Reliability and Accuracy of 2D Photogrammetry: A Comparison With Direct Measurement

"Should Pediatric Septal Surgery and Septorhinoplasty Be Performed for Nasal Obstruction?"-A Systematic Review of the Literature

Corrective septal surgery for children with nasal obstruction has historically been avoided due to concern about the impact on the growing nose, with disruption of midfacial growth. However, there is a paucity of data evaluating complication and revision rates post-nasal septal surgery in the pediatric population. In addition, there is evidence to suggest that failure to treat nasal obstruction in children may itself result in facial deformity and/or developmental delay. The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of septal surgery in pediatric patients with nasal obstruction. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched. Original studies in pediatric patients (<18 years of age) with nasal obstruction were eligible for inclusion. Patients with cleft lip or palate as their primary diagnosis were excluded. Our primary outcomes were patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), postsurgical complications, and revision rates. Secondary outcomes included surgical technique, anatomical considerations, and anthropometric measurements. Eighteen studies were included (1,080 patients). Patients underwent septoplasty, septorhinoplasty, rhinoplasty, or a combination of procedures for nasal obstruction. Obstruction was commonly reported secondary to trauma, nasal septal deviation, or congenital deformity. The mean age of the patients was 13.04 years with an average follow-up of 41.8 months. In all, 5.6% patients required revision surgery and there was an overall complication rate of 7.8%. Septal surgery for nasal obstruction in children has low revision and complication rates. However, a pediatric-specific outcome measure is yet to be determined. Larger prospective studies with long-term follow-up periods are needed to determine the optimal timing of nasal surgery for nasal obstruction in the pediatric population.

Facial Anthropometric Measurements and Principles - Overview and Implications for Aesthetic Treatments

Facial anatomy is highly individual in each patient. Anthropometric measurements can be a useful tool to objectively analyze individual facial anatomy to allow for better comparability before and after treatments to ultimately improve standardization of facial procedures, both nonsurgical and surgical. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview over clinically relevant and feasible facial anthropometric measurements and principles for aesthetic medicine. A literature review was conducted to describe the most important and clinically relevant anthropometric measurements and principles for both the entire face and for three aesthetically relevant facial regions: the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. A multitude of different anthropometric measurements and principles have been described in the literature for both the overall facial appearance and specific facial regions. Certain generally accepted anthropometric principles and proportions need to be respected to achieve aesthetic and harmonious results. For the overall facial appearance, a focus on symmetry, certain proportions, facial angles, and indices has been described. Principles and measurements were also described for the periorbital region, the nose, and the perioral region. Although attractiveness and aesthetic perception are subjective, objective evaluation of facial surface anatomy via anthropometric measurements can improve pre- and postinterventional analysis of the face and help the treating physician to individualize treatments, both nonsurgical and surgical.

Respiratory fit test panel representing population of Malaysia

BACKGROUND

The existing respiratory fit test panels (RFTPs) are based on Bivariate and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) which utilise American and Chinese head and facial dimensions. As RFTPs based on local facial anthropometric data for Malaysia are not available, this study was conducted with the aim to develop new RFTPs using Malaysian data.

METHODOLOGY

A cross-sectional study was conducted across Malaysia among 3,324 participants of the study of National Health and Morbidity Survey 2020 aged 18 and above. Ten head and facial dimensions were measured. Face length and face width were used to construct bivariate facial panel, whereas the scores from the first two PCA were used to develop the PCA panel.

RESULTS

This study showed that Malaysians have the widest upper limit for facial width. It also found that three factors could be reduced from the PCA analysis. However only 2 factors were selected with PCA 1 representing head and facial size and PCA 2 representing facial shape. Our bivariate panel could accommodate 95.0% of population, while our PCA panel accommodated 95.6%.

CONCLUSION

This was the first study to use Malaysian head and facial anthropometry data to create bivariate and PCA panels. Respirators constructed using these panels are likely to fit ≥ 95.0% of Malaysia's population.

Head and face anthropometric study for respirators in the multi-ethnic Asian population of Malaysia

Background

Existing anthropometric studies for respirator designs are based on the head and facial dimensions of Americans and Chinese nationals, with no studies for multi-ethnic countries like Malaysia. This study aimed to create head and facial morphological database for Malaysia, specifically to identify morphological differences between genders, ethnicities, and birthplaces, as well as predictors of the dimensions.

Design

A cross-sectional study.

Setting

Malaysia.

Participants

A nation-wide cross-sectional study using a complex survey design with two stage-stratified random sampling was conducted among 3,324 participants, aged 18 years and above who were also participants of the National Health and Morbidity Survey 2020.

Primary and secondary outcomes

The study collected data on sociodemographic, measurement of Body Mass Index (BMI) and 10 head and facial dimensions (3 dimensions were measured using direct measurement, and 7 others using Digimizer software for 2-dimension images). Linear regression was performed to determine the association between gender, ethnicity, birthplace, age and BMI and the dimensions.

Results

There were significant differences in all the dimensions between sex, birthplace and ethnicity (p < 0.005). Further analysis using linear regression showed sex, ethnicity, birthplace, age and BMI were significant predictors of the dimensions. In comparison to studies from the United States and China, our study population had a wider interpupillary distance and nose breadth for both male and female participants, but smaller bigonial breadth and smaller minimal frontal breadth.

Conclusion

These findings could assist in the design and sizing of respirators that will fit Malaysians and possibly other Southeast Asian population.