallel radical property changes, and sites supporting echolocator-convergence; it supported the converged topology of the simple echolocator Sorex araneus and sophisticated echolocating bats with high posterior probability. This study gives evidence at the molecular level that the common shrew echolocate and provides novel insights into the convergent evolution between the common shrew and bats and dolphins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Chai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China. E-mail: (Xu); (Yang); (Chai); (Tian); (Rong); (Li); (Chen), (Ren)
| | - Ran Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China. E-mail: (Xu); (Yang); (Chai); (Tian); (Rong); (Li); (Chen), (Ren)
| | - Xinghua Rong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China. E-mail: (Xu); (Yang); (Chai); (Tian); (Rong); (Li); (Chen), (Ren)
| | - Guiting Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China. E-mail: (Xu); (Yang); (Chai); (Tian); (Rong); (Li); (Chen), (Ren)
| | - Bingyao Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China. E-mail: (Xu); (Yang); (Chai); (Tian); (Rong); (Li); (Chen), (Ren)
| | - Wenhua Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China. E-mail: (Xu); (Yang); (Chai); (Tian); (Rong); (Li); (Chen), (Ren)
| | - Shixia Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China. E-mail: (Xu); (Yang); (Chai); (Tian); (Rong); (Li); (Chen), (Ren)
| | - Guang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China. E-mail: (Xu); (Yang); (Chai); (Tian); (Rong); (Li); (Chen), (Ren)
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Wilson M, Haga JÅR, Karlsen HE. Behavioural responses to infrasonic particle acceleration in cuttlefish. J Exp Biol 2018; 221:221/1/jeb166074. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.166074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Attacks by aquatic predators generate frontal water disturbances characterised by low-frequency gradients in pressure and particle motion. Low-frequency hearing is highly developed in cephalopods. Thus, we examined behavioural responses in juvenile cuttlefish to infrasonic accelerations mimicking main aspects of the hydrodynamic signals created by predators. In the experimental set-up, animals and their surrounding water moved as a unit to minimise lateral line activation and to allow examination of the contribution by the inner ear. Behavioural responses were tested in light versus darkness and after food deprivation following a ‘simulated’ hunting opportunity. At low acceleration levels, colour change threshold at 3, 5 and 9 Hz was 0.028, 0.038 and 0.035 m s−2, respectively. At higher stimulus levels, jet-propulsed escape responses thresholds in daylight were 0.043, 0.065 and 0.069 m s−2 at 3, 5 and 9 Hz, respectively, and not significantly different from the corresponding darkness thresholds of 0.043, 0.071 and 0.064 m s−2. In a simulated hunting mode, escape thresholds were significantly higher at 3 Hz (0.118 m s−2) but not at 9 Hz (0.134 m s−2). Escape responses were directional, and overall followed the direction of the initial particle acceleration, with mean escape angles from 313 to 33 deg for all three experiments. Thus, in the wild, particle acceleration might cause escape responses directed away from striking predators but towards suction-feeding predators. We suggest that cuttlefish jet-propulsed escape behaviour has evolved to be elicited by the early hydrodynamic disturbances generated during predator encounters, and that the inner ear plays an essential role in the acoustic escape responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Wilson
- Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense M, Denmark
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jens Ådne Rekkedal Haga
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans Erik Karlsen
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, 0315 Oslo, Norway
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