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Sheng J, Luo S, Jiang B, Hu Y, Lin S, Wang L, Ren Y, Zhao C, Liu Z, Chen J. How prosocial behaviors are maintained in China: The relationship between communist authority and prosociality. Front Psychol 2022; 13:938468. [PMID: 36248511 PMCID: PMC9558272 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.938468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectiveNumerous studies have demonstrated that religious belief is associated with prosocial behavior. However, how do they maintain cooperation in societies with a predominating atheist population, such as China? Different primings (explicit, subliminal, implicit) and a quasi-experiment are used to examine the link between communist authority and prosocial behaviors among college students in China.Materials and methodsIn Study 1 (N = 398), the subjects’ communist authority in the university lab was primed by a communist-authority video. In Study 2 (N = 296), we compared the priming effects of communist authority and religion on prosocial intention. Study 3 (N = 311) investigated the priming effect of communist authority on prosocial behaviors by employing a scrambled sentence task in the university lab. A quasi-experiment was conducted in Study 4 (N = 313).ResultsResults showed that communist-authority, a reminder of secular authorities, increased prosociality among college students. And empathy moderated the relationship between secular authorities and prosociality in Study 3 and Study 4.DiscussionCommunist authority, a secular authority prime, has a positive effect on promoting prosocial behaviors. These results provided a feasible yet novel way to reveal the mechanism of the relationship between secular authorities and prosociality in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuilian Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yousong Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yashi Ren
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunling Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zixin Liu
- Guangzhou Traffic School of Technology, Guangzhou Communications Technician Institute, Guangzhou, China
- Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, School of Psychology, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jun Chen,
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Xu F, Huang L. The Influence of Trait Emotion and Spatial Distance on Risky Choice Under the Framework of Gain and Loss. Front Psychol 2022; 13:592584. [PMID: 35719468 PMCID: PMC9204226 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.592584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the time of the COVID-19 pandemic, people are often faced with uncertain risky choice. Risky choice will be affected by different descriptions of the event's gain or loss framework, this phenomenon is known as the framing effect. With the continuous expansion and in-depth study of frame effects in the field of risky choice, researchers have found that the are quite different in different situations. People have different interpretations of the same event at different psychological distances, and will also be affected by their own emotions. Therefore, the current study examines the common influence of task frame, spatial distance, and trait emotion on risky choice through two studies. Study 1 used a 2 (framework: gain vs. loss) × 2 (trait sentiment: high vs. low) inter-subject design, and the dependent variable is the choice of the rescue plan for the classic "Asian disease" problem. The results revealed that trait anger did not predict individuals' risky choice preferences, and high trait anxiety led individuals to be more risk-averse. The framing effect exists in risky choice, and individuals prefer risk seeking in the loss frame. Study 2 used a 2 (spatial distance: distant vs. proximal) × 2 (framework: gain vs. loss) × 2 (trait sentiment: high vs. low) three-factor inter-subject design in which the dependent variable is the choice of rescue plan. The results indicate that the framing effect also exists in risky choice, and individuals prefer risk seeking in a loss frame. High trait anxiety lead individuals to be more risk-averse, while trait anger has no significant predictive effect on risk preference. Distant spatial distance lead individuals to increase their preference for risk-seeking under the gain frame, which leads to the disappearance of the framing effect. In conclusion, trait anxiety and spatial distance have a certain degree of influence on risky choice under the framework of gain and loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuming Xu
- School of Education Science, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, China
- School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, China
| | - Long Huang
- School of Humanities and Management, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, China
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COVID-19 event strength, psychological safety, and avoidance coping behaviors for employees in the tourism industry. JOURNAL OF HOSPITALITY AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT 2021; 47. [PMCID: PMC9188475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The impact of COVID-19 on the emotions or behaviors of employees in tourism enterprises would be worthwhile for investigation since COVID-19 has harmed not only people's health and lives but also most tourism enterprises. By identifying the effect of COVID-19 event strength on avoidance coping behaviors, the behaviors isolated from customers unlikely beneficial for tourism enterprises, we not only revealed that COVID-19 event strength indirectly affects avoidance coping behaviors through either the fear of external threat or psychological safety, but also disclosed that supervisor safety support would moderate the effect of psychological safety on such coping behaviors. We argue that understanding potential causes, such as the fear of external threat and psychological safety, and identifying possible solutions, like supervisor safety support, may be key factors for restarting tourism enterprises successfully under the severe impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Chierchia G, Parianen Lesemann FH, Snower D, Singer T. Cooperation across multiple game theoretical paradigms is increased by fear more than anger in selfish individuals. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9351. [PMID: 33931689 PMCID: PMC8087760 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88663-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cooperative decisions are well predicted by stable individual differences in social values but it remains unclear how they may be modulated by emotions such as fear and anger. Moving beyond specific decision paradigms, we used a suite of economic games and investigated how experimental inductions of fear or anger affect latent factors of decision making in individuals with selfish or prosocial value orientations. We found that, relative to experimentally induced anger, induced fear elicited higher scores on a cooperation factor, and that this effect was entirely driven by selfish participants. In fact, induced fear brought selfish individuals to cooperate similarly to prosocial individuals, possibly as a (selfish) mean to seek protection in others. These results suggest that two basic threat-related emotions, fear and anger, differentially affect a generalized form of cooperation and that this effect is buffered by prosocial value orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Chierchia
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | | | - D Snower
- Department of Economics, Hertie School of Governance, Berlin, Germany
- Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford, UK
| | - T Singer
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany.
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Chierchia G, Przyrembel M, Lesemann FP, Bosworth S, Snower D, Singer T. Navigating Motivation: A Semantic and Subjective Atlas of 7 Motives. Front Psychol 2021; 11:568064. [PMID: 33584405 PMCID: PMC7874174 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.568064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Research from psychology, neurobiology and behavioral economics indicates that a binary view of motivation, based on approach and avoidance, may be too reductive. Instead, a literature review suggests that at least seven distinct motives are likely to affect human decisions: "consumption/resource seeking," "care," "affiliation," "achievement," "status-power," "threat approach" (or anger), and "threat avoidance" (or fear). To explore the conceptual distinctness and relatedness of these motives, we conducted a semantic categorization task. Here, participants were to assign provided words to one of the motives. By applying principal component analysis to the categorization assignments we represent the semantic inter-relations of these motives on a two-dimensional space, a "semantic atlas." This atlas suggests that, while care and affiliation are conceptually close, affiliation is closer to threat avoidance (or fear); opposite to these motives we find achievement, consumption and power, with the latter lying closer to threat approach (or anger). In a second study, we asked participants to rate how well the motive-specific words obtained in the first study described their currently experienced feelings. We find that semantically close motives are also more likely to be experienced together, that is, we replicate most of the semantic relations in the "subjective atlas." We discuss our findings in comparison to other multi-dimensional models of motivation, which show clear similarities. In addition to these motivational atlases, we provide a database of motive-specific words, together with the valence and arousal scores. These can be used for future research on the influence of motives on decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Chierchia
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marisa Przyrembel
- Akkon University of Applied Sciences for Human Sciences, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Dennis Snower
- Department of Economics, Hertie School of Governance, Berlin, Germany
- Blavatnik School of Government, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tania Singer
- Social Neuroscience Lab, Max Planck Society, Berlin, Germany
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Szymkowiak A, Gaczek P, Jeganathan K, Kulawik P. The impact of emotions on shopping behavior during epidemic. What a business can do to protect customers. JOURNAL OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR 2021; 20:48-60. [PMID: 38607848 PMCID: PMC7436385 DOI: 10.1002/cb.1853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated how the perception of in-shop COVID-19 contraction influences emotions in decision-making and how they further effect actions undertaken by consumers to control the situation within a store. Structural equation modeling was used to study the relationship between the risk of in-store infection, emotions and in-shop behavior, based on data retrieved from 914 questionnaires. Results showed, that the perceived risk of becoming infected in a store causes an increase in arousal and, at the same time, a decrease in perceived pleasure during shopping. The rise in arousal led to an increase in consumers taking actions to decrease their risk of contagion, while an increase in noticeable pleasure lowered interest of following recommendations for pandemic behavior. The findings imply that through changes regarding in-store atmosphere, stationary shops can provide consumers with a sense of urgency and awareness of infection risk so that they may do their shopping more efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Szymkowiak
- Department of Commerce and Marketing, Institute of MarketingPoznań University of Economics and BusinessPoznańPoland
| | - Piotr Gaczek
- Department of Marketing StrategiesInstitute of Marketing, Poznań University of Economics and BusinessPoznańPoland
| | - Kishokanth Jeganathan
- Department of Commerce and Marketing, Institute of MarketingPoznań University of Economics and BusinessPoznańPoland
| | - Piotr Kulawik
- Department of Animal Products Technology, Faculty of Food TechnologyUniversity of Agriculture in KrakówKrakówPoland
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Cléophat JE, Simon P, Chiniara G, St-Pierre L, Ahossi E, Dogba MJ, Chénier C, Dubuc É, Landry C, Vonarx N, Pilote B. How anxious were Quebec healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic? A web-based cross-sectional survey. Work 2021; 70:701-712. [PMID: 34719462 PMCID: PMC8673505 DOI: 10.3233/wor-210525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic may cause significant anxiety among healthcare professionals (HCPs). COVID-19-related psychological impacts on HCPs in Western countries have received relatively little attention. OBJECTIVE This study aims to assess the levels of anxiety in HCPs working in the province of Quebec (Canada) during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic and identify factors associated with changes in anxiety scores. METHODS An exploratory online cross-sectional survey was conducted among Quebec HCPs from April to July 2020. The Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was used to measure state anxiety among HCPs. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were performed. RESULTS A total of 426 HCPs completed the survey. Anxiety scores ranged from 20 to 75 points, with 80 being the highest possible value on the STAI scale. Being a female HCP [B = 5.89, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.49-9.3] and declaring having the intention to avoid caring for patients with COVID-19 (B = 3.75, 95% CI: 1.29-6.22) were associated with increased anxiety scores. Having more years of experience was associated with decreased anxiety scores [B = -0.2, 95% CI: -0.32-(-0.08)]. CONCLUSION Organizational strategies aimed at preventing and relieving anxiety should target junior female HCPs who express the intention to avoid caring for patients with COVID-19. Seniority could become an important criterion in selecting frontline HCPs during pandemics. Further studies are needed to comprehensively examine the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Canadian HCPs and identify evidence-based coping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Simon
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Gilles Chiniara
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Liette St-Pierre
- Department of Nursing, Quebec University in Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
| | - Eusèbe Ahossi
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
| | - Maman Joyce Dogba
- Department of Family Medicine and EmergencyMedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | | | - Éric Dubuc
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Landry
- Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Vonarx
- Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Bruno Pilote
- Faculty of Nursing, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
- Research Centerfor Sustainable Health, Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada
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Song B, Wen TJ. Integrating Incidental and Integral Emotions in Non-Profit Communications: An Experiment of Blood Donation Message. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/1553118x.2018.1524381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baobao Song
- College of Humanities and Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Taylor Jing Wen
- College of Information and Communications, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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