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Dolan ED, Slater MR. Veterinarians' Self-Reported Behaviors and Attitudes toward Spectrum of Care Practices. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1416. [PMID: 38791634 PMCID: PMC11117253 DOI: 10.3390/ani14101416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Access to veterinary care for animal owners is an important part of keeping animals healthy and keeping pets and people together whenever that is appropriate. Insufficient financial and other resources to allocate to veterinary care are major barriers for pet owners to receiving preventative, sick, and emergency services. The veterinary community has begun to incorporate offering a range of diagnostic and treatment options more intentionally in response to clients' inability to pay and to a lesser extent to mitigate other barriers to care. Many veterinarians are nonetheless oriented toward providing specialized and more sophisticated care based on their training. This study sought to identify the self-reported behaviors, knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of veterinarians about offering a spectrum of care options (SoC) to clients. The finding that many reported offering SoC is encouraging. However, veterinarians who report comfort and confidence in a variety of aspects of clinical care were most likely to offer SoC. Practitioners in the field for 20 or more years were less likely to offer SoC to clients with financial limitations. Rural veterinarians were more likely to offer SoC to any client compared to urban veterinarians. These results provide a point of reference and potential focus for veterinarians who are not currently offering SoC as well as an exploration of veterinarians' reported knowledge, behaviors, attitudes, perceptions, and concerns about SoC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D. Dolan
- Department of Strategy and Research, American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, New York, NY 10018, USA;
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2
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Tan JY, Poitras Pratt Y, Danyluk P. 'First, do no harm': systematic program evaluation of an equine veterinary service-learning initiative with Indigenous communities in Canada. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:287. [PMID: 38486267 PMCID: PMC10941546 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05234-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterinary students have historically lacked meaningful experiential learning opportunities in equine medicine. At the same time, there are barriers to accessing veterinary care in Indigenous communities stemming from colonial injustices. In 2018-2019, a partnership was initiated where University of Calgary students began to provide equine veterinary services to Indigenous communities. As the first-documented equine veterinary service-learning initiative in Indigenous communities embedded in a veterinary curriculum, the purpose of the study is to systematically evaluate the program for its potential impact as part of a formative process for improvement. METHODS Multiple parties in the program were engaged in a convergent, parallel, mixed-methods systematic program evaluation to explore the main program outcomes: (1) equine veterinary care; (2) clinical experiential student education; (3) cultural training of veterinary professionals and students; and (4) education of community members. The hypothesis was that ethical development using the "first, do no harm principle" would lead to benefits including a healthy horse population, a technically and culturally competent veterinary community, and an educated horse clientele. RESULTS The program had a positive impact on accessibility to veterinary care and self-reported improvement in veterinary and cultural competency. In addition to the hypothesized program outcomes, additional program outcomes and effects were identified, including reciprocal learning and relationship building with the Indigenous community, leading to trust and equity-building. The students learned from both the in-community programming as well as the Indigenous community members they worked with. CONCLUSION Program evaluation of an equine service-learning initiative in Indigenous communities reveals multiple and profound impacts including improved patient health status, wider scope of veterinary and cultural learning, strengthened relationships, and reciprocal learning with partnering Indigenous communities.
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Reese L, Li X. Animal welfare deserts: human and nonhuman animal inequities. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1189211. [PMID: 37496750 PMCID: PMC10368398 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1189211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Residents of distressed areas of inner cities have less access to many of life's necessities and amenities than their more well-off counterparts. Geographic proximity has been identified as a primary barrier to accessing care for pets potentially creating animal welfare deserts. This project addresses three questions: Are there visible animal welfare deserts in distressed urban centers?; What human inequities are most strongly related to animal welfare deserts?; and What might be done to address these inequities? Using business location and census data in the city of Detroit, this research identifies distinct animal welfare deserts finding that more prosperous areas have more pet support resources and that the need for services is not related to the location of pet stores and veterinary offices. The study concludes that the overlap between human economic distress and pet resource deserts presents a threat to the goals of One Health. Potential policy solutions are proposed to address inequities in the distribution of animal welfare resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Reese
- School of Planning, Design and Construction, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- School of Global Integrative Studies, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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4
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Otero DK, James TG, Stone AE. Evaluation of a Student-Led Community-Based Veterinary Clinic for Disabled Low-Income Clients: A Case Study of the University of Florida PAWS Program. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023:e20230032. [PMID: 37257147 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2023-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
People with disabilities experiencing low socioeconomic position are priority populations when considering access to veterinary care. In this population, intersectional inequities lead to adverse health outcomes for both those individuals and the companion animals they care for. Community-based veterinary clinics provide an opportunity to target these inequities from a culturally sensitive lens, intending to improve human and animal outcomes. We conducted a process evaluation of a student-led community-based clinic for this population to better understand client satisfaction, assess learning outcomes among veterinary students, and improve program delivery and services. During academic year 2020-2021, the monthly clinics had 162 appointments in total with a median 15 DVM candidates volunteering at each clinic. Clients and volunteers responded to survey questionnaires designed to elicit information about their experiences with the clinic, including open-ended questions for further elucidation of measurable indicators of client-, patient-, and student-level impact. Clients attributed enrollment in the clinic with improved quality-of-life and reduction of financial burden; the program saved clients approximately $2,050 per pet during the evaluation year. Furthermore, the clinic widely facilitated completion of the college's core Primary Care and Dentistry learning outcomes. Beyond curriculum-standard learning objectives, students also reported positive attitude changes and increased readiness to provide care to people with disabilities and people experiencing low socioeconomic position. The results of this evaluation have significant implications for both veterinary and public health pedagogy. Especially, they highlight the significance of community health practice in veterinary trainee education.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler G James
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Amy E Stone
- UFCVM's Small Animal Hospital, Clinical Associate Professor, Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Primary Care and Dentistry Service, Small Animal Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
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Cardona A, Hawes SM, Cull J, Connolly K, O'Reilly KM, Moss LR, Bexell SM, Yellow Bird M, Morris KN. Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara Nation Perspectives on Rez Dogs on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota, U.S.A. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081422. [PMID: 37106984 PMCID: PMC10135030 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The research on the relationships between free-roaming dogs, also referred to as reservation dogs or rez dogs, and Indigenous communities is extremely limited. This study aimed to document the cultural significance of rez dogs, challenges related to rez dogs, and community-specific solutions for rez dog issues affecting community health and safety from members of the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara (MHA) Nation, also referred to as the Three Affiliated Tribes (TAT), who live on the Fort Berthold reservation in North Dakota, U.S.A. One hour semi-structured interviews with 14 community members of the MHA Nation were conducted in 2016. The interviews were analyzed via systematic and inductive coding using Gadamer's hermeneutical phenomenology. The primary intervention areas described by the participants included: culturally relevant information sharing, improved animal control policies and practices, and improved access to veterinary care and other animal services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Cardona
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Sloane M Hawes
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Jeannine Cull
- Department of Social Work, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Katherine Connolly
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Kaleigh M O'Reilly
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Liana R Moss
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Sarah M Bexell
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Michael Yellow Bird
- Department of Social Work, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Kevin N Morris
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
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Powell L, Reinhard CL, Serpell J, Watson B. A Survey of Veterinary Student and Veterinarian Perceptions of Shelter Medicine Employment. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 50:27-52. [PMID: 34779753 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2021-0112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Shelter medicine appears to be popular among prospective veterinarians, but there is a shortage of veterinarians entering the field to fill available positions. The reasons for this discordance are not well understand. This study describes veterinary students' interest in shelter medicine, their perceptions of common duties, and their perceptions of employment attributes in shelter medicine, compared with those of current veterinarians. The sample included 146 first-year students, 155 final-year students, and 221 veterinarians who self-completed an online survey between September 2020 and March 2021. We found high levels of interest in shelter medicine, with 40% of first- and 43% of final-year students indicating they were likely to consider working in shelter medicine. Outreach clinics (84% of first-year students, 86% of final-year students), access-to-care clinics (82%, 83%), and loan forgiveness programs (75%, 64%) encouraged many veterinary students to consider working in shelter medicine. The risk of compassion fatigue, burnout, and stress (70%, 68%); weekend work (51%, 59%); euthanasia decision making (49%, 47%); euthanasia (43%, 41%); and expected salaries of shelter veterinarians (39%, 37%) acted as deterrents. Kruskal-Wallis H tests revealed students reported more positive ratings than veterinarians for most shelter medicine duties and employment characteristics, with moderate to strong consensus within groups. Little difference appeared between first- and final-year students. This study highlights target areas for animal shelters to boost recruitment of newly graduated veterinarians. Increasing veterinary students' exposure to shelter medicine throughout their veterinary training may also help address their concerns regarding euthanasia, salary, and quality of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Powell
- University of Pennsylvania. 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Chelsea L Reinhard
- Clinical Shelter Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - James Serpell
- University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Brittany Watson
- Shelter Medicine and Community Engagement, University of Pennsylvania, 3900 Delancey Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
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Perret J, Bateman S, Johns O, MacKellar H, Kirby GM, Clow KM. Student Veterinarian Perceptions of Community-Based Primary Care Veterinary Clinics in Indigenous Communities in Southern Ontario, Canada. JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 50:e20220001. [PMID: 36626240 DOI: 10.3138/jvme-2022-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Community-based primary care veterinary clinics represent an opportunity to benefit multiple populations. Student veterinarians are afforded the opportunity to build technical and non-technical professional skills, while underserved communities are provided with access to companion animal care. The Ontario Veterinary College (OVC), as with many other veterinary colleges across Canada and the United States, has hosted community-based primary care veterinary clinics, including in local Indigenous communities. As these clinics continue and grow, it is critical to evaluate their operation to ensure that they align with community goals and values, adequately support student learning, and do not perpetuate racism and implicit bias. The objective of this study was to explore the perceptions of student veterinarians who had volunteered at community-based primary care veterinary clinics in First Nations communities in southern Ontario, Canada. We used an online survey that consisted of multiple choice and short answer questions focused on motivating factors for involvement, supports available before and during the clinics, exposure to Indigenous cultures, and the challenges and rewards associated with volunteering. Forty-one student veterinarians from OVC completed the survey in January 2020. Most students were motivated to volunteer to make a positive difference in the lives of people and animals and improve their clinical skills. In general, respondents felt adequately prepared for and supported during their experiences but did recommend additional pre-departure instructions on roles and responsibilities. Participants were ambivalent as to whether they had learned about Indigenous culture, with several strongly recommending more cultural sensitivity training. Most students found their experiences rewarding because of the gratitude expressed by clients and the feeling that they had made a difference. We reflect on the potential benefits and challenges of community-based primary care veterinary clinics in light of student responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Perret
- Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Shane Bateman
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Olivia Johns
- Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Hannah MacKellar
- Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Gordon M Kirby
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Katie M Clow
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1 Canada
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King E, Mueller MK, Dowling-Guyer S, McCobb E. Financial fragility and demographic factors predict pet owners' perceptions of access to veterinary care in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1-8. [PMID: 35482560 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.11.0486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Access to veterinary care is critical for pet, human, and community health. However, inequities in how easily pet owners can access veterinary care may exacerbate health disparities in vulnerable populations. This research analyzed pet owners' perceptions of access to veterinary care in order to understand how demographic characteristics and financial fragility predict perceived access to veterinary services. SAMPLE This study utilized survey data (n = 750) from a larger cross-sectional survey of adults in the US conducted by the Tufts University Equity Research Group. PROCEDURES Survey data were collected in May and June of 2020 from a nationally representative group of pet owners via an online panel. Descriptive statistics, ANOVAs, and a sequential linear regression model were conducted in order to predict perceived access to veterinary care. RESULTS Results of a sequential linear regression model indicated that race or ethnicity, education, and financial fragility significantly predicted perceived ease of access to veterinary care (F[7,617] = 19.80; P < .001). Additionally, financial fragility was prevalent among most pet owners of almost all income brackets, highlighting the need for more research into the cost burden of veterinary care. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Future studies should focus on diverse sampling strategies that capture the experiences of minority pet owners in order to further understand issues of access in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin King
- 1Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life, Tufts University, Medford, MA.,2Center for Animals and Public Policy and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Megan K Mueller
- 1Jonathan M. Tisch College of Civic Life, Tufts University, Medford, MA.,2Center for Animals and Public Policy and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Seana Dowling-Guyer
- 2Center for Animals and Public Policy and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
| | - Emily McCobb
- 2Center for Animals and Public Policy and the Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA
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Milstein MS, Gilbertson MLJ, Bernstein LA, Hsue W. Integrating the Multicultural Veterinary Medical Association actionables into diversity, equity, and inclusion curricula in United States veterinary colleges. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1145-1152. [PMID: 35271459 DOI: 10.2460/javma.21.10.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marissa S Milstein
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, MN.,Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Marie L J Gilbertson
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Lauren A Bernstein
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Weihow Hsue
- Multicultural Veterinary Medical Association
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Hoffman CL, Spencer TG, Makolinski KV. Assessing the Impact of a Virtual Shelter Medicine Rotation on Veterinary Students' Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes Regarding Access to Veterinary Care. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:783233. [PMID: 34977216 PMCID: PMC8716626 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.783233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Strong bonds commonly form between companion animals and people of all socio-demographic backgrounds, yet many pet owners face numerous barriers to accessing veterinary care for their companion animals. For example, they may have difficulties paying for care; they may lack veterinary practices in their community; and they may experience language barriers that impede their ability to utilize veterinary services. Various strategies exist that can help veterinarians address the diverse needs of pet owners in their communities, but these techniques are not commonly covered in the veterinary school curriculum. This study explored how including in-depth, purposefully curated information about access to veterinary care issues within a required shelter medicine rotation impacted fourth-year veterinary students' knowledge, skills, and attitudes regarding the problems clients commonly face when seeking access to veterinary care. Students participated either in a control group of a virtual, four-week rotation delivered via Zoom meetings and self-study, or in an experimental group that additionally completed an interactive online learning module. The online module heavily featured issues surrounding access to veterinary care. Irrespective of which version of the rotation students enrolled, their opinions grew more favorable from pretest to post-test regarding the role of not-for-profit veterinary clinics in communities, as did their expectations that veterinarians should provide affordable treatment options. Additionally, students in the experimental group demonstrated from pretest to post-test increased awareness of the potential for implicit bias toward pet owners within veterinary practice and showed a reduction in their tendency to be judgmental of veterinary clients. By the end of the study, students in the experimental group also expressed greater confidence in their ability to offer incremental care treatment options to veterinary clients. These findings suggest that providing content that focuses on increasing access to veterinary care enhances students' awareness of the need to offer a variety of treatment and payment options to clients. Findings from this study can inform curriculum design in veterinary schools and continuing education programs for veterinary professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christy L Hoffman
- Department of Animal Behavior, Ecology and Conservation, Canisius College, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Terry G Spencer
- Maples Center for Forensic Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kathleen V Makolinski
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Harrogate, TN, United States
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Hawes SM, Hupe TM, Winczewski J, Elting K, Arrington A, Newbury S, Morris KN. Measuring Changes in Perceptions of Access to Pet Support Care in Underserved Communities. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:745345. [PMID: 34957275 PMCID: PMC8702831 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.745345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding social, economic, and structural barriers to accessing pet care services is important for improving the health and welfare of companion animals in underserved communities in the U.S. From May 2018-December 2019, six questions from the validated One Health Community Assessment were used to measure perceptions of access to pet care in two urban and two rural zip codes. One urban and one rural community received services from a pet support outreach program (Pets for Life), while the other served as a comparison community. After propensity score matching was performed to eliminate demographic bias in the sample (Urban = 512 participants, Rural = 234 participants), Generalized Estimating Equations were employed to compare the six measures of access to pet care between the intervention and comparison communities. The urban community with the Pets for Life intervention was associated with a higher overall measure of access to pet care compared to the urban site that did not have the Pets for Life intervention. When assessing each of the six measures of access to care, the urban community with the Pets for Life intervention was associated with higher access to affordable pet care options and higher access to pet care service providers who offer payment options than the community without the Pets for Life intervention. Further analyses with a subset of Pets for Life clients comparing pre-intervention and post-intervention survey responses revealed statistically significant positive trends in perceptions of two of the six measures of access to pet care. This study provides evidence that community-based animal welfare programming has the potential to increase perceptions of access to pet support services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sloane M Hawes
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Tess M Hupe
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Jordan Winczewski
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Kaitlyn Elting
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
| | - Amanda Arrington
- Pets for Life, The Humane Society of the United States, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Sandra Newbury
- Shelter Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kevin N Morris
- Institute for Human-Animal Connection, Graduate School of Social Work, University of Denver, Denver, CO, United States
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