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Sergeant A, Saha S, Lalwani A, Sergeant A, McNair A, Larrazabal E, Yang K, Bogler O, Dhoot A, Werb D, Maghsoudi N, Richardson L, Hawker G, Siddiqi A, Verma A, Razak F. Diversity among health care leaders in Canada: a cross-sectional study of perceived gender and race. CMAJ 2022; 194:E371-E377. [PMID: 35288408 PMCID: PMC8920524 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.211340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diverse health care leadership teams may improve health care experiences and outcomes for patients. We sought to explore the race and gender of hospital and health ministry executives in Canada and compare their diversity with that of the populations they serve. METHODS This cross-sectional study included leaders of Canada's largest hospitals and all provincial and territorial health ministries. We included individuals listed on institutional websites as part of the leadership team if a name and photo were available. Six reviewers coded and analyzed the perceived race and gender of leaders, in duplicate. We compared the proportion of racialized health care leaders with the race demographics of the general population from the 2016 Canadian Census. RESULTS We included 3056 leaders from 135 institutions, with reviewer concordance on gender for 3022 leaders and on race for 2946 leaders. Reviewers perceived 37 (47.4%) of 78 health ministry leaders as women, and fewer than 5 (< 7%) of 80 as racialized. In Alberta, Saskatchewan, Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia, provinces with a centralized hospital executive team, reviewers coded 36 (50.0%) of 72 leaders as women and 5 (7.1%) of 70 as racialized. In British Columbia, New Brunswick and Newfoundland and Labrador, provinces with hospital leadership by region, reviewers perceived 120 (56.1%) of 214 leaders as women and 24 (11.5%) of 209 as racialized. In Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec, where leadership teams exist at each hospital, reviewers perceived 1326 (49.9%) of 2658 leaders as women and 243 (9.2%) of 2633 as racialized. We calculated the representation gap between racialized executives and the racialized population as 14.5% for British Columbia, 27.5% for Manitoba, 20.7% for Ontario, 12.4% for Quebec, 7.6% for New Brunswick, 7.3% for Prince Edward Island and 11.6% for Newfoundland and Labrador. INTERPRETATION In a study of more than 3000 health care leaders in Canada, gender parity was present, but racialized executives were substantially under-represented. This work should prompt health care institutions to increase racial diversity in leadership.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sergeant
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Sudipta Saha
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Anushka Lalwani
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Anand Sergeant
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Avery McNair
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Elias Larrazabal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Kelsey Yang
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Orly Bogler
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Arti Dhoot
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Dan Werb
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Nazlee Maghsoudi
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Lisa Richardson
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Gillian Hawker
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Arjumand Siddiqi
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Amol Verma
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont
| | - Fahad Razak
- Faculty of Health Sciences (Anjali Sergeant), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute (Saha, Lalwani, Verma, Razak), St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ont.; Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry (Anand Sergeant), Western University, London, Ont.; School of Population and Public Health (McNair), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; Arts and Science Program (Larrazabal), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ont.; Temerty Faculty of Medicine (Yang, Bogler, Dhoot, Richardson, Verma, Razak), University of Toronto; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Werb), Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, Ont.; Division of Infectious Diseases and Public Health (Werb), University of San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.; Centre on Drug Policy Evaluation (Maghsoudi), Unity Health Toronto; Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation (Maghsoudi), University of Toronto; Department of Medicine (Richardson, Hawker), University of Toronto; Dalla Lana School of Public Health (Siddiqi), University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.
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