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Das Laha S, Kundu A, Podder S. Impact of biotic stresses on the Brassicaceae family and opportunities for crop improvement by exploiting genotyping traits. PLANTA 2024; 259:97. [PMID: 38520529 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-024-04379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Utilizing RNAi, miRNA, siRNA, lncRNA and exploiting genotyping traits can help safeguard the food supply from illnesses and pest damage to Brassicas, as well as reduce yield losses caused by plant pathogens and insect pests. In the natural environment, plants face significant challenges in the form of biotic stress, due to various living organisms, leading to biological stress and a sharp decline in crop yields. To cope with these effects, plants have evolved specialized mechanisms to mitigate these challenges. Plant stress tolerance and resistance are influenced by genes associated with stress-responsive pathogens that interact with various stress-related signaling pathway components. Plants employ diverse strategies and mechanisms to combat biological stress, involving a complex network of transcription factors that interact with specific cis-elements to regulate gene expression. Understanding both plant developmental and pathogenic disease resistance mechanisms can allow us to develop stress-tolerant and -resistant crops. Brassica genus includes commercially important crops, e.g., broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, and rapeseed, cultivated worldwide, with several applications, e.g., oil production, consumption, condiments, fodder, as well as medicinal ones. Indeed, in 2020, global production of vegetable Brassica reached 96.4 million tones, a 10.6% rise from the previous decade. Taking into account their commercial importance, coupled to the impact that pathogens can have in Brassica productivity, yield losses up to 60%, this work complies the major diseases caused due to fungal, bacterial, viral, and insects in Brassica species. The review is structured into three parts. In the first part, an overview is provided of the various pathogens affecting Brassica species, including fungi, bacteria, viruses, and insects. The second part delves into the exploration of defense mechanisms that Brassica plants encounter against these pathogens including secondary metabolites, duplicated genes, RNA interference (RNAi), miRNA (micro-RNA), siRNA (small interfering RNA), and lncRNA (long non-coding RNA). The final part comprehensively outlines the current applications of CRISPR/Cas9 technology aimed at enhancing crop quality. Taken collectively, this review will contribute to our enhanced understanding of these mechanisms and their role in the development of resistance in Brassica plants, thus supporting strategies to protect this crucial crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shayani Das Laha
- Computational and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Avijit Kundu
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Soumita Podder
- Computational and Systems Biology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Raiganj University, Raiganj, West Bengal, India.
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Hanuš L, Naor T, Gloriozova T, Dembitsky VM. Natural isothiocyanates of the genus Capparis as potential agonists of apoptosis and antitumor drugs. World J Pharmacol 2023; 12:35-52. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v12.i4.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis, we examined the composition of volatile components present in the yellow and green fruits, seeds, and jam of the scrambling shrub Capparis cartilaginea (C. cartilaginea). These plant samples were collected from Kibbutz Yotvata in Israel. In all the tested samples, isothiocyanates were identified. Utilizing the PASS program, we ascertained the biological activity of these isothiocyanates present in the Capparis genus. The study results highlighted that all isothiocyanates could potentially act as apoptosis agonists, making them strong candidates for antitumor drugs. This information holds significant value for the fields of medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, and practical medicine.
AIM To investigate the volatile components present in the yellow and green fruits, seeds, and jam of the C. cartilaginea shrub using GC/MS analysis, to detect isothiocyanates in all the analyzed plant samples, and to assess the biological activity of these isothiocyanates utilizing the PASS program.
METHODS We utilized two primary methods to analyze the volatile compounds present in the yellow and green fruits, seeds, and jams of the C. cartilaginea, native to Israel. We identified biologically active isothiocyanates in these samples. Their anticipated biological activities were determined using the PASS program, with the most dominant activities being apoptosis agonist, anticarcinogenic, and antineoplastic specifically for genitourinary cancer.
RESULTS Fruits, seeds, and jams containing isothiocyanates, which exhibit antineoplastic and anticarcinogenic activities, could be suggested for cancer prevention and management. Specific isothiocyanates, with therapeutic potential in this realm, could be recommended as potent anticancer agents in practical medicine following clinical trials.
CONCLUSION The discovery that isothiocyanates exhibit potent antineoplastic and anticarcinogenic activities was unexpected. Additionally, certain isothiocyanates demonstrated antifungal, antiviral (specifically against arbovirus), and antiparasitic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumír Hanuš
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Ein Kerem Campus, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Tuvia Naor
- Food Chemistry, Kibbutz, Yotvata 8882000, Israel
| | - Tatyana Gloriozova
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Valery M Dembitsky
- Centre for Applied Research and Innovation, Lethbridge College, Lethbridge AB T1K 1L6, Canada
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Jorrin-Novo JV, Aroca R, Rey MD, Truniger V, Martínez-Gómez P. State-of-the-Art Molecular Plant Biology Research in Spain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16557. [PMID: 38068878 PMCID: PMC10706402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular plant biology is the study of the molecular basis of plant life [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús V. Jorrin-Novo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba (UCO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional A3 (CeiA3), E-14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.V.J.-N.); (M.-D.R.)
| | - Ricardo Aroca
- Department of Soil and Plant Microbiology and Symbiotic Systems, EEZ-CSIC (Estación Experimental del Zaidin-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), E-18100 Granada, Spain;
| | - María-Dolores Rey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba (UCO), Campus de Excelencia Internacional A3 (CeiA3), E-14014 Cordoba, Spain; (J.V.J.-N.); (M.-D.R.)
| | - Verónica Truniger
- Department of Stress Biology and Pathology, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Pedro Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC (Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas), Campus Universitario Espinardo, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Hasan M, Hossain M, Jiang D. New endophytic strains of Trichoderma promote growth and reduce clubroot severity of rapeseed (Brassica napus). PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287899. [PMID: 37906546 PMCID: PMC10617699 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is the world's third most important edible oilseed crop after soybean and palm. The clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae poses a significant risk and causes substantial yield losses in rapeseed. In this study, 13 endophytic fungal strains were isolated from the healthy roots of rapeseed (B. napus) grown in a clubroot-infested field and molecularly identified. Based on germination inhibition of resting spores of P. brassicae, two endophytic fungal antagonists, Trichoderma spp. ReTk1 and ReTv2 were selected to evaluate their potential for plant growth promotion and biocontrol of P. brassicae. The Trichoderma isolates were applied as a soil drench (1×107 spore/g soil) to a planting mix and field soil, in which plants were grown under non-infested and P. brassicae-infested (2×106 spore/g soil) conditions. The endophytic fungi were able to promote plant growth, significantly increasing shoot and root length, leaf diameter, and biomass production (shoots and root weight) both in the absence or presence of P. brassicae. The single and dual treatments with the endophytes were equally effective in significantly decreasing the root-hair infection, root index, and clubroot severity index. Both ReTk1 and ReTv2 inhibited the germination of resting spores of P. brassicae in root exudates. Moreover, the endophytic fungi colonized the roots of rapeseed extensively and possibly induced host resistance by up-regulated expression of defense-related genes involved in jasmonate (BnOPR2), ethylene (BnACO and BnSAM3), phenylpropanoid (BnOPCL and BnCCR), auxin (BnAAO1) and salicylic acid (BnPR2) pathways. Based on these findings, it is evident that the rapeseed root endophytes Trichoderma spp. ReTk1 and ReTv2 could suppress the gall formation on rapeseed roots via antibiosis, induced systemic resistance (ISR), and/or systemic acquired resistance (SAR). According to our knowledge, this is the first report of the endophytic Trichoderma spp. isolated from root tissues of healthy rapeseed plants (B. napus.), promoting plant growth and reducing clubroot severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmodol Hasan
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Agronomy and Agricultural Extension, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Motaher Hossain
- Department of Plant Pathology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh
| | - Daohong Jiang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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Gu K, Chen CY, Selvaraj P, Pavagadhi S, Yeap YT, Swarup S, Zheng W, Naqvi NI. Penicillium citrinum Provides Transkingdom Growth Benefits in Choy Sum (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9040420. [PMID: 37108875 PMCID: PMC10143594 DOI: 10.3390/jof9040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil-borne beneficial microbes establish symbioses with plant hosts and play key roles during growth and development therein. In this study, two fungal strains, FLP7 and B9, were isolated from the rhizosphere microbiome associated with Choy Sum (Brassica rapa var. parachinensis) and barley (Hordeum vulgare), respectively. Sequence analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and 18S ribosomal RNA genes combined with colony and conidial morphology identified FLP7 and B9 to be Penicillium citrinum strains/isolates. Plant–fungus interaction assays revealed that isolate B9 showed significant growth promotion effects in Choy Sum plants cultivated in normal soil, as well as under phosphate-limiting conditions. In comparison to the mock control, B9-inoculated plants showed a 34% increase in growth in aerial parts and an 85% upsurge in the fresh weight of roots when cultivated in sterilized soil. The dry biomass of such fungus-inoculated Choy Sum increased by 39% and 74% for the shoots and roots, respectively. Root colonization assays showed that P. citrinum associates directly with the root surface but does not enter or invade the root cortex of the inoculated Choy Sum plants. Preliminary results also indicated that P. citrinum can promote growth in Choy Sum via volatile metabolites too. Interestingly, we detected relatively higher amounts of gibberellins and cytokinins in axenic P. citrinum culture filtrates through liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry analyses. This could plausibly explain the overall growth induction in P. citrinum-inoculated Choy Sum plants. Furthermore, the phenotypic growth defects associated with the Arabidopsis ga1 mutant could be chemically complemented by the exogenous application of P. citrinum culture filtrate, which also showed accumulation of fungus-derived active gibberellins. Our study underscores the importance of transkingdom beneficial effects of such mycobiome-assisted nutrient assimilation and beneficial fungus-derived phytohormone-like metabolites in the induction of robust growth in urban farmed crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Gu
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore 738964, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Yen Chen
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | | | - Shruti Pavagadhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Yoon Ting Yeap
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
| | - Sanjay Swarup
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Singapore 637551, Singapore
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Naweed I. Naqvi
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117558, Singapore
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Mourou M, Raimondo ML, Lops F, Carlucci A. Brassicaceae Fungi and Chromista Diseases: Molecular Detection and Host–Plant Interaction. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1033. [PMID: 36903895 PMCID: PMC10005080 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Brassicaceae plants cover a large number of species with great economic and nutritional importance around the world. The production of Brassica spp. is limited due to phytopathogenic fungal species causing enormous yield losses. In this scenario, precise and rapid detection and identification of plant-infecting fungi are essential to facilitate the effective management of diseases. DNA-based molecular methods have become popular methods for accurate plant disease diagnostics and have been used to detect Brassicaceae fungal pathogens. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays including nested, multiplex, quantitative post, and isothermal amplification methods represent a powerful weapon for early detection of fungal pathogens and preventively counteract diseases on brassicas with the aim to drastically reduce the fungicides as inputs. It is noteworthy also that Brassicaceae plants can establish a wide variety of relationships with fungi, ranging from harmful interactions with pathogens to beneficial associations with endophytic fungi. Thus, understanding host and pathogen interaction in brassica crops prompts better disease management. The present review reports the main fungal diseases of Brassicaceae, molecular methods used for their detection, review studies on the interaction between fungi and brassicas plants, and the various mechanisms involved including the application of omics technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Mourou
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonia Carlucci
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Food, Natural Resources and Engineering, University of Foggia, Via Napoli 25, 71122 Foggia, Italy
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Key insights into secondary metabolites from various Chaetomium species. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:1077-1093. [PMID: 36648526 PMCID: PMC9843691 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12365-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have proved to be a major source of secondary metabolites, wherein the genus Chaetomium has emerged as a source of multifarious bioactive natural compounds belonging to diverse classes such as chaetoglobosins, epipolythiodioxopiperazines, azaphilones, xanthones, anthraquinone, chromones, depsidones, terpenoids, and steroids. The objective of this review is to encapsulate recent findings on various Chaetomium strains, such as C. globosum, C. cupreum, C. elatum, C. subspirale, C. olivaceum, C. indicum, and C. nigricolor known for production of beneficial secondary metabolites, with an insight into their origin and function. A thorough literature survey was conducted for obtaining Chaetomium-derived secondary metabolites, with a scope of future application into drug development efforts. More than 100 secondary metabolites, with various beneficial properties such as antitumor, cytotoxic, antimalarial, and enzyme inhibitory activities, were enlisted. We believe this review will enhance the understanding of beneficial effects conferred by various Chaetomium-derived secondary metabolites and emphasize their potential in serving novel drug development efforts. KEY POINTS: • Identified Chaetomium-derived metabolites with potential for drug development. • More than 100 beneficial metabolites are enlisted. • Benefits include anti-cancerous, antimalarial, and anti-enzymatic properties.
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Poveda J, Rodríguez VM, Díaz-Urbano M, Sklenář F, Saati-Santamaría Z, Menéndez E, Velasco P. Endophytic fungi from kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala) modify roots-glucosinolate profile and promote plant growth in cultivated Brassica species. First description of Pyrenophora gallaeciana. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:981507. [PMID: 36274741 PMCID: PMC9580329 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.981507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi of crops can promote plant growth through various mechanisms of action (i.e., improve nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency, and produce and modulate plant hormones). The genus Brassica includes important horticultural crops, which have been little studied in their interaction with endophytic fungi. Previously, four endophytic fungi were isolated from kale roots (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), with different benefits for their host, including plant growth promotion, cold tolerance, and induction of resistance to pathogens (Xanthomonas campestris) and pests (Mamestra brassicae). In the present work, the molecular and morphological identification of the four different isolates were carried out, describing them as the species Acrocalymma vagum, Setophoma terrestris, Fusarium oxysporum, and the new species Pyrenophora gallaeciana. In addition, using a representative crop of each Brassica U’s triangle species and various in vitro biochemical tests, the ability of these fungi to promote plant growth was described. In this sense, the four fungi used promoted the growth of B. rapa, B. napus, B. nigra, B. juncea, and B. carinata, possibly due to the production of auxins, siderophores, P solubilization or cellulase, xylanase or amylase activity. Finally, the differences in root colonization between the four endophytic fungi and two pathogens (Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) and the root glucosinolate profile were studied, at different times. In this way, how the presence of progoitrin in the roots reduces their colonization by endophytic and pathogenic fungi was determined, while the possible hydrolysis of sinigrin to fungicidal products controls the colonization of endophytic fungi, but not of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Poveda
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology (IMAB), Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jorge Poveda, ; Pablo Velasco,
| | - Víctor M. Rodríguez
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - María Díaz-Urbano
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
| | - František Sklenář
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Zaki Saati-Santamaría
- Laboratory of Fungal Genetics and Metabolism, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
- Microbiology and Genetics Department and Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Esther Menéndez
- Microbiology and Genetics Department and Institute for Agribiotechnology Research (CIALE), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Velasco
- Group of Genetics, Breeding and Biochemistry of Brassicas, Mision Biologica de Galicia (MBG-CSIC), Pontevedra, Spain
- *Correspondence: Jorge Poveda, ; Pablo Velasco,
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