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Bai X, Li P, Peng W, Chen N, Lin JL, Li Y. Ionogel-Electrode for the Study of Protein Tunnel Junctions under Physiologically Relevant Conditions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2300663. [PMID: 36965118 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of charge transport through proteins is essential for understanding complicated electrochemical processes in biological activities while the reasons for the coexistence of tunneling and hopping phenomena in protein junctions still remain unclear. In this work, a flexible and conductive ionogel electrode is synthesized and is used as a top contact to form highly reproducible protein junctions. The junctions of proteins, including human serum albumin, cytochrome C and hemoglobin, show temperature-independent electron tunneling characteristics when the junctions are in solid states while with a different mechanism of temperature-dependent electron hopping when junctions are hydrated under physiologically relevant conditions. It is demonstrated that the solvent reorganization energy plays an important role in the electron-hopping process and experimentally shown that it requires ≈100 meV for electron hopping through one heme group inside a hydrated protein molecule connected between two electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Bai
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Wuxian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Ningyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering and Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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Goryanin I, Ovchinnikov L, Vesnin S, Ivanov Y. Monitoring Protein Denaturation of Egg White Using Passive Microwave Radiometry (MWR). Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12061498. [PMID: 35741308 PMCID: PMC9221703 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12061498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Passive microwave radiometry (MWR) is a measurement technique based on the detection of passive radiation in the microwave spectrum of different objects. When in equilibrium, this radiation is known to be proportional to the thermodynamic temperature of an emitting body. We hypothesize that living systems feature other mechanisms of emission that are based on protein unfolding and water rotational transitions. To understand the nature of these emissions, microwave radiometry was used in several in vitro experiments. In our study, we performed pilot measurements of microwave emissions from egg whites during denaturation induced by ethanol. Egg whites comprise 10% proteins, such as albumins, mucoproteins, and globulins. We observed a novel phenomenon: microwave emissions changed without a corresponding change in the water’s thermodynamic temperature. We also found striking differences between microwave emissions and thermodynamic temperature kinetics. Therefore, we hypothesize that these two processes are unrelated, contrary to what was thought before. It is known that some pathologies such as stroke or brain trauma feature increased microwave emissions. We hypothesize that this phenomenon originates from protein denaturation and is not related to the thermodynamic temperature. As such, our findings could explain the reason for the increase in microwave emissions after trauma and post mortem for the first time. These findings could be used for the development of novel diagnostics methods. The MWR method is inexpensive and does not require fluorescent or radioactive labels. It can be used in different areas of basic and applied pharmaceutical research, including in kinetics studies in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Goryanin
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-049, Japan
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK
- Institute Experimental and Theoretical Biophysics, 142290 Pushchino, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Lev Ovchinnikov
- Medical Microwave Radiometry (MMWR) LTD, Edinburgh EH10 5LZ, UK; (L.O.); (S.V.)
| | - Sergey Vesnin
- Medical Microwave Radiometry (MMWR) LTD, Edinburgh EH10 5LZ, UK; (L.O.); (S.V.)
| | - Yuri Ivanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya st., 119121 Moscow, Russia;
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Shevelev O, Petrova M, Smolensky A, Osmonov B, Toimatov S, Kharybina T, Karbainov S, Ovchinnikov L, Vesnin S, Tarakanov A, Goryanin I. Using medical microwave radiometry for brain temperature measurements. Drug Discov Today 2021; 27:881-889. [PMID: 34767961 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brain temperature (BT) is a crucial physiological parameter used to monitor cerebral status. Physical activities and traumatic brain injuries (TBI) can affect BT; therefore, non-invasive BT monitoring is an important way to gain insight into TBI, stroke, and wellbeing. The effects of BT on physical performance have been studied at length. When humans are under extreme conditions, most of the energy consumed is used to maintain the BT. In addition, measuring the BT is useful for early brain diagnostics. Passive microwave radiometry (MWR) measures the intrinsic radiation of tissues in the 1-4 GHz range. It was shown that non-invasive passive MWR technology can successfully measure BT and identify even small TBIs. Here, we review the potential applications of MWR for assessing BT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Shevelev
- People' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Centre for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Marina Petrova
- People' Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia; Federal Research and Clinical Centre for Resuscitation and Rehabilitation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Smolensky
- Russian State University of Physical Culture, Sports, Youth and Tourism, Moscow, Russia
| | - Batyr Osmonov
- Educational - Scientifc Medical Center of Kyrgyz Medical Sate University, Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic
| | | | - Tatyana Kharybina
- Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergey Vesnin
- Medical Microwave Radiometry Ltd, Edinburgh, UK; RTM Diagnostic LLC, Moscow, Russia; Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Igor Goryanin
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Institute Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics, Pushchino, Russia; Okinawa Institute Science and Technology, Okinawa, Japan.
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Sidorov IA, Gudkov AG, Leushin VY, Gorlacheva EN, Novichikhin EP, Agasieva SV. Measurement and 3D Visualization of the Human Internal Heat Field by Means of Microwave Radiometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:4005. [PMID: 34200601 PMCID: PMC8228679 DOI: 10.3390/s21124005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of non-invasive determination of the depth of the location and temperature of a cancer tumor in the human body by multi-frequency three-dimensional (3D) radiothermography is considered. The models describing the receiving of the human body's own radiothermal field processes are presented. The analysis of the possibility of calculating the desired parameters based on the results of measuring antenna temperatures simultaneously in two different frequency ranges is performed. Methods of displaying on the monitor screen the three-dimensional temperature distribution of the subcutaneous layer of the human body, obtained as a result of data processing of a multi-frequency multichannel radiothermograph, are considered. The possibility of more accurate localization of hyperthermia focus caused by the presence of malignant tumors in the depth of the human body with multi-frequency volumetric radiothermography is shown. The results of the study of various methods of data interpolation for displaying the continuous intrinsic radiothermal field of the human body are presented. Examples of displaying the volumetric temperature distribution by the moving plane method based on digital models and the results of an experimental study of the thermal field of the human body and head are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Alexandrovich Sidorov
- RL Research Institute, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.G.); (V.Y.L.); (E.N.G.)
| | - Alexsandr Grigorevich Gudkov
- RL Research Institute, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.G.); (V.Y.L.); (E.N.G.)
| | - Vitalij Yurievich Leushin
- RL Research Institute, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.G.); (V.Y.L.); (E.N.G.)
| | - Eugenia Nikolaevna Gorlacheva
- RL Research Institute, Bauman Moscow State Technical University, 105005 Moscow, Russia; (A.G.G.); (V.Y.L.); (E.N.G.)
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Gudkov AG, Leushin VY, Vesnin SG, Sidorov IA, Sedankin MK, Solov’ev YV, Agasieva SV, Chizhikov SV, Gorbachev DA, Vidyakin SI. Studies of a Microwave Radiometer Based on Integrated Circuits. BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10527-020-09954-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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