1
|
Chen M, Zhang X, Kong F, Gao P, Ge X, Zhou L, Han J, Guo X, Zhang Y, Yang H. Senecavirus A induces mitophagy to promote self-replication through direct interaction of 2C protein with K27-linked ubiquitinated TUFM catalyzed by RNF185. Autophagy 2023:1-28. [PMID: 38084826 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2293442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Senecavirus A (SVA) is a newly emerging picornavirus associated with swine vesicular lesions and neonatal mortality, threatening the global pig industry. Despite sustained efforts, the molecular mechanisms of SVA pathogenesis have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that SVA infection can induce complete mitophagy in host cells, which depends on SVA replication. Mitophagy has been subsequently proven to promote SVA replication in host cells. Genome-wide screening of SVA proteins involved in inducing mitophagy showed that although VP2, VP3, 2C, and 3A proteins can independently induce mitophagy, only the 2C protein mediates mitophagy through direct interaction with TUFM (Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial). The glutamic acids at positions 196 and 211 of TUFM were shown to be two key sites for its interaction with 2C protein. Moreover, TUFM was discovered to interact directly with BECN1 and indirectly with the ATG12-ATG5 conjugate. Further experiments revealed that TUFM needs to undergo ubiquitination modification before being recognized by the macroautophagy/autophagy receptor protein SQSTM1/p62, and E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF185 catalyzes K27-linked polyubiquitination of TUFM through the interaction between RNF185's transmembrane domain 1 and TUFM to initiate SVA-induced mitophagy. The ubiquitinated TUFM is recognized and bound by SQSTM1, which in turn interacts with MAP1LC3/LC3, thereby linking the 2C-anchored mitochondria to the phagophore for sequestration into mitophagosomes, which ultimately fuse with lysosomes to achieve complete mitophagy. Overall, our results elucidated the molecular mechanism by which SVA induces mitophagy to promote self-replication and provide new insights into SVA pathogenesis.Abbreviations: aa: amino acid; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; BHK-21: baby hamster kidney-21; CCCP: carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone; co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; CQ: chloroquine; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2'-phenylindole; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; EGFP: enhanced green fluorescent protein; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; GFP: green fluorescent protein; GST: glutathione S-transferase; HA: hemagglutinin; hpi: hours post-infection; hpt: hours post-transfection; IPTG: isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside; mAb: monoclonal antibody; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MAVS: mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein; Mdivi-1: mitochondrial division inhibitor-1; MOI: multiplicity of infection; mRFP: monomeric red fluorescent protein; MS: mass spectrometry; ORF: open reading frame; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; SD: standard deviation; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; ST: swine testis; SVA: Senecavirus A; TCID50: 50% tissue culture infectious dose; TIMM23: translocase of inner mitochondrial membrane 23; TM: transmembrane; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUFM: Tu translation elongation factor, mitochondrial; Ub: ubiquitin; UV: ultraviolet; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1; WT: wild-type; μg: microgram; μm: micrometer; μM: micromole.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meirong Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Fanshu Kong
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinna Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zheng Y, Zhang H, Luo Q, Sha H, Li G, Mu X, He Y, Kong W, Wu A, Zhang H, Yu X. Research Progress on NSP11 of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus. Vet Sci 2023; 10:451. [PMID: 37505856 PMCID: PMC10384725 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a virulent infectious disease caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV). The non-structural protein 11 (NSP11) of PRRSV is a nidovirus-specific endonuclease (NendoU), which displays uridine specificity and catalytic functions conserved throughout the entire NendoU family and exerts a wide range of biological effects. This review discusses the genetic evolution of NSP11, its effects on PRRSV replication and virulence, its interaction with other PRRSV and host proteins, its regulation of host immunity, the conserved characteristics of its enzyme activity (NendoU), and its diagnosis, providing an essential theoretical basis for in-depth studies of PRRSV pathogenesis and vaccine design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zheng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Qin Luo
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Huiyang Sha
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Gan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Xuanru Mu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Yingxin He
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Weili Kong
- Gladstone Institutes of Virology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Anfeng Wu
- Maccura Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 510000, China
| | - Haoji Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Xingang Yu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tang X, Wang C, Sun W, Wu W, Sun S, Wan J, Zhu G, Ma N, Ma X, Xu R, Yang Q, Dai Y, Zhou L. Evaluating anti-viral effect of Tylvalosin tartrate on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and analyzing the related gene regulation by transcriptomics. Virol J 2023; 20:79. [PMID: 37101205 PMCID: PMC10132415 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02043-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important pathogen, characterized by its genetic and antigenic variation. The PRRSV vaccine is widely used, however, the unsatisfied heterologic protection and the risk of reverse virulence raise the requirement to find some new anti-PRRSV strategies for disease control. Tylvalosin tartrate is used to inhibit PRRSV in the field non-specifically, however, the mechanism is still less known. METHODS The antiviral effects of Tylvalosin tartrates from three producers were evaluated in a cell inoculation model. Their safety and efficacy concentrations, and effecting stage during PRRSV infection were analyzed. And, the Tylvalosin tartrates regulated genes and pathways which are potentially related to the anti-viral effect were further explored by using transcriptomics analysis. Last, the transcription level of six anti-virus-related DEGs was selected to confirm by qPCR, and the expression level of HMOX1, a reported anti-PRRSV gene, was proved by western blot. RESULTS The safety concentrations of Tylvalosin tartrates from three different producers were 40 µg/mL (Tyl A, Tyl B, and Tyl C) in MARC-145 cells and 20 µg/mL (Tyl A) or 40 µg/mL (Tyl B and Tyl C) in primary pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) respectively. Tylvalosin tartrate can inhibit PRRSV proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, causing more than 90% proliferation reduction at 40 µg/mL. But it shows no virucidal effect, and only achieves the antiviral effect via long-term action on the cells during the PRRSV proliferation. Furthermore, GO terms and KEGG pathway analysis was carried out based on the RNA sequencing and transcriptomic data. It was found that the Tylvalosin tartrates can regulate the signal transduction, proteolysis, and oxidation-reduction process, as well as some pathways such as protein digestion and absorption, PI3K-Akt signaling, FoxO signaling, and Ferroptosis pathways, which might relate to PRRSV proliferation or host innate immune response, but further studies still need to confirm it. Among them, six antivirus-related genes HMOX1, ATF3, FTH1, FTL, NR4A1, and CDKN1A were identified to be regulated by Tylvalosin tartrate, and the increased expression level of HMOX1 was further confirmed by western blot. CONCLUSIONS Tylvalosin tartrate can inhibit PRRSV proliferation in vitro in a dose-dependent manner. The identified DEGs and pathways in transcriptomic data will provide valuable clues for further exploring the host cell restriction factors or anti-PRRSV target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhen Tang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Cong Wang
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Weixin Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohui Sun
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wan
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangshan Zhu
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Nini Ma
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoping Ma
- China Animal Nanjing Veterinary Drugs Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210012, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruihua Xu
- China Animal Nanjing Veterinary Drugs Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiushi Yang
- China Animal Husbandry Industry Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yindi Dai
- China Animal Nanjing Veterinary Drugs Co., Ltd, Nanjing, 210012, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Research Progress in Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus–Host Protein Interactions. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111381. [PMID: 35681845 PMCID: PMC9179581 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is a highly contagious disease caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the pig industry in many countries. PRRSV is internalized into host cells by the interaction between PRRSV proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades the cells, the host antiviral immune system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the viruses. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate the host machine and circumvent against the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus–host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against viral infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. Most viruses, including PRRSV, interact with host proteins during infection. On the one hand, such interaction promotes the virus from escaping the host immune system to complete its replication. On the other hand, the interactions regulate the host cell immune response to inhibit viral infections. As common antiviral drugs become increasingly inefficient under the pressure of viral selectivity, therapeutic agents targeting the intrinsic immune factors of the host protein are more promising because the host protein has a lower probability of mutation under drug-mediated selective pressure. This review elaborates on the virus–host interactions during PRRSV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of PRRSV, and we hope this can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of PRRS.
Collapse
|