Reciprocal Substitution Between Methamphetamine and Heroin in Terms of Reinforcement Effects in Rats

Aggression in a Cohort of Male Methamphetamine (METH) Users With and Without Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) Use History in Malaysia

Methamphetamine (METH) consumption is associated with aggression. Decoction derived from the kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) leaf has been used as a METH substitute in Southeast Asia. Given its perceived benefit, we investigated the relationship between kratom use and aggression in a treatment sample of METH users with and without kratom use history. Four hundred and three male METH users participated in this cross-sectional study. A semi-structured questionnaire and several objective clinical measures were administered. Results indicate that there were no significant differences in aggression and its dimensions between METH users with and without kratom use history. However, two distinct Clusters (1 and 2) of METH users with kratom use history were studied. Users in Cluster 1 were characterized by a higher quantity and frequency of daily kratom use, longer duration of kratom use, and use of kratom at a younger age. Users in Cluster 2 exhibited the opposite characteristics. Kratom dependence and the first age of kratom use were identified as risk factors for aggression in Cluster 1. The frequency of daily kratom use appeared as a protective factor against aggression in Cluster 2. The results offer partial support to the instrumental kratom use concept; lower frequency (1 to 3 times) of kratom use may potentially minimize aggression in METH users presenting with mild to moderate kratom dependence.

Fentanyl self-administration is accelerated by methamphetamine co-use and results in worsened hypodopaminergia in male, but not female rats

Combined use of fentanyl and methamphetamine (FENT + METH) has increased in recent years and has been documented in a growing number overdose deaths each year. The impact of FENT + METH on behavior and neurobiology is not well understood. In this study, male and female Long Evans rats were tested on a limited access, fixed ratio 1 self-administration schedule for increasing doses (1.25-5 μg/kg/infusion; iv) of fentanyl, with and without a single dose (0.1 mg/kg/infusion; iv) of methamphetamine, for 15 days. FENT + METH abolished dose responsiveness to fentanyl in all rats and accelerated intake in males, resulting in patterns of responding that may be more likely to result in adverse effects. Ex vivo slice voltammetry in the nucleus accumbens core showed decreases in dopamine release and reuptake (Vmax) following FENT + METH exposure, compared with saline, fentanyl, and methamphetamine alone groups at baseline parameters. Further, significant decreases in dopamine release were observed across a range of stimulation intensities following FENT + METH exposure. Overall, male and female rats displayed sex-specific behavioral and neurobiological responses to FENT + METH exposure, with males displaying increased vulnerability.

Differential expression profiling of tRNA-Derived small RNAs and their potential roles in methamphetamine self-administered rats

Transfer RNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a novel class of short, non-coding RNAs that are closely associated with the pathogenesis of various diseases. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated their critical functional roles as regulatory factors in gene expression regulation, protein translation regulation, regulation of various cellular activities, immune mediation, and response to stress. However, the underlying mechanisms by which tRFs & tiRNAs affect methamphetamine-induced pathophysiological processes are largely unknown. In this study, we used a combination of small RNA sequencing, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT‒PCR), bioinformatics, and luciferase reporter assays to screen the expression profiles and identify the functional roles of tRFs and tiRNAs in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of methamphetamine self-administration rat models. A total of 461 tRFs & tiRNAs were identified in the NAc of rats after 14 days of methamphetamine self-administration training. Of those, 132 tRFs & tiRNAs were significantly differentially expressed: 59 were significantly upregulated, whereas 73 were significantly downregulated in the rats with methamphetamine self-administration. Decreased expression levels of tiRNA-1-34-Lys-CTT-1 and tRF-1-32-Gly-GCC-2-M2, as well as increased expression levels of tRF-1-16-Ala-TGC-4 in the METH group compared with the saline control were validated by using RT‒PCR. Then, bioinformatic analysis was performed to analyse the possible biological functions of tRFs & tiRNAs in methamphetamine-induced pathogenesis. Furthermore, tRF-1-32-Gly-GCC-2-M2 was identified to target BDNF using the luciferase reporter assay. An altered tsRNA expression pattern was proven, and tRF-1-32-Gly-GCC-2-M2 was shown to be involved in methamphetamine-induced pathophysiologic processes by targeting BDNF. The current study provides new insights for future investigations to explore the mechanisms and therapeutic methods for methamphetamine addiction.

Assessment of abuse potential of carfentanil

Carfentanil, as a fentanyl analogue, is a potent synthetic opioid. It has been controlled in many countries, and its emergence has been highlighted by many recent reports. However, although discriminative stimulus effects of carfentanil in rats had been reported, its abuse potential has not been fully evaluated. In this study, we evaluated the abuse potential of carfentanil via the tests of conditioned place preference (CPP), drug self-administration and naloxone-precipitated opioid withdrawal assay, compared with fentanyl and heroin. Carfentanil exhibited significant place preference at a minimum dose of 1 μg/kg in mice, whereas fentanyl and heroin induced significant place preference at the minimum doses of 100 μg/kg and 1000 μg/kg, respectively. In the drug-substitution test in heroin self-administered rats (50 μg/kg/infusion), carfentanil and fentanyl acquired significant self-administrations above saline levels from 0.05-0.1 and 0.1-10.0 μg/kg/infusion, respectively. Carfentanil induced the maximum number of infusions at 0.1 μg/kg, whereas fentanyl and heroin at 1 and 25 μg/kg, respectively. In short, carfentanil showed the highest potency to induce CPP and self-administration. Furthermore, repeated treatment with escalating doses of carfentanil, fentanyl or heroin induced typical withdrawal symptoms in mice, including a greater number of jumping and weight loss than saline group. This indicated that carfentanil could produce physical dependence similar to fentanyl and heroin. Taken together, the present study demonstrated the higher abuse potential of carfentanil compared with fentanyl and heroin. The rank order of abuse potential for these compounds is carfentanil > fentanyl > heroin.

Endogenous opiates and behavior: 2020

This paper is the forty-third consecutive installment of the annual anthological review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system, summarizing articles published during 2020 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides and receptors as well as effects of opioid/opiate agonists and antagonists. The review is subdivided into the following specific topics: molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (1), the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia in animals (2) and humans (3), opioid-sensitive and opioid-insensitive effects of nonopioid analgesics (4), opioid peptide and receptor involvement in tolerance and dependence (5), stress and social status (6), learning and memory (7), eating and drinking (8), drug abuse and alcohol (9), sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology (10), mental illness and mood (11), seizures and neurologic disorders (12), electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (13), general activity and locomotion (14), gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (15), cardiovascular responses (16), respiration and thermoregulation (17), and immunological responses (18).

Methamphetamine Use, Methamphetamine Use Disorder, and Associated Overdose Deaths Among US Adults

IMPORTANCE

Mortality associated with methamphetamine use has increased markedly in the US. Understanding patterns of methamphetamine use may help inform related prevention and treatment.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the national trends in and correlates of past-year methamphetamine use, methamphetamine use disorder (MUD), injection, frequent use, and associated overdose mortality from 2015 to 2019.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

This cross-sectional study analyzed methamphetamine use, MUD, injection, and frequent use data from participants in the 2015 to 2019 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Mortality data were obtained from the 2015 to 2019 National Vital Statistics System Multiple Cause of Death files.

EXPOSURES

Methamphetamine use.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Methamphetamine use, MUD, injection, frequent use, and overdose deaths.

RESULTS

Of 195 711 NSDUH respondents aged 18 to 64 years, 104 408 were women (weighted percentage, 50.9%), 35 686 were Hispanic individuals (weighted percentage, 18.0%), 25 389 were non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, Black) individuals (weighted percentage, 12.6%), and 114 248 were non-Hispanic White (hereafter, White) individuals (weighted percentage, 60.6%). From 2015 to 2019, overdose deaths involving psychostimulants other than cocaine (largely methamphetamine) increased 180% (from 5526 to 15 489; P for trend <.001); methamphetamine use increased 43% (from 1.4 million [95% CI, 1.2-1.6 million] to 2.0 million [95% CI, 1.7-2.3 million]; P for trend = .002); frequent methamphetamine use increased 66% (from 615 000 [95% CI, 512 000-717 000] to 1 021 000 [95% CI, 860 000-1 183 000]; P for trend = .002); methamphetamine and cocaine use increased 60% (from 402 000 [95% CI, 306 000-499 000] to 645 000 [95% CI, 477 000-813 000]; P for trend = .001); and MUD without injection increased 105% (from 397 000 [95% CI, 299 000-496 000] to 815 000 [95% CI, 598 000-1 033 000]; P for trend = .006). The prevalence of MUD or injection surpassed the prevalence of methamphetamine use without MUD or injection in each year from 2017 to 2019 (60% to 67% vs 37% to 40%; P for trend ≤.001). Adults with MUD or using injection were more likely to use methamphetamine frequently (52.68%-53.84% vs 32.59%; adjusted risk ratio, 1.62-1.65; 95% CI, 1.35-1.94). From 2015 to 2019, the adjusted prevalence of MUD without injection more than tripled among heterosexual women (from 0.24% to 0.74%; P < .001) and lesbian or bisexual women (from 0.21% to 0.71%; P < .001) and more than doubled among heterosexual men (from 0.29% to 0.79%; P < .001) and homosexual or bisexual men (from 0.29% to 0.80%; P = .007). It increased over 10-fold among Black individuals (from 0.06% to 0.64%; P < .001), nearly tripled among White individuals (from 0.28% to 0.78%; P < .001), and more than doubled among Hispanic individuals (from 0.39% to 0.82%; P < .001). Risk factors for methamphetamine use, MUD, injection, and frequent use included lower educational attainment, lower annual household income, lack of insurance, housing instability, criminal justice involvement, comorbidities (eg, HIV/AIDS, hepatitis B or C virus, depression), suicidal ideation, and polysubstance use.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

This cross-sectional study found consistent upward trends in overdose mortality, greater risk patterns of methamphetamine use, and populations at higher risk for MUD diversifying rapidly, particularly those with socioeconomic risk factors and comorbidities. Evidence-based prevention and treatment interventions are needed to address surges in methamphetamine use and MUD.