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Naik YD, Bahuguna RN, Garcia‐Caparros P, Zwart RS, Reddy MSS, Mir RR, Jha UC, Fakrudin B, Pandey MK, Challabathula D, Sharma VK, Reddy UK, Kumar CVS, Mendu V, Prasad PVV, Punnuri SM, Varshney RK, Thudi M. Exploring the multifaceted dynamics of flowering time regulation in field crops: Insight and intervention approaches. THE PLANT GENOME 2025; 18:e70017. [PMID: 40164968 PMCID: PMC11958873 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.70017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 02/24/2025] [Indexed: 04/02/2025]
Abstract
The flowering time (FTi) plays a critical role in the reproductive success and yield of various crop species by directly impacting both the quality and quantity of grain yield. Achieving optimal FTi is crucial for maximizing reproductive success and ensuring overall agricultural productivity. While genetic factors undoubtedly influence FTi, photoperiodism and vernalization are recognized as key contributors to the complex physiological processes governing flowering in plants. Identifying candidate genes and pathways associated with FTi is essential for developing genomic interventions and plant breeding to enhance adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. This review highlights the intricate nature of the regulatory mechanisms of flowering and emphasizes the vital importance of precisely regulating FTi to ensure plant adaptability and reproductive success. Special attention is given to essential genes, pathways, and genomic interventions geared toward promoting early flowering, particularly under challenging environmental conditions such as drought, heat, and cold stress as well as other abiotic stresses that occur during the critical flowering stage of major field crops. Moreover, this review explores the significant progress achieved in omics technologies, offering valuable insights and tools for deciphering and regulating FTi. In summary, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms governing FTi, with a particular focus on their crucial role in bolstering yields under adverse environmental conditions to safeguard food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Dashrath Naik
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular BiologyDr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural UniversityPusaBiharIndia
| | | | | | - Rebecca S. Zwart
- Centre for Crop Health and School of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Southern QueenslandToowoombaAustralia
| | - M. S. Sai Reddy
- Department of EntomologyDr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural UniversityPusaBiharIndia
| | - Reyazul Rouf Mir
- Faculty of AgricultureSher‐e‐Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and TechnologySoporeKashmirIndia
| | - Uday Chand Jha
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Indian Institute of Pulses ResearchKanpurUttar PradeshIndia
| | - B. Fakrudin
- Department of Biotechnology and Crop ImprovementUniversity of Horticultural SciencesBagalkotKarnatakaIndia
| | - Manish K. Pandey
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid TropicsHyderabadTelanganaIndia
| | - Dinakar Challabathula
- Department of BiotechnologyCentral University of Tamil NaduThiruvarurTamil NaduIndia
| | - Vinay Kumar Sharma
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Molecular BiologyDr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural UniversityPusaBiharIndia
| | - Umesh K. Reddy
- Department of BiologyWest Virginia State UniversityMorgantownWest VirginiaUSA
| | - Chanda Venkata Sameer Kumar
- Department of Genetics and Plant BreedingProfessor Jayashankar Telangana State Agricultural UniversityHyderabadTelanganaIndia
| | - Venugopal Mendu
- Department of Agronomy, Agribusiness & Environmental SciencesTexas A&M UniversityKingsvilleTexasUSA
| | | | - Somashekhar M. Punnuri
- College of Agriculture, Family Sciences and TechnologyFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGeorgiaUSA
| | - Rajeev K. Varshney
- WA State Agricultural Biotechnology Centre, Centre for Crop and Food InnovationMurdoch UniversityMurdochWestern AustraliaAustralia
| | - Mahendar Thudi
- Centre for Crop Health and School of Agriculture and Environmental ScienceUniversity of Southern QueenslandToowoombaAustralia
- College of Agriculture, Family Sciences and TechnologyFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGeorgiaUSA
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Kumar S, Chakravarty A, Sahoo L. Geminivirus diseases of legumes in India: current status and approaches for management. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2025; 31:41-65. [PMID: 39901958 PMCID: PMC11787143 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-024-01531-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2025]
Abstract
India has a large potential for producing a variety of legumes which are proficiently valued for small grower to the highest producers. Plant viruses predominate among the many factors that affect the production of legumes. In tropical and subtropical locations, begomovirus has become a significant productivity barrier for legume production with significant losses. The detection and molecular characterization of various begomoviruses species have been done with regard to phylogenetic analyses, infectivity on host plants, DNA replication, transgenic resistance, promoter analysis, and development of virus-based gene-silencing vectors using several techniques. The molecular detection of begomoviruses involves a variety of techniques, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using degenerate primers, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), real time quantitative PCR, rolling-circle amplification PCR (RCA-PCR assay), RCA, and microarray/DNA chip. Begomovirus infections can be prevented by various methods such as by controlling vector populations, use of culture practices, developing virus-free planting materials, developing resistant varieties, following quarantine regulations, and adapting modern methods, including pathogen-derived resistance (PDR), RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated resistance and genome editing approach. This review focuses on current status of geminiviruses infecting various legumes, pathogenesis, genetic flexibility, recombination of begomovirus responsible for the wide host range, modern methods of control, including PDR, RNAi-mediated resistance, small RNA (sRNA)- mediated resistance, Engineered Nucleases, Zinc Finger nucleases, Transcriptional Activator nucleases, CRISPR/Cas9 mediated genome editing and various strategies for management of begomoviruses. The present study entails the view and understanding of different approaches for the begomovirus management which state knowledge about limiting the crop losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeev Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
| | - Anurabh Chakravarty
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
| | - Lingaraj Sahoo
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039 India
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Qi HY, Zhang DD, Liu B, Chen JY, Han D, Wang D. Leveraging RNA interference technology for selective and sustainable crop protection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1502015. [PMID: 39777080 PMCID: PMC11703868 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1502015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 11/27/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2025]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) has emerged as key player in gene silencing for the past two decades. Tailor-made dsRNA is now recognized a versatile raw material, suitable for a wide range of applications in biopesticide formulations, including insect control to pesticide resistance management. The mechanism of RNA interference (RNAi) acts at the messenger RNA (mRNA) level, utilizing a sequence-dependent approach that makes it unique in term of effectiveness and specificity compared to conventional agrochemicals. Two primary categories of small RNAs, known as short interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), function in both somatic and germline lineages in a broad range of eukaryotic species to regulate endogenous genes and to defend the genome from invasive nucleic acids. Furthermore, the application of RNAi in crop protection can be achieved by employing plant-incorporated protectants through plant transformation, but also by non-transformative strategies such as the use of formulations of sprayable RNAs as direct control agents, resistance factor repressors or developmental disruptors. This review explores the agricultural applications of RNAi, delving into its successes in pest-insect control and considering its broader potential for managing plant pathogens, nematodes, and pests. Additionally, the use of RNAi as a tool for addressing pesticide-resistant weeds and insects is reviewed, along with an evaluation of production costs and environmental implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yue Qi
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Binhui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Drought Resistance Research of Hebei Province/Institute of Dryland Farming, Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Hengshui, China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, China
| | - Dongfei Han
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, School of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, China
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Ferreira AL, Ghanim M, Xu Y, Pinheiro PV. Interactions between Common Bean Viruses and Their Whitefly Vector. Viruses 2024; 16:1567. [PMID: 39459901 PMCID: PMC11512337 DOI: 10.3390/v16101567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2024] [Revised: 09/29/2024] [Accepted: 09/30/2024] [Indexed: 10/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a widely cultivated crop, representing an important protein source in the human diet in developing countries. The production of this crop faces serious challenges, such as virus diseases transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Although there is a lot of information about some of these viruses, most of what we know has been developed using model systems, such as tomato plants and tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). There is still very little information on the most relevant common bean viruses, such as bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV), bean golden yellow mosaic virus (BGYMV), bean dwarf mosaic virus (BDMV), cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV), and bean yellow disorder virus (BnYDV). In this review, we discuss the available data in the most up-to-date literature and suggest future research avenues to contribute to the development of management tools for preventing or reducing the damage caused by viruses in this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda L. Ferreira
- Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Goiânia 74605-050, GO, Brazil;
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel;
| | - Yi Xu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
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Nivya VM, Shah JM. Recalcitrance to transformation, a hindrance for genome editing of legumes. Front Genome Ed 2023; 5:1247815. [PMID: 37810593 PMCID: PMC10551638 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1247815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant genome editing, a recently discovered method for targeted mutagenesis, has emerged as a promising tool for crop improvement and gene function research. Many genome-edited plants, such as rice, wheat, and tomato, have emerged over the last decade. As the preliminary steps in the procedure for genome editing involve genetic transformation, amenability to genome editing depends on the efficiency of genetic engineering. Hence, there are numerous reports on the aforementioned crops because they are transformed with relative ease. Legume crops are rich in protein and, thus, are a favored source of plant proteins for the human diet in most countries. However, legume cultivation often succumbs to various biotic/abiotic threats, thereby leading to high yield loss. Furthermore, certain legumes like peanuts possess allergens, and these need to be eliminated as these deprive many people from gaining the benefits of such crops. Further genetic variations are limited in certain legumes. Genome editing has the potential to offer solutions to not only combat biotic/abiotic stress but also generate desirable knock-outs and genetic variants. However, excluding soybean, alfalfa, and Lotus japonicus, reports obtained on genome editing of other legume crops are less. This is because, excluding the aforementioned three legume crops, the transformation efficiency of most legumes is found to be very low. Obtaining a higher number of genome-edited events is desirable as it offers the option to genotypically/phenotypically select the best candidate, without the baggage of off-target mutations. Eliminating the barriers to genetic engineering would directly help in increasing genome-editing rates. Thus, this review aims to compare various legumes for their transformation, editing, and regeneration efficiencies and discusses various solutions available for increasing transformation and genome-editing rates in legumes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmine M. Shah
- Department of Plant Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
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Jones RAC. Host Resistance to Virus Diseases Provides a Key Enabler towards Fast Tracking Gains in Grain Lupin Breeding. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2521. [PMID: 37447082 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Four lupin species, Lupinus angustifolius, L. albus, L. luteus, and L. mutabilis, are grown as cool-season grain legume crops. Fifteen viruses infect them. Two of these, bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), cause diseases that threaten grain lupin production. Phytosanitary and cultural control measures are mainly used to manage them. However, breeding virus-resistant lupin cultivars provides an additional management approach. The need to develop this approach stimulated a search for virus resistance sources amongst cultivated lupin species and their wild relatives. This review focuses on the progress made in optimizing virus resistance screening procedures, identifying host resistances to BYMV, CMV, and additional viral pathogen alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV), and the inclusion of BYMV and CMV resistance within lupin breeding programs. The resistance types found in different combinations of virus and grain lupin species include localized hypersensitivity, systemic hypersensitivity, extreme resistance, and partial resistance to aphid or seed transmission. These resistances provide a key enabler towards fast tracking gains in grain lupin breeding. Where studied, their inheritance depended upon single dominant genes or was polygenic. Although transgenic virus resistance was incorporated into L. angustifolius and L. luteus successfully, it proved unstable. Priorities for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A C Jones
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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