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Soler A, Agulló F, Hernández-Davó J, Raya-González J, Del Coso J, González-Ródenas J, Moreno-Pérez V. Influence of the External Workload on Calf Muscle Strain Injuries in Professional Football Players: A Pilot Study. Sports Health 2024:19417381241247754. [PMID: 38708680 DOI: 10.1177/19417381241247754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of external workload variables on the development of calf muscle strainsin football players has not been previously explored. HYPOTHESIS Overloaded players would have an increased risk of calf muscle strain injury. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS A total of 41 professional football players from 1 team were monitored for 2 consecutive seasons. Total distance covered (TD), and distances covered at high-intensity running, high sprint running, low (LACC) and high (HACC) acceleration, low (LDEC) and high (HDEC) deceleration, and at high metabolic load distance (HMLD) were monitored with GPS units. Accumulated players' external workload in the week before injury was compared with the weekly mean value of the 6 weeks before injury occurred for each player. RESULTS Ten players (24.3%) suffered 16 calf muscle strain injuries (3.1 injuries per 1000 hours of match play; 0.5 injuries per 1000 hours of training exposure). Players with a calf muscle injury were older (p = 0.03), with higher body weight (p = 0.01) and height (p = 0.03). Injured players displayed substantially higher total training volume (p < 0.01), TD (p < 0.01), LACC (p < 0.01), LDEC (p < 0.01), HACC (p < 0.01), HDEC (p < 0.01), and HMLD (p = 0.03) in the week before injury, in comparison with the mean values of these variables in the 6 weeks before injury. CONCLUSION A week with a higher-than-habitual external workload might increase the risk of calf muscle strain injury in professional football players. Calf muscle injuries were preceded by a week with unusually high workloads associated with accelerating and decelerating distances and higher training volumes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Monitoring external workload indicators may be helpful in determine players with a higher risk of calf muscle strain injury due to excessive workload during training/competition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, Spain
| | | | - Víctor Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Center, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Center for Translational Research in Physiotherapy, Department of Pathology and Surgery, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, San Joan, Spain
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Marynowicz J, Lango M, Horna D, Kikut K, Konefał M, Chmura P, Andrzejewski M. Within-Subject Principal Component Analysis of External Training Load and Intensity Measures in Youth Soccer Training. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:2411-2416. [PMID: 38015730 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Marynowicz, J, Lango, M, Horna, D, Kikut, K, Konefał, M, Chmura, P, and Andrzejewski, M. Within-participant principal component analysis of external training load and intensity measures in youth soccer training. J Strength Cond Res 37(12): 2411-2416, 2023-The aim of this study was to identify which combination of external training load (EL) and external intensity (EI) metrics during youth soccer training sessions captured similar or unique information. Data were collected from 18 youth soccer players during an 18-week in-season competition period using a 10-Hz global positioning system, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and session-RPE (sRPE). External training load measures included total distance (TD, in meters), PlayerLoad (PL, in arbitrary units), high-speed running distance (HSR, in meters), and number of accelerations (ACC, n). All EL metrics were also divided by session duration (minutes) to obtain EI values. A total of 804 training observations were undertaken (43 ± 17 sessions per player). The analysis was performed by use of the principal component analysis technique. The first principal component (PC) captured 49-70% and 68-89% of the total variance in EI and EL, respectively. The findings show that from the 5 EI metrics, most of the information can be explained by either TD per minute or PL per minute, with a loading from 0.87 to 0.98 and from 0.76 to 0.95, respectively. The majority of EL information can be explained by PL (loading: 0.93-0.98), TD (loading: 0.95-0.99), ACC (loading: 0.71-0.91), or sRPE (loading: 0.70-0.93). The second PC for EL metrics is most strongly correlated with HSR, with loadings from 0.53 to 0.84. The results suggest that the majority of the information contained in the EL variables can be captured in 1 PC without losing much information. The findings suggest that stakeholders who intend to provide a fast and holistic view of EL information in a daily training environment should report TD, PL, ACC, or sRPE plus HSR to coaching staff as a metrics that provides additional unique information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Marynowicz
- Department of Theory and Methodology of Team Sport Games, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
- KKS Lech Poznań S.A.-Football Club, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Lango
- Institute of Computer Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Horna
- Institute of Computer Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Karol Kikut
- KKS Lech Poznań S.A.-Football Club, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Konefał
- Department of Biological and Motor Sport Bases, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Chmura
- Department of Team Games, Wroclaw University of Health and Sport Sciences, Wrocław, Poland; and
| | - Marcin Andrzejewski
- Department of Methodology of Recreation, Poznan University of Physical Education, Poznań, Poland
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Rahilly DO, Whelan N, Moane S. Training Load Monitoring Practices Used by Strength and Conditioning Coaches in Hurling, Gaelic Football, Camogie, and Ladies Gaelic Football. Sports Health 2023; 15:848-854. [PMID: 36518046 PMCID: PMC10606973 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221139338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND No research has investigated the training load (TL) monitoring practices currently used by strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches in Gaelic games. The purpose of this study was to investigate the TL monitoring practices used by S&C coaches across senior intercounty male and female Gaelic game sports. STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional. HYPOTHESES It was hypothesized that (1) TL is commonly monitored, (2) various methods are used by S&C coaches to monitor TL, and (3) the level of qualifications of the S&C coach is of a professional standard. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. METHODS A total of 33 (n = 32 male and n = 1 female) S&C coaches participated in the study by completing an online questionnaire that investigated coach biography, coach education, team biography, monitoring practices, rating of perceived exertion, acute:chronic workload ratio, and data implementation. RESULTS The results showed that S&C coaches had varying levels of experience and education. All 33 coaches (100%) stated they monitored the TL of the players. The most common method used to monitor TL was session rating of perceived exertion, which was used by 91% of coaches. Analysis of an open-ended question afforded each participant the opportunity to share additional information, highlighting 3 themes: (1) communication with players, (2) performance testing, and (3) clarity and support among other coaching staff. CONCLUSION Multiple methods are used to monitor TL in Gaelic games. Despite multiple forms of technology available, communication with players provides essential information regarding an athlete's state. CLINICAL RELEVANCE As this is the first study to explore TL monitoring practices used by S&C coaches in Gaelic games, the results may inform the development of educational resources for the guidance of coaches working in Gaelic games in best practice TL monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan O Rahilly
- Department of Sport and Early Childhood, Technical University of Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Limerick, Ireland
- ACTIVE Research Group, Technical University of Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Niamh Whelan
- Department of Sport and Early Childhood, Technical University of Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Limerick, Ireland
- ACTIVE Research Group, Technical University of Shannon, Midlands Midwest, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Moane
- LIFE Health & Biosciences Research Institute, Technological University of Shannon: Midlands Midwest, Limerick, Ireland
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Clemente FM, Ramirez-Campillo R, Beato M, Moran J, Kawczynski A, Makar P, Sarmento H, Afonso J. Arbitrary absolute vs. individualized running speed thresholds in team sports: A scoping review with evidence gap map. Biol Sport 2023; 40:919-943. [PMID: 37398971 PMCID: PMC10286616 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2023.122480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The aims of this scoping review were (i) to characterize the main methodological approaches to assessing individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (ii) to assess the use of traditional arbitrary (absolute) thresholds compared to individualized running speed thresholds in team sports players; (iii) to provide an evidence gap map (EGM) about the approaches and study designs employed in investigations in team sports and (iv) to provide directions for future research and practical applications for the strength and conditioning field. Methods studies were searched for in the following databases: (i) PubMed; (ii) Scopus; (iii) SPORTDiscus and (iv) Web of Science. The search was conducted on 15/07/2022. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Nonrandomized Studies (RoBANS). From 3,195 potentially relevant articles, 36 were eligible for inclusion in this review. Of the 36 included articles, 27 (75%) focused on the use of arbitrary and individualized running speed thresholds to describe the locomotor demands (e.g., high intensity running) of players. Thirty-four articles used individualized speed running thresholds based on physical fitness assessments (e.g., 40-m linear sprint) or physical performance (e.g., maximal acceleration). This scoping review supported the need for a greater focus to be placed on improving the methodological aspects of using individualized speed running thresholds in team sports. More than just creating alternatives to arbitrary thresholds, it is essential to increase the replicability of methodological conditions whilst ensuring that research comparing the most adequate measures and approaches to individualization takes into consideration the population and context of each study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun’Álvares, 4900-347 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute. School of Physical Therapy. Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences. Universidad Andres Bello. Santiago, Chile
| | - Marco Beato
- School of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK
| | - Jason Moran
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester, Essex, UK
| | | | - Piotr Makar
- Gdańsk University of Physical Education and Sport, Poland
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- University of Coimbra, Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Portugal
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Alfonso Mantilla JI. Monitorización y periodización del rendimiento desde la fisioterapia deportiva ¿Hacia dónde vamos? REVISTA IBEROAMERICANA DE CIENCIAS DE LA ACTIVIDAD FÍSICA Y EL DEPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.24310/riccafd.2022.v11i2.14741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RESUMEN
Introducción El concepto de monitorización y periodización es un visión que se ha desarrollado en la última década, donde se busca que se pueda tener un control de la carga interna y externa en los deportistas de distintas disciplinas deportivas producidas por el proceso de interacción con variables de prescripción de ejercicio que causan modificaciones a nivel fisiológico, bioquímico, biomecanico, muscular, neuromuscular ocasionando la tensión en los subsistemas del movimiento corporal humano generando adaptaciones especificas ante una carga determinada la cual puede ser medida mediante el uso de tecnología especifica o test indirectos Metodología Revisión de la literatura con la combinación de palabras clave como Monitoring, Performance, sports training load, Periodization en bases de datos como Pubmed, Ebsco, Medline, Scopus, Science Direct Resultados se pudo identificar 65 artículos que referencian la existencia de herramientas tecnológicas para realizar un proceso de monitorización y periodización desde la rehabilitación , prevención, control de carga, recuperación y readaptación deportiva que permiten la generación de datos estadísticos y crear perfiles desde cada área de actuación del fisioterapeuta deportivo. Conclusión la fisioterapia es una profesión encargada de muchos procesos deportivos que deben ser monitorizados y generen datos que permitan estandarizar procesos, crear perfiles de seguimiento específicos para facilitar la toma de decisiones desde el equipo biomédico e investigaciones en el deporte de alto rendimiento fusionando la practica con la evidencia científica.
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Differential Ratings of Perceived Exertion: Relationships With External Intensity and Load in Elite Men's Football. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2022; 17:1415-1424. [PMID: 35661057 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2021-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the utility of differential ratings of perceived exertion (dRPE) for monitoring internal intensity and load in association football. METHODS Data were collected from 2 elite senior male football teams during 1 season (N = 55). External intensity and load data (duration × intensity) were collected during each training and match session using electronic performance and tracking systems. After each session, players rated their perceived breathlessness and leg-muscle exertion. Descriptive statistics were calculated to quantify how often players rated the 2 types of rating of perceived exertion differently (dRPEDIFF). In addition, the association between dRPEDIFF and external intensity and load was examined. First, the associations between single external variables and dRPEDIFF were analyzed using a mixed-effects logistic regression model. Second, the link between dRPEDIFF and session types with distinctive external profiles was examined using the Pearson chi-square test of independence. RESULTS On average, players rated their session perceived breathlessness and leg-muscle exertion differently in 22% of the sessions (range: 0%-64%). Confidence limits for the effect of single external variables on dRPEDIFF spanned across largely positive and negative values for all variables, indicating no conclusive findings. The analysis based on session type indicated that players differentiated more often in matches and intense training sessions, but there was no pattern in the direction of differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study provide no evidence supporting the utility of dRPE for monitoring internal intensity and load in football.
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Luteberget LS, Houtmeyers KC, Vanrenterghem J, Jaspers A, Brink MS, Helsen WF. Load Monitoring Practice in Elite Women Association Football. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:715122. [PMID: 34514389 PMCID: PMC8430212 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.715122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The description of current load monitoring practices may serve to highlight developmental needs for both the training ground, academia and related industries. While previous studies described these practices in elite men's football, no study has provided an overview of load monitoring practices in elite women's football. Given the clear organizational differences (i.e., professionalization and infrastructure) between men's and women's clubs, making inferences based on men's data is not appropriate. Therefore, this study aims to provide a first overview of the current load monitoring practices in elite women's football. Twenty-two elite European women's football clubs participated in a closed online survey (40% response rate). The survey consisted of 33 questions using multiple choice or Likert scales. The questions covered three topics; type of data collected and collection purpose, analysis methods, and staff member involvement. All 22 clubs collected data related to different load monitoring purposes, with 18 (82%), 21 (95%), and 22 (100%) clubs collecting external load, internal load, and training outcome data, respectively. Most respondents indicated that their club use training models and take into account multiple indicators to analyse and interpret the data. While sports-science staff members were most involved in the monitoring process, coaching, and sports-medicine staff members also contributed to the discussion of the data. Overall, the results of this study show that most elite women's clubs apply load monitoring practices extensively. Despite the organizational challenges compared to men's football, these observations indicate that women's clubs have a vested interest in load monitoring. We hope these findings encourage future developments within women's football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Live S. Luteberget
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Public Health, Sport and Nutrition, University of Agder, Kristiandsand, Norway
| | - Kobe C. Houtmeyers
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jos Vanrenterghem
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arne Jaspers
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michel S. Brink
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Werner F. Helsen
- Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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