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Dynamics of Fat Oxidation from Sitting at Rest to Light Exercise in Inactive Young Humans. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11060334. [PMID: 34073688 PMCID: PMC8225068 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11060334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Societal erosion of daily life low-level physical activity has had a great influence on the obesity epidemic. Given that low fat oxidation is also a risk factor for obesity, we investigated, in a repeated measures design, the dynamics of fat oxidation from a resting state to a light-intensity leg cycling exercise (0–50 watts) in inactive, healthy young adults. Using indirect calorimetry, energy expenditure and the respiratory quotient (RQ) were assessed in a sitting posture at rest and during a cycling exercise in 35 subjects (20 women). The rate of perceived exhaustion (RPE) was assessed using the Borg Scale. During graded leg cycling, the mean RPE did not exceed values corresponding to the exercise being perceived as ‘light’. However, analysis of individual data at 50 watts revealed two distinct subgroups among the subjects: those having RPE values corresponding to the exercise being perceived as ‘very light to light’ and showing no increase in RQ relative to resting levels, as opposed to an increase in RQ in those who perceived the exercise as being ‘somewhat hard to hard’ (p < 0.001). Our study in inactive individuals showing that high fat oxidation was maintained during ‘light-perceived’ physical activity reinforced the potential importance of light physical activity in the prevention of obesity.
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Miles-Chan JL, Dulloo AG. Posture Allocation Revisited: Breaking the Sedentary Threshold of Energy Expenditure for Obesity Management. Front Physiol 2017; 8:420. [PMID: 28690547 PMCID: PMC5479887 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition that low-intensity physical activities of daily life play an important role in achieving energy balance and that their societal erosion through substitution with sedentary (mostly sitting) behaviors, whether occupational or for leisure, impact importantly on the obesity epidemic. This has generated considerable interest for better monitoring, characterizing, and promoting countermeasures to sedentariness through a plethora of low-level physical activities (e.g., active workstations, standing desks, sitting breaks), amid the contention that altering posture allocation (lying, sitting, standing) can modify energy expenditure to impact upon body weight regulation and health. In addressing this contention, this paper first revisits the past and more recent literature on postural energetics, with particular emphasis on potential determinants of the large inter-individual variability in the energy cost of standing and the impact of posture on fat oxidation. It subsequently analyses the available data pertaining to various strategies by which posture allocations, coupled with light physical activity, may increase energy expenditure beyond the sedentary threshold, and their relevance as potential targets for obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine Physiology, University of FribourgFribourg, Switzerland
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Fares EJ, Isacco L, Monnard CR, Miles-Chan JL, Montani JP, Schutz Y, Dulloo AG. Reliability of low-power cycling efficiency in energy expenditure phenotyping of inactive men and women. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13233. [PMID: 28507164 PMCID: PMC5430120 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized approaches to assess human energy expenditure (EE) are well defined at rest and at moderate to high-intensity exercise, but not at light intensity physical activities energetically comparable with those of daily life (i.e., 1.5-4 times the resting EE, i.e., 1.5-4 METs). Our aim was to validate a graded exercise test for assessing the energy cost of low-intensity dynamic work in physically inactive humans, that is, those who habitually do not meet the guidelines for moderate-to-vigorous aerobic physical activity levels. In healthy and inactive young men and women (n = 55; aged 18-32 years), EE was assessed in the overnight-fasted state by indirect calorimetry at rest and during graded cycling between 5 and 50W for 5 min at each power output on a bicycle ergometer. Repeatability was investigated on three separate days, and the effect of cadence was investigated in the range of 40-90 rpm. Within the low power range of cycling, all subjects perceived the exercise test as "light" on the Borg scale, the preferred cadence being 60 rpm. A strong linearity of the EE-power relationship was observed between 10 and 50 W for each individual (r > 0.98), and the calculation of delta efficiency (DE) from the regression slope indicated that DE was similar in men and women (~29%). DE showed modest inter-individual variability with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 11%, and a low intra-individual variability with a CV of ~ 5%. No habituation or learning effect was observed in DE across days. In conclusion, the assessment of the efficiency of low power cycling by linear regression - and conducted within the range of EE observed for low-intensity movements of everyday life (1.5-4 METs) - extends the capacity for metabolic phenotyping in the inactive population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie-Jacques Fares
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Laurie Isacco
- EA3920 and EPSI platform, Bourgogne Franche-Comté University, Besançon, France
| | - Cathriona R Monnard
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yves Schutz
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Dulloo AG, Miles-Chan JL, Montani JP, Schutz Y. Isometric thermogenesis at rest and during movement: a neglected variable in energy expenditure and obesity predisposition. Obes Rev 2017; 18 Suppl 1:56-64. [PMID: 28164457 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Isometric thermogenesis as applied to human energy expenditure refers to heat production resulting from increased muscle tension. While most physical activities consist of both dynamic and static (isometric) muscle actions, the isometric component is very often essential for the optimal performance of dynamic work given its role in coordinating posture during standing, walking and most physical activities of everyday life. Over the past 75 years, there has been sporadic interest into the relevance of isometric work to thermoregulatory thermogenesis and to adaptive thermogenesis pertaining to body-weight regulation. This has been in relation to (i) a role for skeletal muscle minor tremor or microvibration - nowadays referred to as 'resting muscle mechanical activity' - in maintaining body temperature in response to mild cooling; (ii) a role for slowed skeletal muscle isometric contraction-relaxation cycle as a mechanism for energy conservation in response to caloric restriction and weight loss and (iii) a role for spontaneous physical activity (which is contributed importantly by isometric work for posture maintenance and fidgeting behaviours) in adaptive thermogenesis pertaining to weight regulation. This paper reviews the evidence underlying these proposed roles for isometric work in adaptive thermogenesis and highlights the contention that variability in this neglected component of energy expenditure could contribute to human predisposition to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J L Miles-Chan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - J-P Montani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Y Schutz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Monnard CR, Fares EJ, Calonne J, Miles-Chan JL, Montani JP, Durrer D, Schutz Y, Dulloo AG. Issues in Continuous 24-h Core Body Temperature Monitoring in Humans Using an Ingestible Capsule Telemetric Sensor. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:130. [PMID: 28659868 PMCID: PMC5468423 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in the use of pill-sized ingestible capsule telemetric sensors for assessing core body temperature (Tc) as a potential indicator of variability in metabolic efficiency and thrifty metabolic traits. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of measuring Tc using the CorTemp® system. METHODS Tc was measured over an average of 20 h in 27 human subjects, with measurements of energy expenditure made in the overnight fasted state at rest, during standardized low-intensity physical activity and after a 600 kcal mixed meal. Validation of accuracy of the capsule sensors was made ex vivo against mercury and electronic thermometers across the physiological range (35-40°C) in morning and afternoon of 2 or 3 consecutive days. Comparisons between capsule sensors and thermometers were made using Bland-Altman analysis. Systematic bias, error, and temperature drift over time were assessed. RESULTS The circadian Tc profile classically reported in free-living humans was confirmed. Significant increases in Tc (+0.2°C) were found in response to low-power cycling at 40-50 W (~3-4 METs), but no changes in Tc were detectable during low-level isometric leg press exercise (<2 METs) or during the peak postprandial thermogenesis induced by the 600 kcal meal. Issues of particular interest include fast "turbo" gut transit with expulsion time of <15 h after capsule ingestion in one out of every five subjects and sudden erratic readings in teletransmission of Tc. Furthermore, ex vivo validation revealed a substantial mean bias (exceeding ±0.5°C) between the Tc capsule readings and mercury or electronic thermometers in half of the capsules. When examined over 2 or 3 days, the initial bias (small or large) drifted in excess of ±0.5°C in one out of every four capsules. CONCLUSION Since Tc is regulated within a very narrow range in the healthy homeotherm's body (within 1°C), physiological investigations of Tc require great accuracy and precision (better than 0.1°C). Although ingestible capsule methodology appears of great interest for non-invasively monitoring the transit gut temperature, new technology requires a reduction in the inherent error of measurement and elimination of temperature drift and warrants more interlaboratory investigation on the above factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathriona R. Monnard
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Elie-Jacques Fares
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Julie Calonne
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L. Miles-Chan
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Yves Schutz
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Cabinet Médical COM’s, EUROBESITAS, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G. Dulloo
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Abdul G. Dulloo,
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Sarafian D, Schutz Y, Montani JP, Dulloo AG, Miles-Chan JL. Sex difference in substrate oxidation during low-intensity isometric exercise in young adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:977-84. [PMID: 27540628 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Low-intensity physical activity is increasingly promoted as an alternative to sedentary behavior. However, much research to date has focused on moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity, and in particular dynamic work, with the effect of low-intensity isometric exercise (<4 METs) on substrate utilization yet to be explored. Here we investigate the effects of such exercise on respiratory quotient (RQ) and determine the extent of intra- and inter-individual variability in response. Energy expenditure, RQ, and substrate oxidation were measured by ventilated-hood indirect calorimetry at rest and in response to standardized, intermittent, low-level isometric leg-press exercises at 5 loads (+5, +10, +15, +20, +25 kg) in 26 healthy, young adults. Nine participants repeated the experiment on 3 separate days to assess within-subject, between-day variability. There was no significant difference in energy cost and heart rate responses to low-intensity isometric exercise (<2 METs) between men and women. However, a sex difference was apparent in terms of substrate oxidation - with men increasing both fat and carbohydrate oxidation, and women only increasing fat oxidation while maintaining carbohydrate oxidation at baseline, resting levels. This sex difference was repeatable and persisted when substrate oxidation was adjusted for differences in body weight or body composition. Individual variability in RQ was relatively low, with both intra- and inter-individual coefficients of variation in the range of 3%-6% in both sexes. These results suggest that women preferentially increase fat oxidation during low-level isometric exercise. Whether such physical activity could be incorporated into treatment/prevention strategies aimed at optimizing fat oxidation in women warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Sarafian
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yves Schutz
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Pierre Montani
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Abdul G Dulloo
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer L Miles-Chan
- Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Physiology, Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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Hatamoto Y, Yamada Y, Higaki Y, Tanaka H. A novel approach for measuring energy expenditure of a single sit-to-stand movement. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016; 116:997-1004. [PMID: 27017496 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-016-3355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to quantify the energy expenditure (EE) of a sit-to-stand (STS) movement using a recently developed method and to examine the relationship between physical characteristics and the physiological demands of STS. METHODS Nineteen participants completed a multi-stage test at different STS frequencies of 6, 10, 15, 20 and 30 repetitions per minute. The expired gas, heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. The relationship between EE and STS frequency was obtained and the slope of the regression was quantified as the EE of an STS. RESULTS The gross EE and HR increased linearly as the STS frequency increased in all participants. The net EE of an STS was 0.92 ± 0.37 kJ. The EE of an STS increased as the height and weight increased, and these relationships were well fit by quadratic regression. The metabolic equivalent (Met) of performing 15 STSs per minute was 4.3 ± 1.0 Mets and RPE was 12 ± 1 over a total of 20. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that the EE of an instantaneous movement can be quantified by relating the gross EE and different frequencies of movement. Using this method, we quantified the EE of an STS, which varied depending on participants' anthropometrics. Mets of repetitive STS movement ranged from 2.6 to 7.2. This physiological profile is useful when performing repetitive STS movements as a form of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Hatamoto
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Nutritional Science, National Institute of Health and Nutrition, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuki Higaki
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- The Fukuoka University Institute for Physical Activity, Fukuoka, Japan.
- Graduate School of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, 8-19-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0180, Japan.
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Energy Expenditure and Substrate Oxidation in Response to Side-Alternating Whole Body Vibration across Three Commonly-Used Vibration Frequencies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151552. [PMID: 26974147 PMCID: PMC4790855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim There is increasing recognition about the importance of enhancing energy expenditure (EE) for weight control through increases in low-intensity physical activities comparable with daily life (1.5–4 METS). Whole-body vibration (WBV) increases EE modestly and could present both a useful adjuvant for obesity management and tool for metabolic phenotyping. However, it is unclear whether a “dose-response” exists between commonly-used vibration frequencies (VF) and EE, nor if WBV influences respiratory quotient (RQ), and hence substrate oxidation. We aimed to investigate the EE-VF and RQ-VF relationships across three different frequencies (30, 40, and 50Hz). Methods EE and RQ were measured in 8 healthy young adults by indirect calorimetry at rest, and subsequently during side-alternating WBV at one of 3 VFs (30, 40, and 50 Hz). Each frequency was assessed over 5 cycles of intermittent WBV (30s vibration/30s rest), separated by 5 min seated rest. During the WBV participants stood on the platform with knees flexed sufficiently to maintain comfort, prevent transmission of vibration to the upper body, and minimise voluntary physical exertion. Repeatability was assessed across 3 separate days in a subset of 4 individuals. In order to assess any sequence/habituation effect, an additional group of 6 men underwent 5 cycles of intermittent WBV (30s vibration/30s rest) at 40 Hz, separated by 5 min seated rest. Results Side-alternating WBV increased EE relative to standing, non-vibration levels (+36%, p<0.001). However, no differences in EE were observed across VFs. Similarly, no effect of VF on RQ was found, nor did WBV alter RQ relative to standing without vibration. Conclusion No relationship could be demonstrated between EE and VF in the range of 30-50Hz, and substrate oxidation did not change in response to WBV. Furthermore, the thermogenic effect of intermittent WBV, whilst robust, was quantitatively small (<2 METS).
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Dulloo AG, Schutz Y. Adaptive Thermogenesis in Resistance to Obesity Therapies: Issues in Quantifying Thrifty Energy Expenditure Phenotypes in Humans. Curr Obes Rep 2015; 4:230-40. [PMID: 26627218 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-015-0156-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dieting and exercise are likely to remain the core approaches in the management of obesity in the foreseeable future despite their well-documented failures for achieving long-term weight loss. Explanations for such poor prognosis are centered on patient's self-regulatory failure and lack of compliance to the prescribed diet or exercise regimen. While a role for physiological adaptations leading to diminished rates of heat production has also been advocated, there are considerable uncertainties about the quantitative importance of such regulated heat production (i.e., adaptive thermogenesis) to the less-than-expected weight loss and ease for weight regain. This paper first reviews the most compelling evidence of what is often considered as weight loss-induced adaptive thermogenesis in various compartments of daily energy expenditure. It then discusses the major limitations and issues in quantifying such thrifty energy expenditure phenotypes and underscores the plausibility of diminished core temperature as a thrifty metabolic trait in resistance to weight loss. Although an accurate quantification of adaptive thermogenesis will have to await the applications of deep body composition phenotyping and better discrimination of physical activity energy expenditures, the magnitude of diminished energy expenditure in response to weight loss in certain individuals is large enough to support the concept that adaptive thermogenesis contribute importantly to their resistance to obesity therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Yves Schutz
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du musée 5, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Dulloo AG. Translational issues in targeting brown adipose tissue thermogenesis for human obesity management. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1302:1-10. [PMID: 24138104 PMCID: PMC4285858 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancements in unraveling novel mechanisms that control the induction, (trans)differentiation, proliferation, and thermogenic activity and capacity of brown adipose tissue (BAT), together with the application of imaging techniques for human BAT visualization, have generated optimism that these advances will provide novel strategies for targeting BAT thermogenesis, leading to efficacious and safe obesity therapies. This paper first provides an overview of landmark events of the past few decades that have been driving the search for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical compounds that would increase BAT thermogenesis for obesity management. It then addresses issues about what could be expected from an ideal thermogenic antiobesity approach, in particular to what extent daily energy expenditure will need to increase in order to achieve long-term weight loss currently achievable only through bariatric surgery, and whether the human body will have enough thermogenic capacity to reach this target weight loss by future therapies focused on BAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul G Dulloo
- Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Even PC. Body size, spontaneous activity and thermogenesis effects on energy expenditure: an introduction to a topic on energy metabolism. Front Physiol 2013; 4:301. [PMID: 24146654 PMCID: PMC3797956 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Even
- UMR914 Nutrition Physiology and Ingestive Behavior, AgroParisTech INRA, Paris, France
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