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Gentilin A, Tarperi C, Skroce K, Cevese A, Schena F. Effect of acute sympathetic activation on leg vasodilation before and after endurance exercise. J Smooth Muscle Res 2021. [PMID: 34789634 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.57.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular conductance (VC) regulation involves a continuous balance between metabolic vasodilation and sympathetic vasoconstriction. Endurance exercise challenges the sympathetic control on VC due to attenuated sympathetic receptor responsiveness and persistence of muscle vasodilation, especially in endurance athletes, predisposing them to blood pressure control dysfunctions. This study assessed whether acute handgrip-mediated sympathetic activation (SYMP) restrains sudden leg vasodilation before and after a half-marathon. Prior to, and within the 20 min following the race, 11 well-trained runners underwent two single passive leg movement (SPLM) tests to suddenly induce leg vasodilation, one without and the other during SYMP. Leg blood flow and mean arterial pressure were measured to assess changes in leg VC. Undertaking 60 sec of SYMP reduced the baseline leg VC both before (4.0 ± 1.0 vs. 3.3 ± 0.7 ml/min/mmHg; P=0.01; NO SYMP vs. SYMP, respectively) and after the race (4.6 ± 0.8 vs. 3.9 ± 0.8 ml/min/mmHg; P=0.01). However, SYMP did not reduce leg peak vasodilation immediately after the SPLM either before (11.5 ± 4.0 vs. 12.2 ± 3.8 ml/min/mmHg; P=0.35) or after the race (7.2 ± 2.0 vs. 7.3 ± 2.6 ml/min/mmHg; P=0.96). Furthermore, SYMP did not blunt the mean leg vasodilation over the 60 sec after the SPLM before (5.1 ± 1.7 vs. 5.9 ± 2.5 ml/min/mmHg; P=0.14) or after the race (4.8 ± 1.3 vs. 4.2 ± 1.5 ml/min/mmHg; P=0.26). This data suggest that the release of local vasoactive agents effectively opposes any preceding handgrip-mediated augmented vasoconstriction in endurance athletes before and after a half-marathon. Handgrip-mediated SYMP might improve normal vasoconstriction while athletes are still, but not necessarily while they move, as movements can induce a release of vasoactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gentilin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Kristina Skroce
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Antonio Cevese
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
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Gentilin A, Tarperi C, Skroce K, Cevese A, Schena F. Effect of acute sympathetic activation on leg vasodilation before and after endurance exercise. J Smooth Muscle Res 2021; 57:53-67. [PMID: 34789634 PMCID: PMC8592823 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular conductance (VC) regulation involves a continuous balance between metabolic
vasodilation and sympathetic vasoconstriction. Endurance exercise challenges the
sympathetic control on VC due to attenuated sympathetic receptor responsiveness and
persistence of muscle vasodilation, especially in endurance athletes, predisposing them to
blood pressure control dysfunctions. This study assessed whether acute handgrip-mediated
sympathetic activation (SYMP) restrains sudden leg vasodilation before and after a
half-marathon. Prior to, and within the 20 min following the race, 11 well-trained runners
underwent two single passive leg movement (SPLM) tests to suddenly induce leg
vasodilation, one without and the other during SYMP. Leg blood flow and mean arterial
pressure were measured to assess changes in leg VC. Undertaking 60 sec of SYMP reduced the
baseline leg VC both before (4.0 ± 1.0 vs. 3.3 ± 0.7 ml/min/mmHg; P=0.01;
NO SYMP vs. SYMP, respectively) and after the race (4.6 ± 0.8 vs. 3.9 ± 0.8 ml/min/mmHg;
P=0.01). However, SYMP did not reduce leg peak vasodilation immediately
after the SPLM either before (11.5 ± 4.0 vs. 12.2 ± 3.8 ml/min/mmHg;
P=0.35) or after the race (7.2 ± 2.0 vs. 7.3 ± 2.6 ml/min/mmHg;
P=0.96). Furthermore, SYMP did not blunt the mean leg vasodilation over
the 60 sec after the SPLM before (5.1 ± 1.7 vs. 5.9 ± 2.5 ml/min/mmHg;
P=0.14) or after the race (4.8 ± 1.3 vs. 4.2 ± 1.5 ml/min/mmHg;
P=0.26). This data suggest that the release of local vasoactive agents
effectively opposes any preceding handgrip-mediated augmented vasoconstriction in
endurance athletes before and after a half-marathon. Handgrip-mediated SYMP might improve
normal vasoconstriction while athletes are still, but not necessarily while they move, as
movements can induce a release of vasoactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Gentilin
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Cantor Tarperi
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Kristina Skroce
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy.,Department of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Antonio Cevese
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Via Casorati 43, 37131, Verona, Italy
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Cohen J, Pignanelli C, Burr J. The Effect of Body Position on Measures of Arterial Stiffness in Humans. J Vasc Res 2020; 57:143-151. [PMID: 32235116 DOI: 10.1159/000506351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dynamics ofpulsatile waveforms travelling the central aorta are governed by pressures and arterial compliance. Arterial stiffness, the inverse of compliance, is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has been suggested as a superior risk index compared to brachial blood pressure (BP). Arterial stiffness is typically measured via carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) in the supine position; however, different body positions alter orthostatic column height, impacting heart rate and BP. The purpose of this investigation was to examine different body positions and associated measures of cfPWV. METHODS Measures of resting cfPWV were acquired simultaneously with BP during supine, head-up tilt (HUT), head-down tilt (HDT), and Fowler's position, all at 45 degrees from vertical. RESULTS Relative to supine, cfPWV was increased 1.1 ± 1.0 and 1.5 ± 1.1 m/s (both p ≤ 0.001) in HUT and Fowler's positions, respectively. Supine to HDT cfPWV was unaltered (p = 0.1), despite an increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP) (10 ± 9 mm Hg). When cfPWV was normalized to MAP, the same effects persisted (p ≤ 0.001). CONCLUSION Increasing orthostatic column height by changing posture independently increases resting cfPWV, concurrent with increases in BP. This data demonstrates the impact of body position on measures of central artery stiffness, which may have clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Cohen
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Christopher Pignanelli
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie Burr
- Human Performance and Health Research Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada,
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Christou GA, Christou KA, Kiortsis DN. Pathophysiology of Noncardiac Syncope in Athletes. Sports Med 2018; 48:1561-1573. [PMID: 29605837 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-018-0911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The most frequent cause of syncope in young athletes is noncardiac etiology. The mechanism of noncardiac syncope (NCS) in young athletes is neurally-mediated (reflex). NCS in athletes usually occurs either as orthostasis-induced, due to a gravity-mediated reduced venous return to the heart, or in the context of exercise. Exercise-related NCS typically occurs after the cessation of an exercise bout, while syncope occurring during exercise is highly indicative of the existence of a cardiac disorder. Postexercise NCS appears to result from hypotension due to impaired postexercise vasoconstriction, as well as from hypocapnia. The mechanisms of postexercise hypotension can be divided into obligatory (which are always present and include sympathoinhibition, histaminergic vasodilation, and downregulation of cardiovagal baroreflex) and situational (which include dehydration, hyperthermia and gravitational stress). Regarding postexercise hypocapnia, both hyperventilation during recovery from exercise and orthostasis-induced hypocapnia when recovery occurs in an upright posture can produce postexercise cerebral vasoconstriction. Athletes have been shown to exhibit differential orthostatic responses compared with nonathletes, involving augmented stroke volume and increased peripheral vasodilation in the former, with possibly lower propensity to orthostatic intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios A Christou
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | - Dimitrios N Kiortsis
- Laboratory of Physiology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
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Amara AW, Memon AA. Effects of Exercise on Non-motor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease. Clin Ther 2018; 40:8-15. [PMID: 29198450 PMCID: PMC5875718 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with Parkinson's disease experience disabling non-motor symptoms, including autonomic dysfunction, cognitive decline, and sleep disorders. Pharmacologic treatments for these symptoms are often ineffective or have intolerable side effects. Therefore, non-pharmacologic interventions are an attractive alternative. Exercise in particular has the potential to alleviate the progressive impairment related to these non-motor symptoms. In this commentary, we explore available research that addresses the impact of exercise and physical activity on autonomic dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and sleep disorders in Parkinson's disease and suggest areas in need of further study. Many gaps remain in our understanding of the most effective exercise intervention for these symptoms, the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced changes, and the best way to monitor response to therapy. However, available research suggests that exercise is a promising approach to improve non-motor symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy W Amara
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
| | - Adeel A Memon
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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Fu Q. Neuro-humoral control during orthostasis in health and disease. Front Physiol 2015; 5:521. [PMID: 25628571 PMCID: PMC4290528 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Fu
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas Dallas, TX, USA ; Cardiology Division, Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Dallas, TX, USA
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