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Liu X, Wang S, Tang H, Li M, Gao P, Peng X, Chen M. Uridine Diphosphate-Glycosyltransferase RpUGT344D38 Contributes to λ-Cyhalothrin Resistance in Rhopalosiphum padi. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:5165-5175. [PMID: 38437009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Uridine diphosphate-glycosyltransferase (UGT) is a key phase II enzyme in the insect detoxification system. Pyrethroids are commonly used to control the destructive wheat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. In this study, we found a highly expressed UGT gene, RpUGT344D38, in both λ-cyhalothrin (LCR)- and bifenthrin (BTR)-resistant strains of R. padi. After exposure to λ-cyhalothrin and bifenthrin, the expression levels of RpUGT344D38 were significantly increased in the resistant strains. Knockdown of RpUGT344D38 did not affect the resistance of BTR, but it did significantly increase the susceptibility of LCR aphids to λ-cyhalothrin. Molecular docking analysis demonstrated that RpUGT344D38 had a stable binding interaction with both bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin. The recombinant RpUGT344D38 was able to metabolize 50% of λ-cyhalothrin. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the role of RpUGT344D38 in the resistance of R. padi to bifenthrin and λ-cyhalothrin, contributing to a better understanding of aphid resistance to pyrethroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Suji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongcheng Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengtian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ping Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Maohua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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2
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Integration of Electrical Signals and Phytohormones in the Control of Systemic Response. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24010847. [PMID: 36614284 PMCID: PMC9821543 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are constantly exposed to environmental stresses. Local stimuli sensed by one part of a plant are translated into long-distance signals that can influence the activities in distant tissues. Changes in levels of phytohormones in distant parts of the plant occur in response to various local stimuli. The regulation of hormone levels can be mediated by long-distance electrical signals, which are also induced by local stimulation. We consider the crosstalk between electrical signals and phytohormones and identify interaction points, as well as provide insights into the integration nodes that involve changes in pH, Ca2+ and ROS levels. This review also provides an overview of our current knowledge of how electrical signals and hormones work together to induce a systemic response.
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Noll GA, Furch ACU, Rose J, Visser F, Prüfer D. Guardians of the phloem - forisomes and beyond. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1245-1260. [PMID: 36089886 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The phloem is a highly specialized vascular tissue that forms a fundamentally important transport and signaling pathway in plants. It is therefore a system worth protecting. The main function of the phloem is to transport the products of photosynthesis throughout the whole plant, but it also transports soluble signaling molecules and propagates electrophysiological signals. The phloem is constantly threatened by mechanical injuries, phloem-sucking pests and parasites, and the spread of pathogens, which has led to the evolution of efficient defense mechanisms. One such mechanism involves structural phloem proteins, which are thought to facilitate sieve element occlusion following injury and to defend the plant against pathogens. In leguminous plants, specialized structural phloem proteins known as forisomes form unique mechanoproteins via sophisticated molecular interaction and assembly mechanisms, thus enabling reversible sieve element occlusion. By understanding the structure and function of forisomes and other structural phloem proteins, we can develop a toolbox for biotechnological applications in material science and medicine. Furthermore, understanding the involvement of structural phloem proteins in plant defense mechanisms will allow phloem engineering as a new strategy for the development of crop varieties that are resistant to pests, pathogens and parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gundula A Noll
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Matthias Schleiden Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Judith Rose
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Franziska Visser
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
| | - Dirk Prüfer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schlossplatz 8, 48143, Muenster, Germany
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4
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Mishchenko L, Nazarov T, Dunich A, Mishchenko I, Ryshchakova O, Motsnyi I, Dashchenko A, Bezkrovna L, Fanin Y, Molodchenkova O, Smertenko A. Impact of Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus on Peroxisome Proliferation, Redox Reactions, and Resistance Responses in Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910218. [PMID: 34638559 PMCID: PMC8508189 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Although peroxisomes play an essential role in viral pathogenesis, and viruses are known to change peroxisome morphology, the role of genotype in the peroxisomal response to viruses remains poorly understood. Here, we analyzed the impact of wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) on the peroxisome proliferation in the context of pathogen response, redox homeostasis, and yield in two wheat cultivars, Patras and Pamir, in the field trials. We observed greater virus content and yield losses in Pamir than in Patras. Leaf chlorophyll and protein content measured at the beginning of flowering were also more sensitive to WSMV infection in Pamir. Patras responded to the WSMV infection by transcriptional up-regulation of the peroxisome fission genes PEROXIN 11C (PEX11C), DYNAMIN RELATED PROTEIN 5B (DRP5B), and FISSION1A (FIS1A), greater peroxisome abundance, and activation of pathogenesis-related proteins chitinase, and β-1,3-glucanase. Oppositely, in Pamir, WMSV infection suppressed transcription of peroxisome biogenesis genes and activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase, and did not affect peroxisome abundance. Activity of ROS scavenging enzymes was higher in Patras than in Pamir. Thus, the impact of WMSV on peroxisome proliferation is genotype-specific and peroxisome abundance can be used as a proxy for the magnitude of plant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya Mishchenko
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Educational and Scientific Center, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (O.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +38-097-917-80-51 (L.M.); +38-067-557-73-20 (O.M.); +1-509-335-5795 (A.S.)
| | - Taras Nazarov
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 991641, USA;
| | - Alina Dunich
- Institute of Biology and Medicine, Educational and Scientific Center, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 01601 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Ivan Mishchenko
- Faculty of Agricultural Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (I.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Olga Ryshchakova
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
| | - Ivan Motsnyi
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
| | - Anna Dashchenko
- Faculty of Agricultural Management, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, 15 Heroyiv Oborony, 03041 Kyiv, Ukraine; (I.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Lidiya Bezkrovna
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
| | - Yaroslav Fanin
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
| | - Olga Molodchenkova
- Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, National Center of Seed and Cultivar Investigation, Plant Breeding & Genetics Institute, 65036 Odessa, Ukraine; (O.R.); (I.M.); (L.B.); (Y.F.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (O.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +38-097-917-80-51 (L.M.); +38-067-557-73-20 (O.M.); +1-509-335-5795 (A.S.)
| | - Andrei Smertenko
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 991641, USA;
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (O.M.); (A.S.); Tel.: +38-097-917-80-51 (L.M.); +38-067-557-73-20 (O.M.); +1-509-335-5795 (A.S.)
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5
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Asudi GO, Omenge KM, Paulmann MK, Reichelt M, Grabe V, Mithöfer A, Oelmüller R, Furch ACU. The Physiological and Biochemical Effects on Napier Grass Plants Following Napier Grass Stunt Phytoplasma Infection. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:703-712. [PMID: 32997606 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-08-20-0357-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Napier grass stunt (NGS) phytoplasma, a phloem-limited bacterium, infects Napier grass leading to severe yield losses in East Africa. The infected plants are strongly inhibited in growth and biomass production. In this study, phytoplasma-induced morphological changes of the vascular system and physiological changes were analyzed and compared with uninfected plants. The study showed that the phytoplasmas are more abundant in source leaves and range from 103 bacteria/μg total DNA in infected roots to 106 in mature Napier grass leaves. Using microscopical, biochemical, and physiological tools, we demonstrated that the ultrastructure of the phloem and sieve elements is severely altered in the infected plants, which results in the reduction of both the mass flow and the translocation of photoassimilates in the infected leaves. The reduced transport rate inhibits the photochemistry of photosystem II in the infected plants, which is accompanied by loss of chloroplastic pigments in response to the phytoplasma infection stress eventually resulting in yellowing of diseased plants. The phytoplasma infection stress also causes imbalances in the levels of defense-related antioxidants, glutathione, ascorbic acid, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and-in particular-hydrogen peroxide. This study shows that the infection of NGS phytoplasma in the phloem of Napier grass has an impact on the primary metabolism and activates a ROS-dependent defense response.
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Affiliation(s)
- George O Asudi
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Keziah M Omenge
- Department of Genetics, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria K Paulmann
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Veit Grabe
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Mithöfer
- Research Group Plant Defense Physiology, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra C U Furch
- Department of Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
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6
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Marwal A, Gaur RK. Host Plant Strategies to Combat Against Viruses Effector Proteins. Curr Genomics 2020; 21:401-410. [PMID: 33093803 PMCID: PMC7536791 DOI: 10.2174/1389202921999200712135131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate parasites that exist in an inactive state until they enter the host body. Upon entry, viruses become active and start replicating by using the host cell machinery. All plant viruses can augment their transmission, thus powering their detrimental effects on the host plant. To diminish infection and diseases caused by viruses, the plant has a defence mechanism known as pathogenesis-related biochemicals, which are metabolites and proteins. Proteins that ultimately prevent pathogenic diseases are called R proteins. Several plant R genes (that confirm resistance) and avirulence protein (Avr) (pathogen Avr gene-encoded proteins [effector/elicitor proteins involved in pathogenicity]) molecules have been identified. The recognition of such a factor results in the plant defence mechanism. During plant viral infection, the replication and expression of a viral molecule lead to a series of a hypersensitive response (HR) and affect the host plant's immunity (pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity and effector-triggered immunity). Avr protein renders the host RNA silencing mechanism and its innate immunity, chiefly known as silencing suppressors towards the plant defensive machinery. This is a strong reply to the plant defensive machinery by harmful plant viruses. In this review, we describe the plant pathogen resistance protein and how these proteins regulate host immunity during plant-virus interactions. Furthermore, we have discussed regarding ribosome-inactivating proteins, ubiquitin proteasome system, translation repression (nuclear shuttle protein interacting kinase 1), DNA methylation, dominant resistance genes, and autophagy-mediated protein degradation, which are crucial in antiviral defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash Marwal
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Vigyan Bhawan - Block B, New Campus, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan - 313001, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh - 273009, India
| | - Rajarshi Kumar Gaur
- 1Department of Biotechnology, Vigyan Bhawan - Block B, New Campus, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan - 313001, India; 2Department of Biotechnology, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh - 273009, India
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7
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Yao L, Yang B, Ma X, Wang S, Guan Z, Wang B, Jiang Y. A Genome-Wide View of Transcriptional Responses during Aphis glycines Infestation in Soybean. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5191. [PMID: 32707968 PMCID: PMC7432633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean aphid (Aphis glycines Matsumura) is one of the major limiting factors in soybean production. The mechanism of aphid resistance in soybean remains enigmatic as little information is available about the different mechanisms of antibiosis and antixenosis. Here, we used genome-wide gene expression profiling of aphid susceptible, antibiotic, and antixenotic genotypes to investigate the underlying aphid-plant interaction mechanisms. The high expression correlation between infested and non-infested genotypes indicated that the response to aphid was controlled by a small subset of genes. Plant response to aphid infestation was faster in antibiotic genotype and the interaction in antixenotic genotype was moderation. The expression patterns of transcription factor genes in susceptible and antixenotic genotypes clustered together and were distant from those of antibiotic genotypes. Among them APETALA 2/ethylene response factors (AP2/ERF), v-myb avian myeloblastosis viral oncogene homolog (MYB), and the transcription factor contained conserved WRKYGQK domain (WRKY) were proposed to play dominant roles. The jasmonic acid-responsive pathway was dominant in aphid-soybean interaction, and salicylic acid pathway played an important role in antibiotic genotype. Callose deposition was more rapid and efficient in antibiotic genotype, while reactive oxygen species were not involved in the response to aphid attack in resistant genotypes. Our study helps to uncover important genes associated with aphid-attack response in soybean genotypes expressing antibiosis and antixenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Yao
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Biyun Yang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Y.); (S.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Xiaohong Ma
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Shuangshuang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Y.); (S.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Zhe Guan
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Y.); (S.W.); (Z.G.)
| | - Biao Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (L.Y.); (X.M.)
| | - Yina Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; (B.Y.); (S.W.); (Z.G.)
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Gietler M, Fidler J, Labudda M, Nykiel M. Abscisic Acid-Enemy or Savior in the Response of Cereals to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4607. [PMID: 32610484 PMCID: PMC7369871 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is well-known phytohormone involved in the control of plant natural developmental processes, as well as the stress response. Although in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) its role in mechanism of the tolerance to most common abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, or extreme temperatures seems to be fairly well recognized, not many authors considered that changes in ABA content may also influence the sensitivity of cereals to adverse environmental factors, e.g., by accelerating senescence, lowering pollen fertility, and inducing seed dormancy. Moreover, recently, ABA has also been regarded as an element of the biotic stress response; however, its role is still highly unclear. Many studies connect the susceptibility to various diseases with increased concentration of this phytohormone. Therefore, in contrast to the original assumptions, the role of ABA in response to biotic and abiotic stress does not always have to be associated with survival mechanisms; on the contrary, in some cases, abscisic acid can be one of the factors that increases the susceptibility of plants to adverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Gietler
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland; (J.F.); (M.L.); (M.N.)
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Kappagantu M, Collum TD, Dardick C, Culver JN. Viral Hacks of the Plant Vasculature: The Role of Phloem Alterations in Systemic Virus Infection. Annu Rev Virol 2020; 7:351-370. [PMID: 32453971 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-virology-010320-072410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
For plant viruses, the ability to load into the vascular phloem and spread systemically within a host is an essential step in establishing a successful infection. However, access to the vascular phloem is highly regulated, representing a significant obstacle to virus loading, movement, and subsequent unloading into distal uninfected tissues. Recent studies indicate that during virus infection, phloem tissues are a source of significant transcriptional and translational alterations, with the number of virus-induced differentially expressed genes being four- to sixfold greater in phloem tissues than in surrounding nonphloem tissues. In addition, viruses target phloem-specific components as a means to promote their own systemic movement and disrupt host defense processes. Combined, these studies provide evidence that the vascular phloem plays a significant role in the mediation and control of host responses during infection and as such is a site of considerable modulation by the infecting virus. This review outlines the phloem responses and directed reprograming mechanisms that viruses employ to promote their movement through the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kappagantu
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA;
| | - Tamara D Collum
- Foreign Disease-Weed Science Research Unit, US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Christopher Dardick
- Appalachian Fruit Research Station, US Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, USA
| | - James N Culver
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA; .,Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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10
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Measurement of Electropotential Waves in Intact Sieve Elements Using Aphids as Bioelectrodes. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31197816 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9562-2_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Electropotential waves (EPWs) are thought to transmit sudden and profound physiological changes between plant organs. The recording of EPWs can be performed via extracellular or intracellular probes. Both approaches have advantages and disadvantages. Since the phloem is responsible for long distance transport of the most forms of EPWs, the direct measurement in sieve elements is preferable. The conductance using glass microelectrodes inserted into free lying sieve elements is described in Chapter 34 . In this chapter the measurement of EPWs by using aphids as bioelectrodes is described in detail.The electrical penetration graph technique (EPG) takes advantage of the flexible mouthparts (stylet) of aphids, which specifically penetrate into sieve elements. The use of aphids as bioelectrodes enables multiple electrode recordings and long-distance observations of EPWs. Importantly, this method allows for noninvasive, intracellular measurements.
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11
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Sukhov V, Sukhova E, Gromova E, Surova L, Nerush V, Vodeneev V. The electrical signal-induced systemic photosynthetic response is accompanied by changes in the photochemical reflectance index in pea. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:328-338. [PMID: 32172742 DOI: 10.1071/fp18224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants can be affected by numerous environmental stressors with spatially heterogeneous actions on their bodies. A fast systemic photosynthetic response, which is connected with long-distance electrical signalling, plays an important role in the adaptation of higher plants to the action of stressors. Potentially, measurement of the response by using a photochemical reflectance index (PRI) could be the basis of monitoring photosynthesis under spatially heterogeneous stressors; however, the method has not been previously used for investigating the systemic photosynthetic response. We investigated changes in PRI and photosynthetic parameters (quantum yields of PSI and PSII and nonphotochemical quenching) in intact leaves of pea (Pisum sativum L.) after local heating of another leaf and the propagation of electrical signals through the plant body. We showed that electrical signals decreased the quantum yields of PSI and PSII and increased the nonphotochemical quenching of intact leaves in times ranging from minutes to tens of minutes; the changes were strongly connected with changes in PRI. Additional analysis showed that changes in PRI were caused by an increase of the energy-dependent quenching induced by electrical signals. Thus PRI can be potentially used for monitoring the systemic photosynthetic response connected with long-distance electrical signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Sukhov
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Sukhova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Gromova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Lyubov Surova
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir Nerush
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
| | - Vladimir Vodeneev
- Department of Biophysics, N.I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, 603950, Russia
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