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Rodríguez VM, Velasco P, Cartea ME, Poveda J. Systemic biochemical changes in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) against Rhizoctonia solani by kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala L.) green manure application. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:515. [PMID: 37880578 PMCID: PMC10601221 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the search for new alternatives to avoid the problems associated with the use of synthetic chemical fungicides in agriculture, the use of green manure (GrM) could help combat fungal diseases of crops, such as those produced by the necrotrophic pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. In the case of the use of Brassica tissues as GrM, it could have an elicitor capacity for systemic plant resistance. RESULTS We used kale leaves as a GrM and applied it to pepper plants infected with R. solani. The application of freeze-dried kale tissues to the roots of pepper plants produced a systemic activation of foliar defences via the salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) pathways, significantly reducing pathogen damage. In addition, this systemic response led to the accumulation of secondary defence metabolites, such as pipecolic acid, hydroxycoumarin and gluconic acid, in leaves. Remarkably, pepper plants treated with lyophilised kale GrM accumulated glucosinolates when infected with R. solani. We also confirmed that autoclaving removed part of the glucobrassicin (85%) and sinigrin (19%) content of the kale tissues. CONCLUSIONS GrM kale tissues can activate systemic defences in bell pepper against foliar pathogens through SA/ET hormonal pathways, accumulating secondary defence metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain.
| | - María Elena Cartea
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas. Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, 36143, Spain
| | - Jorge Poveda
- Recognized Research Group AGROBIOTECH, Consolidated Research Unit 370 (JCyL), Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, Higher Technical School of Agricultural Engineering of Palencia, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management (iuFOR), University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 57, Palencia, 34004, Spain.
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Ma L, Tang Y, Zhang L, Jiang X. Green Manure Crops as Food Source: Impact on the Performance of the Migratory Beet Webworm, Loxostege sticticalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:693. [PMID: 37623403 PMCID: PMC10455599 DOI: 10.3390/insects14080693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
The application of green manure is crucial for achieving sustainable agriculture and animal husbandry, but pest management is often overlooked. Conducting a risk assessment for insect pests in green manure is essential. The beet webworm, Loxostege sticticalis, a polyphagous insect, is currently experiencing an outbreak in northern China, and represents a significant migratory pest. A two-sex life table and flight mill test approach was used to comprehensively evaluate the effects of three major legume green manure crops (Pisum sativam, Vicia sativa, and Vicia villosa) on the growth, development, fecundity, and flight ability of L. sticticalis in China. Our findings indicate that L. sticticalis cannot utilize V. villosa for generational development. L. sticticalis shows reduced performance on P. sativam and V. sativa compared to its suitable host Chenopodium album. However, both the population parameters (R0, r, λ, and T) and the population prediction results suggest that L. sticticalis can adapt to P. sativam and V. sativa. In the process of promoting green manure, careful consideration should be given to the selection of appropriate green manure varieties and the implementation of effective pest control measures during their planting. Our findings lay the groundwork for the promotion of green manure and implementation of an ecological management plan for L. sticticalis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Xingfu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100193, China; (L.M.); (Y.T.); (L.Z.)
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Greer SF, Surendran A, Grant M, Lillywhite R. The current status, challenges, and future perspectives for managing diseases of brassicas. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1209258. [PMID: 37533829 PMCID: PMC10392840 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1209258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Brassica genus comprises the greatest diversity of agriculturally important crops. Several species from this genus are grown as vegetable and oil crops for food, animal feed and industrial purposes. In particular, B. oleracea has been extensively bred to give rise to several familiar vegetables (cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, kale and Brussels Sprouts, etc.) that are grouped under seven major cultivars. In 2020, 96.4 million tonnes of vegetable brassicas were produced globally with a 10.6% increase over the past decade. Yet, like other crops, the production of brassicas is challenged by diseases among which, black rot, clubroot, downy mildew and turnip yellows virus have been identified by growers as the most damaging to UK production. In some cases, yield losses can reach 90% depending upon the geographic location of cultivation. This review aims to provide an overview of the key diseases of brassicas and their management practices, with respect to the biology and lifecycle of the causal pathogens. In addition, the existing controls on the market as well as those that are currently in the research and development phases were critically reviewed. There is not one specific control method that is effective against all the diseases. Generally, cultural practices prevent disease rather than reduce or eliminate disease. Chemical controls are limited, have broad-spectrum activity, are damaging to the environment and are rapidly becoming ineffective due to the evolution of resistance mechanisms by the pathogens. It is therefore important to develop integrated pest management (IPM) strategies that are tailored to geographic locations. Several knowledge gaps have been identified and listed in this review along with the future recommendations to control these four major diseases of brassicas. As such, this review paper will act as a guide to sustainably tackle pre-harvest diseases in Brassica crops to reduce food loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon F. Greer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Arthy Surendran
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Carbon, Crop and Soils Group, SRUC, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Lillywhite
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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Mehr-Un-Nisa, Shafiq F, Anwar S, Mahmood A, Iqbal M, Ullah K, Zulqarnain M, Haider I, Ashraf M, Zhang L. Physiological effects of some engineered nanomaterials on radish (Raphanus sativus L.) intercropped with pea (Pisum sativum L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:78353-78366. [PMID: 37268811 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intercropping leguminous plant species with non-legume crops could be an effective strategy to maintain soil fertility. Additionally, the application of nano-Zn and Fe in trace amounts can substantially improve the bioavailable fraction of Zn and Fe. We studied the effect of foliar application of some nanomaterials on the agronomic, physio-biochemical attributes under a radish/pea intercropping system. The radish and pea were sprayed with different nanomaterials (Zn-Fe nanocomposite, nZnO, and nanobiochar) at 0 and 50 mg L-1 concentrations. Results indicated that the growth parameters of radish were higher in intercropping than in monocropping, while pea growth was inhibited in intercropping compared with monocropping. The shoot and root length, fresh weight, and dry matter of radish were increased by 28-50%, 60-70%, and 50-56% by intercropping than monocropping. Foliar spray of nano-materials further increased the growth traits of intercropped radish, such as shoot and root length, fresh weight, and dry matter, by 7-8%, 27-41%, and 50-60%, respectively. Similarly, pigments such as chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids and the concentration of free amino acids, soluble sugars, flavonoids, and phenolics were differentially affected by intercropping and nanomaterials. The yield of the non-legume crop was increased by intercropping, whereas the legume crop exhibited significant growth inhibition due to competitive interactions. In conclusion, both intercropping and foliar spray of nanomaterials could be used as a combined approach to benefit plant growth and enhance the bioavailable Fe and Zn fractions of both crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehr-Un-Nisa
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Shafiq
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Botany, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumera Anwar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan.
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan.
| | - Arslan Mahmood
- Department of Physics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Botany, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - Kaleem Ullah
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zulqarnain
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Haider
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Lixin Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest Agricultural and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, People's Republic of China
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Zhou D, Abdelrahman M, Zhang X, Yang S, Yuan J, An Z, Niu K, Gao Y, Li J, Wang B, Zhou G, Yang L, Hua G. Milk Production Responses and Digestibility of Dairy Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis) Partially Supplemented with Forage Rape ( Brassica napus) Silage Replacing Corn Silage. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102931. [PMID: 34679952 PMCID: PMC8532855 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary To develop alternative silage resources, we employed buffaloes as an animal model to evaluate the possibility and effects of forage rape silage in the dairy buffalo diet. We comprehensively assessed the nutrition value of forage rape silage by the apparent total-tract digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, blood metabolism and milk composition of lactating buffaloes. Our current results showed that the inclusion of forage rape silage in diets improved the milk quality, such as milk protein, milk fat, and total solid percentage. Furthermore, partial supplementation of forage rape silage also promotes buffaloes’ dry matter intake. These may be related to the favorable physiological and metabolic changes induced by the forage rape silage. Thus, our current data show the applicability of forage rape silage as a good feed resource for ruminants. Abstract Worldwide, silage is considered the main component in dairy animal diets; however, this portion is mainly dominated by corn silage, which raises availability challenges in some agricultural production systems. The present study evaluated a partial replacement of corn silage with forage rape silage (FRS) and its effect on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation, milk production, and blood metabolites in buffalo. Thirty-six lactating buffaloes were randomly assigned to four different groups, according to supplementation of FRS (only corn silage, FRS0) or with 15% (FRS15), 25% (FRS25), and 35% (FRS35) of forage rape silage instead of corn silage. The results showed that, compared to corn silage, forage rape silage has a lower carbohydrate but a higher protein concentration. The buffalo intake of dry matter and organic matter were improved linearly with the FRS increasing in the diet. The apparent total-tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, organic matter, nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber also increased by the FRS supplementation compared with FRS0. Conversely, FRS supplementation decreased the propionic, butyric, and valeric acid contents and increased the acetic:propionic ratio and microbial protein content. Furthermore, FRS inclusion led to a significantly higher milk urea and non-fat milk solid content, higher blood glucose, total globulins, blood urea nitrogen, and lower blood high-density lipoprotein. These results suggested that FRS has high a nutritional value and digestibility, is a good feed resource, and showed favorable effects when supplemented with dairy buffalo ration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.Z.); (M.A.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.Y.); (Z.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Mohamed Abdelrahman
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.Z.); (M.A.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.Y.); (Z.A.); (K.N.)
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assuit University, Asyut 71515, Egypt
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.Z.); (M.A.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.Y.); (Z.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Shuai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.Z.); (M.A.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.Y.); (Z.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.Z.); (M.A.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.Y.); (Z.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Zhigao An
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.Z.); (M.A.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.Y.); (Z.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Kaifeng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.Z.); (M.A.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.Y.); (Z.A.); (K.N.)
| | - Yanxia Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianguo Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (Y.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming System in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (B.W.); (G.Z.)
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.Z.); (M.A.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.Y.); (Z.A.); (K.N.)
- Hubei Province Buffalo Engineering Center, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (G.H.); Tel.: +86-138-7105-6592 (L.Y.); +86-136-3860-4846 (G.H.)
| | - Guohua Hua
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (D.Z.); (M.A.); (X.Z.); (S.Y.); (J.Y.); (Z.A.); (K.N.)
- Hubei Province Buffalo Engineering Center, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: (L.Y.); (G.H.); Tel.: +86-138-7105-6592 (L.Y.); +86-136-3860-4846 (G.H.)
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Sun X. Invited Review: Glucosinolates Might Result in Low Methane Emissions From Ruminants Fed Brassica Forages. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:588051. [PMID: 33195622 PMCID: PMC7581797 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.588051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane is formed from the microbial degradation of feeds in the digestive tract in ruminants. Methane emissions from ruminants not only result in a loss of feed energy but also contribute to global warming. Previous studies showed that brassica forages, such as forage rape, lead to less methane emitted per unit of dry matter intake than grass-based forages. Differences in rumen pH are proposed to partly explain these low emissions. Rumen microbial community differences are also observed, but the causes of these are unknown, although altered digesta flow has been proposed. This paper proposes a new mechanism underlying the lower methane emissions from sheep fed brassica forages. It is reported that feeding brassica forages to sheep can increase the concentration of free triiodothyronine (FT3) in serum, while the intramuscular injection of FT3 into sheep can reduce the mean retention time of digesta in the rumen. The short retention time of digesta is associated with low methane production. Glucosinolates (GSLs) are chemical components widely present in plants of the genus Brassica. After ruminants consume brassica forages, GSLs are broken down in the rumen. We hypothesize that GSLs or their breakdown products are absorbed into the blood and then may stimulate the secretion of thyroid hormone FT3 in ruminants, and the altered thyroid hormone concentration may change rumen physiology. As a consequence, the mean retention time of digesta in the rumen would be altered, resulting in a decrease in methane emissions. This hypothesis on mitigation mechanism is based on the manipulation of animal physiological parameters, which, if proven, will then support the expansion of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhao Sun
- The Innovation Center of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin City, China
- Jilin Inter-regional Cooperation Center for the Scientific and Technological Innovation of Ruminant Precision Nutrition and Smart and Ecological Farming, Jilin City, China
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Fatima U, Bhorali P, Borah S, Senthil-Kumar M. Perspectives on the utilization of resistance mechanisms from host and nonhost plants for durable protection of Brassica crops against Alternaria blight. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7486. [PMID: 31579565 PMCID: PMC6766370 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alternaria brassicae, the causal organism of Alternaria blight, is a necrotroph infecting crops of the Brassicaceae family at all growth stages. To circumvent this problem, several disease management strategies are being used in the field, and disease-resistant varieties have also been developed. However, no strategy has proven completely successful, owing to the high variability in virulence among A. brassicae isolates, which causes a diverse spectrum of symptoms. Nonhost resistance (NHR) is a robust and broad-spectrum defense mechanism available in plants, and the exploitation of gene pools from plant species that are nonhost to A. brassicae could serve as novel sources of resistance. METHODOLOGY We searched the literature using key words relevant to this study in various search engines, such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as certain journal websites. The literature was retrieved, sorted, and mined to extract data pertinent to the present review. RESULTS In this review, we have comprehensively covered the recent progress made in developing Alternaria blight resistance in Brassica crops by exploiting host germplasm. We also enumerate the potential NHR sources available for A. brassicae and the NHR layers possibly operating against this pathogen. In addition, we propose different strategies for identifying NHR-related genes from nonhost plants and testing their relevance in imparting broad-spectrum resistance when transferred to host plants. CONCLUSION This review will help broaden the current knowledge base pertaining to the resistance sources available in host germplasm, the exploitation of NHR mechanisms, and their applications in protecting Brassica crops from Alternaria blight. The insights might also be applicable to a wider repertoire of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urooj Fatima
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Priyadarshini Bhorali
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - Sudarshana Borah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
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