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Li Q, Luo S, Zhang L, Feng Q, Song L, Sapkota M, Xuan S, Wang Y, Zhao J, van der Knaap E, Chen X, Shen S. Molecular and genetic regulations of fleshy fruit shape and lessons from Arabidopsis and rice. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad108. [PMID: 37577396 PMCID: PMC10419822 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Fleshy fruit shape is an important external quality trait influencing the usage of fruits and consumer preference. Thus, modification of fruit shape has become one of the major objectives for crop improvement. However, the underlying mechanisms of fruit shape regulation are poorly understood. In this review we summarize recent progress in the genetic basis of fleshy fruit shape regulation using tomato, cucumber, and peach as examples. Comparative analyses suggest that the OFP-TRM (OVATE Family Protein - TONNEAU1 Recruiting Motif) and IQD (IQ67 domain) pathways are probably conserved in regulating fruit shape by primarily modulating cell division patterns across fleshy fruit species. Interestingly, cucumber homologs of FRUITFULL (FUL1), CRABS CLAW (CRC) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase 2 (ACS2) were found to regulate fruit elongation. We also outline the recent progress in fruit shape regulation mediated by OFP-TRM and IQD pathways in Arabidopsis and rice, and propose that the OFP-TRM pathway and IQD pathway coordinate regulate fruit shape through integration of phytohormones, including brassinosteroids, gibberellic acids, and auxin, and microtubule organization. In addition, functional redundancy and divergence of the members of each of the OFP, TRM, and IQD families are also shown. This review provides a general overview of current knowledge in fruit shape regulation and discusses the possible mechanisms that need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuangxia Luo
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Liying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Qian Feng
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Lijun Song
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Manoj Sapkota
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Shuxin Xuan
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Yanhua Wang
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Jianjun Zhao
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Esther van der Knaap
- Center for Applied Genetic Technologies, Institute for Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Xueping Chen
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
| | - Shuxing Shen
- College of Horticulture, State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Key Laboratory of Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Hebei, Collaborative Innovation Center of Vegetable Industry in Hebei, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071000, China
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Zhao Y, Mao W, Chen Y, Wang W, Dai Z, Dou Z, Zhang K, Wei L, Li T, Zeng B, Liu T, Fan Y, Yan J, Li B, Jia W. Optimization and standardization of transient expression assays for gene functional analyses in strawberry fruits. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2019; 6:53. [PMID: 31069083 PMCID: PMC6491593 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-019-0135-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strawberry is increasingly used as a model plant for research on fruit growth and development. The transient gene manipulation (TGM) technique is widely used to determine the function of plant genes, including those in strawberry fruits. However, its reliable application for the precise identification of gene function has been difficult owing to the lack of conditional optimization. In this study, we found that successful transient gene manipulation requires optimization, with the vector type, temperature, and fruit developmental stage being three major factors determining success. Notably, we found that transient gene manipulation was feasible only from the large green fruit stage onwards, making it especially suitable for identifying genes involved in strawberry fruit ripening. Furthermore, we established a method called percentage difference of phenotype (PDP), in which the functional effect of a gene could be precisely and efficiently identified in strawberry fruits. This method can be used to estimate the functional effect of a gene as a value from 0 to 100%, such that different genes can be quantitatively compared for their relative abilities to regulate fruit ripening. This study provides a useful tool for accelerating research on the molecular basis of strawberry fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Wenwen Mao
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Yating Chen
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Zhengrong Dai
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Zhechao Dou
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Lingzhi Wei
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Tianyu Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Baozhen Zeng
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Yijuan Fan
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Yan
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Bingbing Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
| | - Wensuo Jia
- College of Horticulture, China Agriculture University, Beijing, CN 100193 P.R. China
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Simonini S, Deb J, Moubayidin L, Stephenson P, Valluru M, Freire-Rios A, Sorefan K, Weijers D, Friml J, Østergaard L. A noncanonical auxin-sensing mechanism is required for organ morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 2017; 30:2286-2296. [PMID: 27898393 PMCID: PMC5110995 DOI: 10.1101/gad.285361.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Tissue patterning in multicellular organisms is the output of precise spatio-temporal regulation of gene expression coupled with changes in hormone dynamics. In plants, the hormone auxin regulates growth and development at every stage of a plant's life cycle. Auxin signaling occurs through binding of the auxin molecule to a TIR1/AFB F-box ubiquitin ligase, allowing interaction with Aux/IAA transcriptional repressor proteins. These are subsequently ubiquitinated and degraded via the 26S proteasome, leading to derepression of auxin response factors (ARFs). How auxin is able to elicit such a diverse range of developmental responses through a single signaling module has not yet been resolved. Here we present an alternative auxin-sensing mechanism in which the ARF ARF3/ETTIN controls gene expression through interactions with process-specific transcription factors. This noncanonical hormone-sensing mechanism exhibits strong preference for the naturally occurring auxin indole 3-acetic acid (IAA) and is important for coordinating growth and patterning in diverse developmental contexts such as gynoecium morphogenesis, lateral root emergence, ovule development, and primary branch formation. Disrupting this IAA-sensing ability induces morphological aberrations with consequences for plant fitness. Therefore, our findings introduce a novel transcription factor-based mechanism of hormone perception in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Simonini
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Joyita Deb
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Laila Moubayidin
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Pauline Stephenson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Valluru
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandra Freire-Rios
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Karim Sorefan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, 6703 HA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology (IST) Austria, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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Breuil-Broyer S, Trehin C, Morel P, Boltz V, Sun B, Chambrier P, Ito T, Negrutiu I. Analysis of the Arabidopsis superman allelic series and the interactions with other genes demonstrate developmental robustness and joint specification of male-female boundary, flower meristem termination and carpel compartmentalization. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2016; 117:905-23. [PMID: 27098089 PMCID: PMC4845806 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS SUPERMAN is a cadastral gene controlling the sexual boundary in the flower. The gene's functions and role in flower development and evolution have remained elusive. The analysis of a contrasting SUP allelic series (for which the names superman, superwoman and supersex have been coined) makes it possible to distinguish early vs. late regulatory processes at the flower meristem centre to which SUP is an important contributor. Their understanding is essential in further addressing evolutionary questions linking bisexuality and flower meristem homeostasis. METHODS Inter-allelic comparisons were carried out and SUP interactions with other boundary factors and flower meristem patterning and homeostasis regulators (such as CLV, WUS, PAN, CUC, KNU, AG, AP3/PI, CRC and SPT) have been evaluated at genetic, molecular, morphological and histological levels. KEY RESULTS Early SUP functions include mechanisms of male-female (sexual) boundary specification, flower mersitem termination and control of stamen number. A SUP-dependent flower meristem termination pathway is identified and analysed. Late SUP functions play a role in organ morphogenesis by controlling intra-whorl organ separation and carpel medial region formation. By integrating early and late SUP functions, and by analyzing in one single experiment a series of SUP genetic interactions, the concept of meristematic 'transference' (cascade) - a regulatory bridging process redundantly and sequentially co-ordinating the triggering and completion of flower meristem termination, and carpel margin meristem and placenta patterning - is proposed. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the results strongly support the view that SUP(-type) function(s) have been instrumental in resolving male/female gradients into sharp male and female identities (whorls, organs) and in enforcing flower homeostasis during evolution. This has probably been achieved by incorporating the meristem patterning system of the floral axis into the female/carpel programme.
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Key Words
- Arabidopsis
- SUPERMAN gene: superman, clark-kent/superwoman, supersex, AG, CLV, CRC, CUC2, KNU, PAN, SPT, WUS
- allelic series
- carpel
- evo-devo
- flower homeostasis
- flower meristem determinacy
- flower pattern
- meristematic ‘cascade’/transference
- pistillody/carpelloidy
- placenta
- stamen
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christophe Trehin
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Patrice Morel
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Véronique Boltz
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Bo Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China 210093 Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory 1 Research Link National University of Singapore Singapore 117604
| | - Pierre Chambrier
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
| | - Toshiro Ito
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory 1 Research Link National University of Singapore Singapore 117604 Nara Institute of Science and Technology 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Ioan Negrutiu
- Plant Reproduction and Development, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRS 69364, France
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