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Kirstein CF, Güntürkün O, Ocklenburg S. Ultra-high field imaging of the amygdala - A narrative review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105245. [PMID: 37230235 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala is an evolutionarily conserved core structure in emotion processing and one of the key regions of interest in affective neuroscience. Results of neuroimaging studies focusing on the amygdala are, however, often heterogeneous since it is composed of functionally and neuroanatomically distinct subnuclei. Fortunately, ultra-high-field imaging offers several advances for amygdala research, most importantly more accurate representation of functional and structural properties of subnuclei and their connectivity. Most clinical studies using ultra-high-field imaging focused on major depression, suggesting either overall rightward amygdala atrophy or distinct bilateral patterns of subnuclear atrophy and hypertrophy. Other pathologies are only sparsely covered. Connectivity analyses identified widespread networks for learning and memory, stimulus processing, cognition, and social processes. They provide evidence for distinct roles of the central, basal, and basolateral nucleus, and the extended amygdala in fear and emotion processing. Amid largely sparse and ambiguous evidence, we propose theoretical and methodological considerations that will guide ultra-high-field imaging in comprehensive investigations to help disentangle the ambiguity of the amygdala's function, structure, connectivity, and clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Fabian Kirstein
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany.
| | - Onur Güntürkün
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Research Center One Health Ruhr, Research Alliance Ruhr, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ocklenburg
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Ruhr University Bochum, Germany; Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Germany
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Mishra HK, Wei H, Rohr KE, Ko I, Nievergelt CM, Maihofer AX, Shilling PD, Alda M, Berrettini WH, Brennand KJ, Calabrese JR, Coryell WH, Frye M, Gage F, Gershon E, McInnis MG, Nurnberger J, Oedegaard KJ, Zandi PP, Kelsoe JR, McCarthy MJ. Contributions of circadian clock genes to cell survival in fibroblast models of lithium-responsive bipolar disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 74:1-14. [PMID: 37126998 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by mood episodes, disrupted circadian rhythms and gray matter reduction in the brain. Lithium is an effective pharmacotherapy for BD, but not all patients respond to treatment. Lithium has neuroprotective properties and beneficial effects on circadian rhythms that may distinguish lithium responders (Li-R) from non-responders (Li-NR). The circadian clock regulates molecular pathways involved in apoptosis and cell survival, but how this overlap impacts BD and/or lithium responsiveness is unknown. In primary fibroblasts from Li-R/Li-NR BD patients and controls, we found patterns of co-expression among circadian clock and cell survival genes that distinguished BD vs. control, and Li-R vs. Li-NR cells. In cellular models of apoptosis using staurosporine (STS), lithium preferentially protected fibroblasts against apoptosis in BD vs. control samples, regardless of Li-R/Li-NR status. When examining the effects of lithium treatment of cells in vitro, caspase activation by lithium correlated with period alteration, but the relationship differed in control, Li-R and Li-NR samples. Knockdown of Per1 and Per3 in mouse fibroblasts altered caspase activity, cell death and circadian rhythms in an opposite manner. In BD cells, genetic variation in PER1 and PER3 predicted sensitivity to apoptosis in a manner consistent with knockdown studies. We conclude that distinct patterns of coordination between circadian clock and cell survival genes in BD may help predict lithium response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu K Mishra
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Heather Wei
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kayla E Rohr
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Insu Ko
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Adam X Maihofer
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul D Shilling
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martin Alda
- Department of Psychiatry, Dalhousie University Halifax, Canada
| | - Wade H Berrettini
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mt Sinai, USA
| | - Joseph R Calabrese
- Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Mark Frye
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Fred Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Elliot Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Melvin G McInnis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - John Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ketil J Oedegaard
- Section for Psychiatry, University of Bergen and Norment and KG Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatry, Division of Psychiatry Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Peter P Zandi
- Department of Psychiatry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - John R Kelsoe
- Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael J McCarthy
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Center for Circadian Biology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Neural progenitor cells derived from lithium responsive and non-responsive bipolar disorder patients exhibit distinct sensitivity to cell death following methamphetamine. Neuropharmacology 2023; 226:109410. [PMID: 36608815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by manic and depressive mood episodes and loss of brain gray matter. Lithium has antimanic and neuroprotective properties, but only 30% BD patients respond to lithium pharmacotherapy. Dopamine signaling has been implicated in BD and may contribute to lithium response. Methamphetamine (METH) stimulates dopamine release and models the clinical features of mania but has never been used to study cell death in BD patient neurons. We used BD patient derived neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs) to determine whether the vulnerability to cell death differed in samples from lithium responder (Li-R) and non-responder (Li-NR) BD patients and healthy controls following METH exposure in vitro. We hypothesized that NPCs from Li-R and Li-NR would differ in vulnerability to METH, dopamine signaling and neuroprotection from lithium. Following METH, NPCs from controls and Li-NR showed significantly greater cell loss compared to Li-R. Pre-treatment of NPCs with the D1 dopamine receptor antagonist SCH 23390 reversed the neurotoxic effects of METH. In Li-R NPCs, expression of phosho-ERK1/2 was significantly increased. In Li-NR NPCs, phospho-AKT, D1 and D2 dopamine receptor proteins were significantly increased. Pre-treatment of NPCs with lithium before METH reversed the neurotoxic effects of METH in control NPCs, whereas Li-NR showed less protective benefit. Li-R cells showed decreased levels of cell death after METH and comparatively high viability, and lithium treatment did not increase viability any further. This novel NPC model of mania reveals differences in cell death that could help identify mechanisms of lithium response in BD.
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