Associations Between Child Maltreatment, Inflammation, and Comorbid Metabolic Syndrome to Depressed Mood in a Multiethnic Urban Population: The HELIUS Study

Individual and neighborhood determinants of depressive symptoms in ethnic minorities in the urban HELIUS sample: a multi-level network perspective

Ethnic minorities in Europe experience an increased risk of depressive symptomatology. This is believed to be the result of the interplay between different factors at the individual (e.g., psychological, socioeconomic, cultural) and the neighborhood level (e.g., social cohesion, resources, ethnic diversity). This study sheds light on the interplay between variables using cross-sectional data from 13, 507 individuals from five ethnic minority groups from the Healthy Life in Urban Setting (HELIUS) study in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. We developed a novel multilevel network analysis to explore the conditional associations between factors of interest for the entire group, and deviations from these effects for each ethnic subgroup. Across all groups, unemployment, perceived stress, and adverse experiences were most strongly connected to depressive symptoms, while other individual factors such as perceived ethnic discrimination were connected indirectly. While individual psychological factors remain the strongest predictors of depressive symptomatology, socio-demographic and cultural determinants underly these psychological factors.

Five hypothesized biological mechanisms linking adverse childhood experiences with anxiety, depression, and PTSD: A scoping review

Adults with symptoms of anxiety, depression, or PTSD and a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) may experience more severe symptoms than those without ACEs. The identification of mechanisms linking ACEs to later mental health problems may provide salient treatment targets to improve outcomes. Several biological markers (cortisol, inflammation, allostatic load, DNA methylation, and telomere length) that are indicative of functional variation in stress response systems, have been hypothesized as potential mechanisms linking ACEs to later mental health outcomes. Much of the evidence supporting this hypothesis examines isolated pairwise associations between variables and it is unclear whether statistical tests of mediation support these conclusions. It is also unclear how much of the extant research has used theory to guide mediation analyses, which may be a salient factor in the recognition of a mechanism. This scoping review surveyed research conducting mediation analysis examining the indirect effect of any of these five biological markers on the relationship between ACEs and anxiety, depression, or PTSD. It further surveyed the use of theory in these analyses. Pubmed and seven electronic databases were searched: (1) APA PsychInfo (2) CINAHL Plus (3) Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition (4) MEDLINE (5) Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection (6) Science and Technology Collection, and (7) SocINDEX. A total of 16 articles were identified. The majority of studies examined depression as an outcome and the statistical significance of indirect effects were mixed across mediators. Common theoretical models and frameworks were consistent with life course theory and evolutionary or developmental perspectives.

How Can Early Stress Influence Later Alzheimer's Disease Risk? Possible Mediators and Underlying Mechanisms

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, age-related neurodegenerative disorder to which genetic mutations and risk factors contribute. Evidence is increasing that environmental and lifestyle-related factors, such as exercise, nutrition, education, and exposure to (early-life) stress modify the onset, incidence, and progression of AD. Here, we discuss recent preclinical findings on putative substrates that can explain or contribute to the effects of stress early in life on the risk of developing AD. We focus in particular on stress hormones, neural networks, synapses, mitochondria, nutrient and lipid metabolism, adult neurogenesis, engram cell ensembles, and neuroinflammation. We discuss the idea that stress exposure early in life can alter these processes, either combined or in isolation, thereby reducing the capacity of the brain to resist deleterious consequences of, for example, amyloid-β accumulation, thereby accelerating cognitive decline and progression of Alzheimer-related changes in model systems of the disease. A better understanding of whether experiences early in life also modify trajectories of cognitive decline and pathology in AD and how the substrates discussed translate to humans may help develop novel preventive and/or therapeutic strategies to mitigate the consequences of stressors early in life and increase resilience to developing dementia.

Child Maltreatment and Metabolic Syndrome: A Systematic Review

Background

Evidence suggests that child maltreatment (CM) is associated with an elevated risk of adult diseases in later life. Emerging evidence shows that CM in childhood is associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS) in adulthood. However, no study has systematically examined the evidence. Hence, this review aims to synthesise the evidence on the association between forms of CM and MetS in adulthood.

Methods

Electronic databases of CINAHL, Medline, PsychInfo, SOCINDEX, and Scopus were systematically searched using predefined key terms to identify relevant published studies on the association between CM and MetS from the beginning of indexing to 1st January 2024. Studies were included if they met the selection criteria. The quality of studies was appraised using suitable criteria for cross-sectional and prospective studies.

Results

The search revealed a total of 2411 studies. Five studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The findings revealed that there was an association between physical abuse and MetS in women across two studies and one study in men. In addition, one study reported an association between emotional abuse and the risk of MetS in men, while two studies revealed increased odds with CM. However, no significant associations were reported between MetS and childhood sexual abuse and neglect, respectively.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that some forms of CM may increase a person's risk of having MetS. However, there is a need for methodological improvements due to heterogeneity in studies, mainly on the assessment and definition of CM. Further research is needed on forms of CM and MetS to understand the underlying mechanisms of the associations found and to identify targeted strategies to prevent the impact of CM on MetS and subsequent future health.

Inflammatory mediation of the relationship between early adversity and major depressive disorder: A systematic review

Early adverse experience is related to psychiatric illness that occurs decades later. The mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been fully identified. There is a translational and clinical literature linking early adversity with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and inflammation. We reviewed articles that examine whether inflammation mediates this relationship.

METHODS

Literature review of PUB MED, CINAHL and APA Psycinfo articles that explicitly examine inflammation as a mediator between early adversity and depression using ((((((((((adversity) OR (trauma)) OR (maltreatment)) OR (child abuse)) AND (inflammation)) OR (inflammatory cytokines)) OR (crp)) OR (il-6)) OR (tnf)) AND (mediates)) AND (depression))))))))) as key words.

RESULTS

2842 articles were initially identified. 1338 non-human studies were excluded and 512 more were filtered out as reviews. The remaining 992 titles and, when necessary, abstracts and manuscripts were reviewed and 956 were removed as being of other non-related phenomena. Four additional studies were added by hand searching the references of remaining studies. Out of these 40, 15 explicitly examined inflammation as a mediator of the relationship between early adversity and later depression. Approximately half (8/15) showed evidence that inflammation mediated the relationship between early adversity and depression. Sensitivity analyses showed that studies taking place in clinical populations, in youth and those that used the Adverse Childhood Events Scale to measure adversity, and IL-6 and TNF-α (as opposed to CRP) to measure inflammation were most likely to show mediation.

CONCLUSIONS

There is evidence to support the model of inflammation mediating the relationship between early adversity and depression. Certain measures in clinical populations appear more likely to support this model. Further study with more standardized, robust methods will help to answer this question more definitively and may elucidate a subtype of depression related to early adversity by alterations in immune function.